定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元

4.1 The existing Test Method F1995, while very useful, is difficult to conduct if an encapsulating dome is applied, and does not reveal the possible failures caused by mechanical stress incompatibility in the overall SMT joint. This mandrel bend test will reveal possible mechanical stress incompatibility between the various adhesives which can result in latent field failures during production handling or with thermal cycling in normal use.4.2 The existing Test Method F2750 does not include specifics for SMD attachments and only addresses the conductivity change of the conductive trace.4.3 The different combinations of SMD types, attachment medias, circuit substrates and process variation can account for significant variation in test outcome.4.4 Bending of printed flexible circuit or their components can affect their visual appearance, mechanical integrity or electrical functionality. This test method simulates conditions that may be seen during manufacture, installation, or use.4.5 Bend testing may be destructive, therefore any samples tested should be considered unfit for future use.1.1 This test method covers a means to test a completed Surface Mounted Device (SMD) joint for bond strength and inter-layer stress compatibility1.2 A completed SMD joint includes; SMD (LED, resistor, etc), PTF ink land (typically silver), conductive adhesive (typically silver), staking compound (non-conductive), and encapsulant (non-conductive).

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 This test method indicates approximate change in properties of asphalt during conventional hot-mixing at about 302 °F (150 °C) as indicated by viscosity and other rheological measurements. It yields a residue which approximates the asphalt condition as incorporated in the pavement. If the mixing temperature differs appreciably from the 302 °F (150 °C) level, more or less effect on properties will occur. This test method can also be used to determine mass change, which is a measure of asphalt volatility.NOTE 1: The quality of results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guidance provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method is intended to measure the effect of heat and air on a moving film of semi-solid asphaltic materials. The effects of this treatment are determined from measurements of the selected properties of the asphalt before and after the test.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide is intended as a guideline for justification of oil test selection for monitoring rolling element ball type bearing conditions in industrial applications. Continuous benchmarking against similar applications is required to ensure lessons learned are continuously implemented.5.2 Selection of oil tests for the purpose of detecting rolling element ball type bearing failure modes requires good understanding of equipment design, operating requirements and surrounding conditions. Specifically, detailed knowledge is required on bearing design configuration, dimensional tolerances, load directions, design limitations, lubrication mechanisms, lubricant characteristics, and metallurgy of lubricated surfaces including bearing cages. Equipment criticality and accessibility as well as application of other monitoring techniques (for example, vibration, ultrasound or thermal images) are also critical information in this analysis process. In addition, detailed knowledge on the lubricating oil is paramount.5.3 To properly apply the FMEA methodology users must understand the changes the system may encounter during all operating modes, their impact on design functions and available monitoring techniques capable of detecting these changes. To assist this approach, Section 6 will provide extensive descriptions on the rolling element ball type bearing failure modes, their causes and effects.5.4 It is recognized that in most industrial applications vibration monitoring is the primary condition monitoring technique applied to detect failure modes, causes and effects in rolling element ball type bearings—while oil analysis is primarily used to monitor the lubricating oil properties. In the recent years, however, there is a trend toward using oil analysis in order to provide earlier detection of some failures of rolling element ball type bearings. This is particularly applicable to complex dynamic systems such as compressors, gearboxes and some gas turbines where obtaining vibration spectra and their analysis may be more difficult.1.1 This guide approaches oil analysis from a failure standpoint and includes both the rolling element ball type bearing wear and fluid deterioration in industrial application.1.2 This guide pertains to improving equipment reliability, reducing maintenance costs and enhancing the condition-based maintenance program primarily for industrial machinery by applying analytical methodology to oil analysis program for the purpose of detecting specific failure modes.1.3 This guide reinforces requirements for appropriate assembly, operation within the original design envelope as well as the need for condition-based and time-based maintenance.1.4 This guide covers the principles of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) as described in Guide D7874 and its relationship to rolling element ball type bearing wear in industrial application and its fluid deterioration.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This practice covers hot rolling solution heat treatment for aluminum alloy plate. Aluminum alloy ingots or rolling slabs are preheated prior to being hot rolled. Controls shall be adequate to ensure that the equipment is operated in a manner which precludes overheating of the ingot or rolling slab or deleterious contamination by the furnace environment. Metal temperature shall be monitored and controlled to not exceed the maximum temperature prescribed. Non-contact sensors shall be calibrated prior to initial use by an ISO 17025 or A2LA. Noncontact sensors must be compared weekly under operating conditions and temperature to the SAT test instrument/sensor. The accuracy of temperature measuring system(s) shall be tested under operating conditions at least once during each week that the facility is used. For continuous or batch furnaces, the type of survey and procedures for performing the survey shall be established and documented for each particular furnace or furnace type involved. The hot rolling mill solution heat treatment procedures are presented in details. The mechanical properties shall be determined in accordance with test method B557 or B557M. Tensile tests shall be representative of the thinnest and the thickest material to be heat treated; intermediate thickness samples shall be included when necessary to ensure proper production hot rolling mill solution heat treatment. Whenever any qualified equipment is changed or reworked, it shall be requalified unless it is known that the change or rework will not have a detrimental effect upon the properties of products.1.1 This practice establishes the controls required for hot rolling mill solution heat treatment of the 6xxx series aluminum alloy plate in Table 1 when ASTM material specifications allow use of this process instead of furnace solution heat treatment. For the alloys listed in Table 1, this practice is an alternate process to solution heat treatment in a furnace, such as specified in Practice B918/B918M as the preliminary step for the attainment of T651-type tempers (see ANSI H35.1/H35.1M).1.2 This practice applies only to hot rolling mill solution heat treatment of plate for the listed aluminum alloys. Precipitation hardening (aging), processing, and equipment calibration for aging shall meet the practice and requirements of Practice B918/B918M.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

Many parameters contribute to the overall performance of a sealant application. Some of the most significant parameters are sealant joint geometry, joint movement, joint design, sealant movement capability, quality of workmanship, quality of adhesive bond, and quality of the sealant material. If a sealant fails in adhesion, there is no straightforward procedure for determining the cause. The adhesive failure may be due to workmanship, the specific surface preparation used, the specific sealant used, poor joint design, poor bond chemistry, or other causes. Comprehensive information for the use of joint sealants is provided in Guide C1193. This technique may not produce useful results when the sealant is in compression. Comprehensive information regarding the impact of temperature on sealant joint dimensions may be found in Guide C1472.1.1 The non-destructive procedure described in this practice induces a depression (strain) in the sealant, creating an elongation of the sealant and a stress on the adhesive bond at the sealant to joint substrate interface. The primary purpose of the practice is to reveal sealant adhesion anomalies not discernible by visual examination, at the time of the evaluation, which may affect air infiltration resistance, or water infiltration resistance, or both, of the sealed joint. Note 1—The nondestructive procedure may require immediate repair of the sealant bead, if failure is identified. Appropriate materials and equipment should be available for this purpose. 1.2 This practice is useful for the evaluation of adhesion of weatherseals in joints that are backed with compressible materials such as backer rod. This practice is not as useful in joints with solid backing. 1.3 The proper use of this practice requires a working knowledge of the principles of sealants as applied in movement joint applications. 1.4 A sealant fails to perform as a weatherseal when it allows air, or water, or both, to infiltrate the joint. This practice does not evaluate the performance of an installed sealant as a weatherseal. This practice is intended to only evaluate the characteristics of the adhesive bond in a particular installation. Note 2—In addition to identifying adhesion characteristics of the sealant joint, this practice may provide the user with an indication of other characteristics and anomalies including, but not limited to, changes in sealant depth, insufficiently sized or configured backer rods, cohesive failures, entrapped air voids, and solid contaminants. Anomalies of this nature may be interpreted and addressed by the evaluator. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 The committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not aware of any comparable standard published by other organizations. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Each steel rolling mill and operation is particular as to the degree of stability of dispersion required to effect maximum efficiency of lubrication and cooling. This test method is designed to differentiate between coolants for this use. A similar situation is encountered with aluminum rolling mills, but significant differences in designated settling times be required outside the parameter of times used herein. Precision data have only been obtained relative to metastable dispersions for steel mill rolling oils.1.1 This test method covers determination of the dispersion stability of dispersions of rolling oils in water. It is applicable to oils whose water dispersions are stable under moderate agitation, but which show at least some separation upon standing quiescent for 1/2 h, by rising of the oil particles.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, A2.1, and A2.5.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Rolling friction like sliding friction depends upon many factors. It is a system effect that involves the nature of the rolling surface and the counterface. The sliding friction force (F) is usually considered to be the sum of forces arising from deformations of surface features (Fs), from attractive forces (atomic, molecular, etc.) at contact points (Fa) and force from interaction of films and particulates on the rubbing surfaces (Ff):The rolling friction force includes these force contributions plus effects from the relative stiffness of the contacting surfaces, the diameter (curvature) of the spherical shape (ball, orange, etc.) and other factors. Because there are so many factors involved in a rolling tribosystem, rolling resistance can best be quantified by an actual test of the sphere of interest on the intended counterface, as in this test method.5.2 There are countless applications where it is important to quantify the rolling characteristics of a particular spherical shape on a particular surface. The interlaboratory tests conducted for this test method were performed on hardened steel balls like those used in ball bearings. This test method could be used to assess the effect of different counterface surfaces on the rolling characteristics of balls for ball bearings. Conversely, it could be used as a quality control test on balls. Surface imperfections/defects/films, etc. on the balls can affect how they roll: the distance traveled on a common counterface.5.3 Industrial applications of this test method can include assessing conveying surfaces for spherical or nearly special parts: check valve balls, cabinet knobs, Christmas ornaments, toilet floats, etc. Many medical devices use special shapes where rolling characteristics are a consideration. Similarly, many pharmaceutical products (pills) are spherical or nearly spherical in shape, and this test method can be used to assess rolling characteristics for conveying or other reasons such as size (mass) check.5.4 Rolling friction of spherical shapes can be a consideration in countless sports (soccer, golf, lacrosse, etc.) and game applications (billiards, bocce, toys, etc.). This test method can be used to rank the rolling resistance of different ball compositions, masses, shapes, surface textures, design, stiffness, etc. Similarly, the test method can be used to assess the ease of rolling of balls on different playing or game surfaces.5.5 This test method is very applicable to spherical or mostly spherical food products. For example, it is common to use rolling distance of apples, citrus, nuts, etc. to classify them by size for marketing. They are rolled down an angled surface and the rolling distance becomes a function of size (mass/diameter). This test method can be used to assess the suitability of various rolling surfaces (carpet, metal, wood, etc.) for suitability in classification equipment. It could also be used for food conveyance on spherical-shaped processed foods (gumballs, hard candy, meatballs, etc.)5.6 Finally, this test method can be a valuable teaching tool for physics and tribology students. The equipment is simple, low cost and student proof. It can be used to demonstrate the concept of rolling friction and the factors that affect it.1.1 This test method covers the use of an angled launch ramp to initiate rolling of a sphere or nearly spherical shape on a flat horizontal surface to determine the rolling friction characteristics of a given spherical shape on a given surface.1.1.1 Steel balls on a surface plate were used in interlaboratory tests (see Appendix X1). Golf balls on a green, soccer and lacrosse balls on playing surfaces, bowling balls on an a lane, basketballs on hardwood, and marbles on composite surface were tested in the development of this test method, but the test applies to any sphere rolling on any flat horizontal surface.1.1.2 The rolling friction of spheres on horizontal surfaces is affected by the spherical shape’s stiffness, radius of curvature, surface texture, films on the surface, the nature of the counterface surface; there are many factors to consider. This test method takes all of these factors into consideration. The spherical shape of interest is rolled on the surface of interest using a standard ramp to initiate rolling and standard techniques to measure and treat the rolled distance after leaving the ramp.1.1.3 This test method produces a rolling resistance number on a specific spherical shape on a specific surface. It is intended for comparing similar tribosystems. For example, the rolling resistances of marbles on a particular surface are not to be compared with the rolling resistance of soccer balls on grass, because their masses and diameters are very different as are the counterface surfaces on which they roll.1.1.4 Different launch ramps are appropriate for different types of spherical shapes. If a sphere of interest cannot be accommodated with using one of the launch ramps discussed in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, a different launch ramp can be developed and added with future revisions to this test method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method establishes procedures for collecting elevation and distance data of longitudinal and transverse profiles on a traveled surface.5.2 Results of this test are used primarily to:5.2.1 Evaluate the roughness of traveled surfaces, using any of several roughness indices shown in Table 1. Equations required for calculations of various indexes are contained in references shown in Table 1.NOTE 1: When this test is used to evaluate the compliance of a new pavement surface with contract roughness specifications, the timeliness of the test in relation to the date of the surface's installation is of critical importance. Since most portland cement concrete surfaces will change shape within a few days after installation—due to changes in thermal and moisture gradients which cause curling at joints and cracks and slab edges—for contractor quality control only, it may be desirable to gather profile data within 72 h after pavement installation.5.2.2 Investigate the effect of different construction methods on resulting pavement surface roughness.5.2.3 Investigate the curvature of (1) pavement surfaces due to curling, and (2) deflection of structural members within bridges and other structures.5.2.4 Identify the locations in need of corrective grinding.5.2.5 Measure rut depth using computer simulation in accordance with Test Method E1703/E1703M.1.1 This test method describes the measurement of transverse and longitudinal surface profiles on paved road, bridge, and airport surfaces using a rolling inclinometer traveling at walking speed.1.2 It is designed to (1) quantify the roughness of new pavements and bridge decks; (2) investigate the effect of various construction methods on surface roughness; (3) determine the location for corrective grinding; and (4) evaluate the effect of corrective grinding.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test is a simple, effective way of determining the ability of bearings to roll freely. Most bearing manufacturers do not supply information on the breakaway friction coefficient of their products and if this is a design factor, users often buy candidate bearings and try them until they find one that appears to operate freer than the others. This test allows quantification of the breakaway friction characteristics of bearings. This test assesses the friction of a bearing as a tribosystem which includes its construction and lubrication. It has shown to correlate with use. If a bearing has a low breakaway angle in this test, its breakaway friction will be lower in service than the same size bearings that displayed a higher breakaway angle in this test.5.2 Breakaway friction of bearings is important in instruments where forces are light and the bearings are used as pivots rather than for continued rotation. Low friction is often imperative for proper device operation.5.3 Bearings with low breakaway friction are often sought for web handling rollers. Many rollers are driven only by tangential web contact and slippage can often damage the web. Low friction bearings are required.5.4 This test is useful for screening bearings for any applications where breakaway friction is a design concern.1.1 This test method is an extension of Test Method G164 and uses an inclined plane and a paperclip rider to detect the presence or absence of lubricants on the surfaces of flexible webs. A study to identify free spinning or low rolling friction bearings indicated that the paperclip friction test could be used for rolling friction by simply replacing the paperclip with a rolling element bearing on an axle. The angle of the inclined plane at initiation of rolling is the breakaway angle. This test method can be used to measure the angle at breakaway of small diameter (up to 100 mm outside diameter) rolling element bearings. The bearings that have been tested in the development of this method are conventional ball bearings with different separators, seals, and different conditions of lubrication (none, oil, greases, and so forth), but there is no technical reason why this test method would not work with bearings of other design, including plain bearings. Rolling element bearings like any sliding system can have friction characteristics at breakaway that are different than rolling continuously. As is the case with most inclined plane friction tests, the test only produces the friction characteristic at the onset of measurable rolling, using the angle (θ) when measurable rolling commences. The objective of this test is an assessment of breakaway rolling friction characteristics to assist machine designers in the selection of rolling element bearings for instrument pivots and the like where breakaway friction is a concern.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method can be used to determine anti-wear properties and coefficients of friction of greases under rolling type of movement at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in slip-rolling contacts in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian line contact pressures. It has found application as a screening test for lubricants used in gears, rolling bearings or cam/follower systems. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction of greases and their ability to protect against wear under a rolling type of motion when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The effect of dynamic rolling load over resilient floor covering system is important since the resistance reflects the ability of a resilient floor covering system to properly perform under specific use or condition.4.2 Excessive rolling load over an installed resilient floor covering may cause floor covering system failures such as bond failure, delamination, and finish or coating deteriorations.4.3 The effect of dynamic rolling load shall be measured by qualitative evaluation comparing the tested assembly with a standard assembly.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the effect of dynamic rolling load over a resilient floor covering.1.2 This practice is intended to be used by resilient, adhesive and underlayment manufacturers to measure the impact of a dynamic rolling load over a specific product or a combination of products.1.3 This practice may be used to evaluate the performance of joints (sealed or welded) in the resilient floor covering.1.4 This practice may be used to aid in the diagnosis of a specific assembly performance and provide comparative evaluation.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The rolling-ball tack test is fast, easy to run, and requires little investment in equipment and little operator training. This test is intended primarily for quality control use since it demonstrates good reproducibility within a single laboratory and ability to detect batch-to-batch variations accurately if adhesive film thickness is held constant. Rolling ball tack is not intended as an investigative tool since for most pressure sensitive adhesive applications rolling ball tack results do not correlate well with application tack requirements.1.1 This test method covers measurement of the comparative tack of pressure-sensitive adhesives by a rolling ball and is most appropriate for low-tack adhesives. This test method is only one of several available for the measurement of tack.1.1.1 This test method is not recommended for the specification of end use products.1.2 Values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently without combining values in any way.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

3.1 Planar shear (rolling shear) characteristics of structural panels determined by these test methods are essential for the rigorous design of various glued wood-panel structural components, such as box beams, folded plate roofs, and stressed skin panels. Planar shear also may govern the design at low span-depth ratios encountered in floors subjected to high concentrated loads, concrete forms at high pouring pressures, and bulk storage structures.3.2 The modulus of rigidity determined from Test Method A is a composite of the entire specimen acting as a unit. For plywood panels for which the ratio between the shear moduli of the plies with grain oriented parallel and perpendicular to the shear forces is known, the rolling shear modulus of the perpendicular plies can be calculated.3.3 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression bar, and from checks caused by drying. Knife checks can have a significant effect on rolling shear properties in plywood panels and may be of significance in other veneer containing panels. Test Method A requires (when applicable) the testing of matching specimens having knife checks oriented both open and closed wherever possible (see Fig. 1).3.4 To control or define other variables influencing rolling shear, these test methods require determination of moisture content, specific gravity, and elapsed time-to-failure. Conditioning of test material in controlled atmospheres, determination of depth of knife checks (when applicable), and determination of percent of wood and plywood glueline failure (when applicable) are recommended.1.1 These test methods determine the shear properties of structural panels associated with shear distortion of the planes parallel to the edge planes of the panels. Both shear strength and modulus of rigidity may be determined. Primarily, the tests measure the planar shear (rolling shear) strength developed in the plane of the panel.1.2 Structural panels in use include, but are not limited to, structural plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.1.3 Two test methods are included:1.3.1 Test Method A—Planar shear loaded by plates.1.3.2 Test Method B—Planar shear induced by five-point bending.1.3.3 The choice of method will be dictated by the purpose of the test and equipment available.1.3.4 Test Method A, Planar Shear Loaded by Plates—This test method uses a rectangular panel section adhered between steel plates with protruding knife edges to create load at the panel faces. This test method has been used to develop shear properties of plywood and oriented strand board for the purpose of confirming design values. This test method does not produce pure shear, but the specimen length is prescribed so that the secondary stresses have a minimum effect. The method determines shear strength and modulus of rigidity.1.3.5 Test Method B, Planar Shear Induced by Five-Point Bending—Planar shear stress is induced on the panel while loaded in bending using two continuous spans. This test method determines planar shear strength consistent with panel applications under transverse loading. This test method is able to determine shear strength at any moisture condition.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The life cycle and cleanliness of a recirculating steel mill rolling oil dispersion is affected by the amount of iron present. This iron consists mainly of iron from acid pickling residues and iron from attrition of the steel sheet or rolls during cold rolling. In sampling rolling oils for total iron it is difficult to prevent adherence of iron containing sludge to the sample container. Thus, the accuracy of a total iron determination from an aliquot sample is suspect. This practice provides a means for ensuring that all iron contained in a sample is included in the analysis.4.2 Although less significant, the ash content is still an essential part of the procedure for obtaining a total iron analysis. Generally, the ash will be mostly iron, and in many cases, could be used as a substitute for total iron in determining when to change the dispersion.FIG. 1 Possible Holding Fixture and Assembly System1.1 This test method describes a procedure for sampling and testing dispersions of rolling oils in water from operating steel rolling mills for determination of ash and total iron content. Its purpose is to provide a test method such that a representative sample may be taken and phenomenon such as iron separation, fat-emulsion separation, and so forth, do not contribute to analytical error in determination of ash and total iron.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 6 and 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车