Lost persons are at risk of injury or death from extended periods of isolation, either mental, physical, or both. Their inability to solve immediate problems requires that search and rescue (SAR) personnel use the most efficient and effective techniques to resolve the lost person's situation and to minimize the risks of injury or death. Searching for immobile or unresponsive subjects, including those deceased, places further limitations upon the search options that are available to search managers. Where appropriate, the guide identifies these limitations. The use of the listed techniques improves the probability of locating a lost or missing person when applied to land search incidents. These techniques may be employed at the discretion of and under the direction and control of a land search manager. Terms used in this guide are not intended to be comprehensive, nor are they presumed to be inclusive of all terminology used in the search function.1.1 This guide identifies and describes techniques that may be used by individuals or agencies when searching for persons, property, or evidence on land. The application of one or more of these techniques to any particular land search will depend upon the individual circumstances of the search and the judgment of the person responsible for conducting the search. 1.2 This guide assists individuals and agencies by providing a list of techniques for their consideration during a land search and by providing a brief description of the application of the technique to land search. Some advantages and disadvantages, as well as the most common uses of the techniques, are discussed in the guide. The guide does not, however, purport to discuss all aspects of conducting a land search. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 A trailing search dog crew or team is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this guide.4.1.1 A trailing search dog crew or team that meets the requirements of this guide is a Trailing Canine Search Resource, as defined in Classification F1848.4.2 Trailing search dogs that meet the requirements of this guide shall be tested by the AHJ using an aged trail of 6 to 12 h or as determined by the AHJ. Ages for competency trails shall take into consideration a minimum age, which should approximate the average response time for search dog crews.4.3 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a trailing search dog crew or team to perform trail searches. No other skills are included or implied.4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a trailing search dog team or crew, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training trailing search dog crews or teams. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in this guide are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.4.7 Though this guide establishes minimum training requirements, it does not imply that a trailing search dog team or crew is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed part of an organization.4.7.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its member ratings.4.8 A trailing search dog crew or team shall document training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless otherwise stated, it shall be demonstrated for initial qualification, and then as often as required by the AHJ.4.9 A trailing search dog crew or team shall demonstrate its competency at a frequency set by the AHJ.1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform a trailing search.1.2 Trailing search dog crews or teams perform searches on the surface of the land, including open urban or wilderness areas, as well as mountainous terrain and alpine environments.1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for trailing search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, and in caves, mines, and tunnels.1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland or oceanic.1.4 Trailing search dog crews or teams trained to meet the requirements of this guide may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.1.5 Trailing search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.1.6 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:1.6.1 Kind A (Wilderness);1.6.2 Kind B (Urban);1.6.3 Kind C (Mountainous);1.6.4 Kind G (Cave);1.6.5 Kind H (Mine);1.6.6 Kind I (Avalanche);1.6.7 Kind K (Aircraft); and1.6.8 Kind L (Unclassified).1.7 Further training may be required before a trailing search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.1.8 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how a trailing search dog crew or team functions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Land Search Team Member. No other skills are included or implied.4.2 Every person who is identified as a Land Search Team Member shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and agencies having jurisdiction that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search Team Member.4.3.1 The AHJ shall determine the depth or detail of training required to meet these needs.4.4 Though this guide establishes the minimum standard of training, it does not imply that a Land Search Team Member is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of a team, organization, or agency.4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for Land Search Team Members is the responsibility of the AHJ.4.4.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document or training program to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate as a Land Search Team Member.4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Land Search Team Member or AHJ.4.7 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search Team Member.4.8 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content includes the information required for training a Land Search Team Member. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements of this guide.4.9 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.4.10 A Land Search Team Member shall document his or her training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.4.11 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as often as required by the AHJ.4.12 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated, the AHJ shall determine the best way to evaluate a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or by some combination of the three.1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training requirements for land search personnel as it relates to their general, field, and search-specific knowledge and skills.1.2 A Land Search Team Member searches on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for searching in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as caves, mines, and tunnels).1.4 Personnel trained to this guide are not qualified to perform rescue. No knots, rope, high angle or low angle litter, or other rescue skills are required of a Land Search Team Member.1.5 Personnel trained to this guide are not qualified to operate in leadership positions.1.6 Land Search Team Members are eligible to be members of Category: Land Search, and Category: Untrained, search teams or crews, as defined in Classification F1993.1.6.1 Category: Land Search teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:1.6.1.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;1.6.1.2 Kind: Wilderness;1.6.1.3 Kind: Mountainous;1.6.1.4 Kind: Alpine.1.7 Further training may be required before a Land Search Team Member can participate on a particular Kind of search team, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the authority having jurisdiction.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Tracker. No other skills are included or implied. 4.2 Every person who is identified as a Tracker shall have met the requirements of this guide. 4.2.1 Nothing in this guide precludes the AHJ from adding additional requirements for its personnel. 4.3 Training to this guide is not an indication that a person possesses adequate field skills or knowledge to make mission critical decisions. 4.4 Though this guide establishes a basic training standard, it does not imply that a Tracker is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar team member designation of an organization. 4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for a Tracker is the responsibility of the AHJ. 4.5 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Tracker or AHJ. 4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating Tracker endorsed personnel. 4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content includes the information required for training a Tracker. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements of this guide. 4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence. 4.9 A Tracker shall document his or her training, as directed by the AHJ, which might include the completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision. 4.9.1 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as often as required by the AHJ. 4.9.2 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated, the AHJ shall determine the best way to evaluate a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, field demonstration, or by some combination of the three. 1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including knowledge, skills, and abilities, required for personnel operating as Trackers in support of a land search effort. 1.2 A Tracker Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, beyond those defined within this guide. 1.3 A Tracker tracks on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure. 1.4 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for tracking in partially or fully collapsed structures, in water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels). 1.5 Human land SAR resources that may utilize personnel trained to this guide are classified in Classification F1993. 1.5.1 Individuals trained to this guide are qualified to operate on teams or crews classified as Category – Land Search of Kind – Tracking. 1.5.2 Further training may be required before Tracking Land Search personnel may participate on particular Category or Kind of SAR resource, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is part of an overall suite of related test methods that provide repeatable measures of human-system interaction capability including robotic system mobility, dexterity, inspection, remote operator proficiency, and situational awareness. In particular, the operator control unit (OCU) design and interface features may impact the operator’s ability to perform movement and inspection tasks with the robot.5.2 The test apparatuses are low cost and easy to fabricate so they can be widely replicated. The procedure is also simple to conduct. This eases comparisons across various testing locations, dates, and times to determine best-in-class systems and operators.5.3 Evaluation—This test method can be used in a controlled environment to measure baseline capabilities. It can also be embedded into operational training scenarios to measure degradation due to uncontrolled variables in lighting, weather, radio communications, GPS accuracy, etc.5.4 Procurement—This test method can be used to identify inherent capability trade-offs in systems, make informed purchasing decisions, and verify performance during acceptance testing. This aligns requirement specifications and user expectations with existing capability limits.5.5 Training—This test method can be used to focus operator training, as a repeatable practice task or as an embedded task within training scenarios. The resulting measures of remote operator proficiency enable tracking of perishable skills over time, along with comparisons of performance across squads, regions, or national averages.5.6 Innovation—This test method can be used to inspire technical innovation, demonstrate break-through capabilities, and measure the reliability of systems performing specific tasks within an overall mission sequence. Combining or sequencing multiple test methods can guide manufacturers toward implementing the combinations of capabilities necessary to perform essential mission tasks.1.1 This test method is intended for remotely operated ground robots operating in complex, unstructured, and often hazardous environments. It specifies the apparatuses, procedures, and performance metrics necessary to measure the capability of a robot to maneuver and search throughout an environment to inspect objects of interest while negotiating complex terrain. This test method is one of several related human-system interaction tests that can be used to evaluate overall system capabilities.1.2 The robotic system typically includes a remote operator in control of all functionality, so an onboard camera and remote operator display are typically required. Assistive features or autonomous behaviors may improve the effectiveness or efficiency of the overall system.1.3 Different user communities can set their own thresholds of acceptable performance within this test method for various mission requirements.1.4 Performing Location—This test method may be performed anywhere the specified apparatuses and environmental conditions can be implemented.1.5 Units—The International System of Units (a.k.a. SI Units) and U.S. Customary Units (a.k.a. Imperial Units) are used throughout this test method. They are not mathematical conversions. Rather, they are approximate equivalents in each system of units to enable use of readily available materials in different countries. The differences between the stated dimensions in each system of units are insignificant for the purposes of comparing test method results, so each system of units is separately considered standard within this test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide establishes the minimum level of training required to provide awareness-level knowledge for personnel operating in and around the areas and operations listed in 1.1.4.2 This guide may be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training standards for land-based personnel operating in and around these areas and operations.4.3 A person trained to this guide is considered to be aware of the hazards and risks associated with these areas and operations.4.4 A person trained solely to this guide is not considered a “searcher,” “rescuer,” or both.4.5 This guide may be used to augment other training for a searcher and/or rescuer.4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is only an outline of some of the topics required for training or evaluating a searcher and/or rescuer, although it can be used to develop a training document or program.4.7 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet its training requirements.4.8 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements.4.9 This guide does not stand alone but must be used with the reference documents to provide the specific minimum training needed by a ground searcher and/or rescuer operating in these areas.4.10 This guide can be used as a reference for training of searchers, rescuers, or both.4.11 The information presented in the following sections is not in any particular order and does not represent a training sequence.4.12 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or some other means specified by the AHJ.1.1 This guide is intended for training those who normally work in natural environments, solely subject to terrain and weather-related risks, who may be asked to respond to, or who may encounter, the operations defined in 1.2.1.2 This guide identifies and describes hazardous situations and environments, and the associated risks affecting search and rescue personnel who may be working on or around the following:1.2.1 Landsearch;1.2.2 Land rescue;1.2.3 Structural collapse;1.2.4 Rope rescues;1.2.5 Confined spaces;1.2.6 Water, both still and moving; and1.2.7 Trench or excavation collapse.1.3 The knowledge conveyed in this guide is intended to enable search and rescue (SAR) personnel to recognize situations that may require skills or capabilities they have not been trained to perform. This understanding will allow them to seek more knowledgeable personnel to mitigate the hazard and perform such rescues or other activities required to complete their mission.1.4 This guide is not intended to suggest that all search and rescue personnel must have the training identified within it. However, wherever the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) deems this training to be appropriate, this document can be used as a guide.1.5 The AHJ shall determine what level of training constitutes sufficient competence for search and rescue personnel to enter areas, or carry out missions, which include the hazards described in this guide.1.6 This guide identifies some of the known disciplines of SAR and their associated hazards. It does not, however, attempt to list all hazards or risks of which a person must be aware to operate safely and effectively in and around any of the areas listed in 1.1.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Introduction of robots to the responder's cache for use in urban search and rescue missions may have an impact on the logistical planning for the response teams. Additional volume and weight shall be stored and transported to the response site. Additional preparation time shall be allotted to ready the robot for deployment. The tools that are taken to the field may need to be augmented to service the robots. Once the robot is ready for deployment, it shall be transported from the base of operations to the mission zone. Responders may have to carry the robot and its controller or may have to provide some other transportation mechanism if it is too heavy.5.2 This practice is designed to appraise the impact in terms of logistical considerations for a response organization.1.1 This practice covers the requirement that urban search and rescue robots and all necessary associated components or equipment (for example, operator control station, power sources, spare parts, sensors, manipulators, tools, and so forth) shall complement the response organization’s cache packaging and transportation systems.1.2 Shipment by ground, air, or marine should be considered.1.3 Volume, weight, shipping classification, and deployability of the robots and associated components are considered in this practice.1.3.1 The deployability is considered through the determination of:1.3.1.1 The length of time required to prepare the robot system for deployment, and1.3.1.2 The types of tools required for servicing the robot system in the field.1.3.2 Associated components or equipment include not only all the onboard sensors, tethers, and operator control station, but also any spare parts and specialized tools needed for assembly, disassembly, and field servicing.1.3.3 Associated components also include power equipment necessary for the operation of the system, such as batteries, chargers, and power converters. Gasoline, diesel, or other types of liquid fuel are not included.1.4 The packaged items shall support the operational availability of the robot during a deployment of up to ten days. There shall be no resupply within the first 72 h of deployment.1.5 No such standards currently exist except for those relevant to shipping (for example, CFR Title 49 and International Air Transport Association (IATA) documents).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Classification of human land search and rescue resources is based upon the training of the personnel and their ability to perform specific tasks.4.2 Human search and rescue resources are classified by category, kind, and duration.1.1 This classification is intended to identify the common functional units and single resources used in search and rescue operations; to aid search and rescue (SAR) managers and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) in assembling or ordering resources for search, rescue, or search and rescue incidents; and to aid in identifying the tasks for which crews have been trained.1.2 This classification is intended as a supplement to the resource typing specifications of the Incident Command System and specifically as a means of typing human resources used in land search and rescue activities.1.3 This classification is suitable for classifying search and rescue crews for land search and rescue incidents.1.4 This classification does not attempt to classify individuals or put forth standards of performance or training for individuals, nor is it meant to convey certification, skill proficiency, or other measures of the level of performance of the resource. These qualifications are the responsibility of the local agencies responsible for utilizing the resource.1.5 This classification identifies human-based resources. Canine crew (or team) classifications are defined in Classification F1848.1.6 This classification does not classify air resources (Guides F2958 and F3026) or water resources (Guides F1739, F1783, and F1824).1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader. No other skills are included or implied.4.2 Every person who is identified as a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals, organizations, and agencies having jurisdiction that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader.4.3.1 Though this guide establishes the minimum training required for a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader, it does not imply that a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of an AHJ.4.3.2 Determining the requirements and qualifications for team members is the responsibility of the AHJ.4.3.3 The AHJ shall determine the depth or detail of training required to meet these needs.4.3.4 Nothing in this standard precludes an AHJ from requiring additional knowledge, skills, or abilities for its members.4.4 This guide can be used to evaluate a document or training program to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate as a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader.4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader.4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader or AHJ.4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content meets the necessary topics for training an Land Search and Rescue Team Leader. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.4.9 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall document his or her training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.4.10 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as often as required by the AHJ.4.11 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated the AHJ shall determine the best way to evaluate a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or by some combination of the three.4.12 Additional skill set-specific endorsements may be used in conjunction with this document to train rescue personnel for other rescue disciplines.1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training requirements, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for personnel who lead land search and rescue teams.1.2 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders direct search and rescue teams on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum training required for conducting rescues in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in mountainous terrain.1.4 Personnel trained to this guide alone are qualified to conduct or lead search and rescue operations on non-technical terrain.1.5 Personnel trained to this guide alone are not qualified to direct rope rescues. No knots, rope work, or high angle or low angle rescue skills are included in this guide.1.5.1 The minimum training required for rope rescue can be found in Guides F2752, F2954, and F2955.1.5.2 Personnel trained to this standard and having a Rope Rescuer Endorsement (Guides F2752, F2954, F2955) are qualified to supervise rope rescue teams of equal level or lower.1.6 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader can be utilized as a team leader for land search or rescue teams, a single resource, or a support person for a canine search team.1.7 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders are eligible to supervise Land Search, Land Rescue, Land Search and Rescue, and Untrained teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993 for non-wilderness and wilderness operations. In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide, Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall have the identified endorsement for the reason identified:1.7.1 Mountainous Terrain—Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall meet the requirements of Guides F3027 or F3028;1.7.2 Alpine Terrain—Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall meet the requirements of Guide F3028;1.7.3 Mountainous Operations—Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall meet the requirements of Guide F3175;1.7.4 ATV-ROHV Operations—Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall meet the requirements of Guide F3175;1.7.5 Rope Rescue Operations—Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall meet the requirements of Guides F2954 or F2955.1.8 Search and Rescue Team Leaders supervising Mounted Teams shall also meet the requirements of Guide F2794.1.9 Further training may be required before a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader can supervise a particular team, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the authority having jurisdiction.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 The ICS framework is designed to be used for all emergencies and is applicable to small day-to-day situations as well as very large and complex incidents.3.2 The ICS framework, operating requirements, components, and procedures are designed for organizing and operating an on-scene management structure only.3.3 Users of this guide are expected to be familiar with the ICS.3.4 Neither this guide nor any of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approved ICS courses or documents provide a specific plan for managing an SAR operation, but rather they outline a process for developing a management and coordination framework.3.5 It is not intended for this standard to conflict in any way with civil SAR responsibilities agreed to by the National Search and Rescue Plan of the United States, the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual (IAMSAR), or other appropriate international instruments.1.1 This guide covers the use of the Incident Command System (ICS), as developed in the National Incident Management System (NIMS) in 2004, as the management framework for search and rescue (SAR) operations.1.2 Except as otherwise specified herein, the methods and requirements of this standard also include NIMS, ICS, and National Response Framework (NRF) requirements, when required, for search and rescue personnel that deploy within the United States of America.1.3 The ICS may be used outside of the United States for managing SAR operations, users of this standard need to be aware of other incident management requirements, guidelines, policies, procedures, and protocols within the area of ICS SAR operations.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training a Helicopter SAR Technician, who is a crewmember with focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function within a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation. A person trained to this guide shall be recognized as a Helicopter SAR Technician crewmember.4.2 Every person who is identified as a Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the requirements of this guide.4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimum training standards for Helicopter SAR Technician.4.4 This guide is the first level of training for Helicopter SAR Ttechnician and as such, only establishes the minimum knowledge and skills required to perform during helicopter operations.4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Helicopter SAR Technician, and it can be used to develop a training document or program.4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Helicopter SAR Technician.4.7 Though this guide establishes the minimum standards, it does not imply that a Helicopter SAR Technician is “in training,” “on probation,” or in any other similar AHJ member status. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements and qualifications for member ratings.4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities requirements presented in the following sections are not presented in any particular order and do not represent any specific training sequence.4.9 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the ASTM standards for the environments for which the technician will be working and shall be able to interface with ground SAR resources.4.9.1 In order to operate safely around or in a given sub-environment within this area of specialization (Helicopter SAR Technician), the AHJ shall consider the applicability of requiring additional knowledge, skills, and abilities specific to a problem, hazard, technical challenge or environment.1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for a helicopter inland search and rescue technician (hereafter known as Helicopter SAR Technician) with focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function as a member of the crew with a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation.1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas of operation, including flood and swiftwater rescue operations.1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as a crewmember with helicopters only; no fixed-winged operations are included.1.4 General, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge and skills related to inland search and rescue are found in the following referenced ASTM documents: F1591, F1633, F1739, F1846, F2209, F2685, and F2751. The training identified in this guide supplements and enhances the search and rescue technician’s existing training, knowledge, and skills.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The significant attributes of this practice are the methods for determining the detection capabilities of metal detectors, the methods for determining the effects of outside influences on detectors, and certain safety requirements for detectors.4.2 While this practice was originated for walk-through metal weapons detectors, it is equally applicable to detectors of other metal objects. The innocent objects set (15.1.2) would require modification commensurate with the size of the other object to be tested; some tests may not be applicable and other specific and different tests may be necessary.4.3 This practice includes testing site requirements (Section 6) to minimize data variations. These methods may be used at nonconforming sites if site-related disturbances are considered and accounted for.4.4 This practice is not meant to constrain designs but it is applicable only to detectors which are designed for individual walk-through. The portal structure shall be deemed to meet this criterion if it provides a minimum vertical clearance of 1.96 m (77 in.) and a minimum horizontal width clearance of 0.66 m (26 in.).4.5 This practice recognizes that the complex movements of a test object when carried by a person walking through a detector limits the precision and repeatability of the resultant observed signals. Averaged results from repeated tests under identical controlled conditions are recommended to obtain a better approximation of the underlying hypothetical true value for that set of conditions.4.6 Where the term “significant” is used, it refers to phenomena which, in accordance with accepted engineering practices, exceed the normal variation of data.1.1 This practice covers methods for the evaluation of walk-through metal weapons detectors and criteria for testing metal detection performance.1.2 This practice specifies certain health, safety, and human factors criteria pertaining to the usage of the detection equipment.1.3 This practice requires the use of non-standardized (user-supplied) test objects and test equipment. Evaluations made using the procedures outlined in this practice can be used for comparative evaluations only if the tests are made with the same equipment and test objects.1.4 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers and evaluators of electromagnetic field devices used for screening persons entering into controlled access areas. It is not intended to set performance nor limit or constrain operating technologies, nor is it a document for use by individual operators or users of such equipment at specific access control points.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazards statement, see warning note in 12.2.5.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide will give SAR personnel options in choosing a form that will fit their specific need. These forms will assist in the organization, management, and documentation of a search or rescue incident.3.2 Additional forms will be categorized by topics such as management, investigation, training documentation, equipment maintenance, and reports. This guide will compare the original ICS forms with samples of those developed to parallel them for SAR.3.3 Once categorized, an explanation will be given for each type of form. Some examples of these forms will be shown. Some contributors have included detailed instruction for the use of their forms.3.4 This guide may serve as the basis for new forms to be created using some information found here.1.1 This guide gives examples of forms used in the SAR community.1.2 It is not the intent of this guide to recommend one form over another, but to make the user aware of the many different types of forms used. This guide does not purport to contain every form used in SAR, only a few examples of forms in each category.1.3 These forms cover a great variety of the many aspects involved in SAR. This guide will attempt to give a few versions of forms used for each aspect identified. The user may choose which form best fits his particular need.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The terminology in this document is applicable to the standards and guides published by ASTM Committee F32.3.2 The definitions provided in this terminology standard shall be used when interpreting the meaning, purpose or applicability of a guide, standard, or a specific subsection therein.1.1 This terminology document is a compilation of definitions of terms, abbreviations, and acronyms used in F32 Land Search and Rescue Standards and Guides, collected in order to provide consistency in communications when used in writing and interpreting the Committee’s documents.

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1.1 This specification covers the basic data formats to be used by search and rescue computer applications programs (software) for import from and export to other programs.1.2 Additional data or word processing formats may be supported by search and rescue programs.

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