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定价： 1333元 / 折扣价： 1134 元 加购物车

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定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

11.1 The indentation and the residual indentation of resilient floor covering is important since the resistance and recovery from indentation reflects on the ability of the resilient floor covering to perform properly after installation.11.2 The indentation of a resilient floor covering shall be measured using a specified type of indentor, flat or spherical, under a specified load and time.11.3 The residual indentation of a resilient floor covering shall be measured after a specified recovery time.11.4 See Table 1 for detailed testing and conditioning requirements by products (specification) type.1.1 This test method covers procedures to determine short-term indentation and residual indentation of resilient flooring, when subjected to concentrated loads.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:   SectionIndentation by McBurney2 Test  4 to 10Indentation and Residual Indentation  11 to 151.3 There are two procedures with their respective apparatus. The first (McBurney Test) is described in Sections 4 to 10 and is restricted to a spherical foot. It is only used for initial indentation measurements of VCT. The second is described in Sections 11 to 15 and has interchangeable feet with variable geometry. It is used to measure initial and residual indentation.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The objective of this guide is to describe procedures and data sources for conducting risk characterization of acute inhalation exposure to chemicals emitted from bedding sets. Risk characterization can be used to identify chemical(s) that pose potentially significant human health risks for the scenario(s) and population(s) selected for exposure assessment. Such identification of chemicals can help in identifying the components or materials used in the manufacture of bedding sets that should be further examined. Risk characterization also includes an assessment of potential odors associated with individual chemicals emitted by the bedding set.1.1 This guide describes procedures for conducting risk characterization of exposure to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) emitted from bedding sets or an ensemble of a mattress and supporting box spring.1.2 This guide is for risk characterization of short-term exposures to a new bedding set brought into a residential indoor environment. The risk characterization considerations presented in this guide are applicable to both the general population and sensitive subgroups, such as convalescing adults.1.3 The risk characterization addressed in this guide is limited to acute health and irritation effects resulting from short-term exposure to VOCs in indoor air. Although certain procedures described in this guide may be applicable to assessing long-term exposure, the guide is not intended to address cancer and other chronic health effects.1.4 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products are new. A used bedding set may also emit VOCs, either from the original materials or as a result of its use. The procedures presented in this guide also are applicable to used bedding sets.1.5 Risk characterization procedures described in this guide should be carried out under the supervision of a qualified toxicologist or risk assessment specialist, or both.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Since the exposure of automotive coatings to the various mechanical and chemical stresses encountered in actual operations, is very opportunistic, obtaining statistically significant data from which valid conclusions can be drawn, requires rigorous attention to the experimental designs and conditions of exposure.1.1 This practice covers the protocol for vehicle service exposure testing of automotive coatings. Such exposure testing is valuable for the verification of the performance of automotive coatings and correlation with laboratory test data. Vehicle service exposure is intended to provide short term (2 to 20 weeks) exposure to the stress factors associated with vehicle operation. Factors included are scratch, mar, impact, stone chipping, insect impact, bird dropping, tree sap and staining, environmental fallout, etc.NOTE 1: Vehicle service exposure is not intended to provide the conditions that are needed for characterizing the long term effects of weathering or corrosion exposure.1.2 The exposure conditions are produced by the placement of multiple test panels of automotive finishes on automotive test fleets that traverse a defined road course. Exposure to the operating environment can be 20 h/day, 7 days/week allowing for accumulation of over 100 000 miles in 10 weeks of exposure.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 An acute toxicity test is conducted to assess the effects of a short term exposure of organisms to a test material under specific experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test does not provide information concerning whether delayed effects will occur and typically evaluates effects on survival. A chronic test is typically longer in duration and includes a sublethal endpoint to assess effects on a population that might occur beyond the exposure period. Because the bivalve embryo development test includes a sublethal endpoint, but is also short in duration, these tests are considered to be short-term chronic tests.5.2 Because embryos and larvae are usually assumed to be the most sensitive life stages of these bivalve mollusc species and because these species are commercially and recreationally important, results of these acute tests are often considered to be a good indication of the acceptability of pollutant concentrations to saltwater molluscan species in general. Results of these acute toxicity tests are often assumed to be an important consideration when assessing the hazard of materials to other saltwater organisms (see Guide E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for saltwater organisms (3) .5.3 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that toxicity to benthic species might depend on sorption or settling of the test material onto the substrate.5.4 Results of short-term chronic tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different species to different test materials, and to determine the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.5.5 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be useful for studying biological availability of, and structure activity relationships between, test materials.5.6 Results of any toxicity test will depend on temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the test organisms, and other factors.5.7 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms exposed to suspended particulates of dredged sediments disposed through the water column.5.8 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms exposed to a bedded whole sediments.1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the acute effects of a test material on embryos and the resulting larvae of four species of saltwater bivalve molluscs (Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg; eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin; quahog or hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria Linnaeus; and the mussel species complex (Mytilus spp.) including the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis Linnaeus; the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark; and the Northern Bay Mussel, Mytilus trossulus Gould) during static 48-h exposures. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting static short-term chronic toxicity tests starting with embryos of other bivalve species (1)2 although modifications might be necessary.1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using procedures appropriate to a particular species or special needs and circumstances is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted by using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained by using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting 48-h acute tests starting with embryos of bivalve molluscs.1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct acute tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. Renewal tests might be preferable to static tests for materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed in aqueous solution, or are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test.1.4 Results of toxicity tests with embryos of bivalve molluscs should usually be reported as the EC50 based on the total incompletely developed and dead organisms. It might also be desirable to report the LC50 based only on death. In some situations, it might only be necessary to determine whether a specific concentration is toxic to embryos or whether the EC50 is above or below a specific concentration.1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:  SectionReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Guide 4 5Hazards 6Apparatus 7 Facilities 7.1 Construction Materials 7.2 Test Chambers 7.3 Cleaning 7.4 Acceptability 7.5Dilution Water 8 Requirements 8.1 Source 8.2 Treatments 8.3 Characterization 8.4Test Material 9 General 9.1 Stock Solution 9.2 Test Concentration(s) 9.3Test Organisms 10 Species 10.1 Age 10.2 Handling 10.3 Brood Stock Source and Condition 10.4 Spawning and Fertilization 10.5 Quality 10.6Procedure 11 Experimental Design 11.1 Dissolved Oxygen 11.2 Temperature 11.3 Beginning the Test 11.4 Feeding 11.5 Duration of Test 11.6 Biological Data 11.7 Other Measurements 11.8Analytical Methods 12Acceptability of Test 13Calculation of Results 14Report 15Annex Annex A11.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The use of the body measurement information in Tables 1 and 2 will assist manufacturers in developing patterns and garments that are consistent with the current anthropometric characteristics of the population of interest. This practice should in turn reduce or minimize consumer confusion and dissatisfaction related to apparel sizing. (Also refer to ISO 3635 Size Designation Procedures.)4.2 Three-dimensional avatars depicting each of the mature mens sizes in short, regular and tall, were created by Alvanon, Inc. and included in this standard to assist manufacturers in visualizing the posture, shape, and proportions generated by the measurements charts in the accompanying Tables. (Avatar 1-6) See Figs. 1-3.FIG. 1 Mature Men - ShortFIG. 2 Mature Men - RegularFIG. 3 Mature Men - Tall1.1 These tables list body measurements of mature male figure type, age 35 and older, sizes 34 through 52 in Short, Regular, and Tall. Although these are body measurements, they can be used as a baseline in designing apparel for Mature Men in this size range when considering such factors as fabric type, ease for body movement, styling, and fit.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 In the distribution system, the packaged product may be stored for a period of time in a manner such that one or more containers are stacked on one another. The bottom package is thus continually subjected to a constant compression load.4.2 This test method subjects an empty container to a predetermined static load and to specified atmospheric conditions, if required, over a short period of time using fixed platen compression testing equipment. Deflection is measured over time.4.3 Deflection versus time data can be used to predict time to failure of corrugated shipping containers under constant load.1.1 This test method covers determining the resistance of an empty paper corrugated shipping container to a vertically applied constant compression load for a specified time. The test method may also include palletized or unitized loads made of such containers. The boxes are tested in the orientation that they are most likely to be stacked in a unitized or palletized load.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The mechanical performance of welded thermoplastic structures is largely dependent on the quality of the welding operation. It is necessary for fabricators to determine that the proper welding procedures are being followed and that welders maintain their proficiency. Results from this practice are indicative of skill in proper welding procedures for different thermoplastic materials and the use of appropriate welding equipment. If the welded test specimens have short term weld factors that meet or exceed the minimums as set forth in this practice, it can be concluded that, with the same degree of skill and diligence by the welder, acceptable welds can be obtained in fabricated structures.1.1 This practice covers the preparation and evaluation of joints between two pieces of weldable grades of thermoplastic materials, backed and unbacked, (such as those shown in Table 1) up to 2 in. (50 mm) in thickness.1.2 Since there are numerous new technologies and techniques constantly being developed for plastic welding, there are no profiles and procedures that can be considered as standard for all plastics at various thicknesses. This practice is not intended to define profiles and procedures; however, it is intended to establish methods to evaluate minimum short term weld factors to be achieved by the welder for the respective plastics.1.3 Weld procedures used for test pieces shall reflect procedures to be used in actual fabrication.1.4 Welding methods to be used include machine welding, extrusion welding, and hot gas welding.1.5 This practice can be utilized by relevant certification bodies to assess welder proficiency and qualification.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is normal for some of the combustion products of an internal combustion engine to penetrate into the engine lubricant and be retained in it.5.2 When an engine is run for a period of time and then stored over a long period of time, the by-products of combustion might be retained in the oil in a liquefied state.5.3 Under these circumstances, precipitates can form that impair the filterability of the oil the next time the engine is run.5.4 This test method subjects the test oil and the new oil to the same treatments such that the loss of filterability can be determined.5.5 Reference oils, on which the data obtained by this test method is known, are available.5.6 This test method requires that a reference oil also be tested and results reported. Two oils are available, one known to give a low and one known to give a high data value for this test method.NOTE 1: When the new oil test results are to be offered as candidate oil test results for a specification, such as Specification D4485, the specification will state maximum allowable loss of filterability (flow reduction) of the test oil as compared to the new oil.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of an oil to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter. It simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This provisional specification defines the Open Systems Interconnection (ISO7498 : 1984) Layer 2 data link layer for dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) equipment operating in half-duplex mode.1.1.1 This provisional specification defines the Data Link Layer irrespective of the physical medium to be used. However, it is expected that the standard will be used in accordance with a three layer stack as defined by Subcommittee E17.51 and IEEE P1455 and illustrated in . A critical implication of the use of the Data Link Layer standard with PS 111 is the assumption that the data rate will be 500 Kbps on both the uplink and downlink.1.1.2 This provisional specification specifies dedicated short range communications between fixed equipment at the roadside, called a beacon or Road Side Equipment (RSE) and Mobile Equipment in vehicles, called a Transponder or On-Board Equipment (OBE). This standard does not address vehicle-to-vehicle communication or communication between different instances of RSE.1.1.3 This provisional specification adheres to the general DSRC architecture in which the RSE controls the medium, allocating its use to OBEs within range of the RSE.1.1.4 This provisional specification supports a variety of RSE configurations. It supports configurations where one RSE communicates with one OBE, as well as configurations where one RSE can communicate with several OBEs. It does not define any specific configuration or layout of the communication zone.1.1.5 This provisional specification does not define to what extent different instances of RSE, operating in the vicinity of each other, need to be synchronised with each other.1.1.6 This provisional specification defines parameters to be used in negotiation procedures taking place between RSE and OBE.1.1.7 This provisional specification defines the following:Medium access control (MAC) procedures for the shared physical medium,Addressing rules and conventions,Data flow control procedures,Acknowledgement procedures,Error control procedures,Services provided to data link user(s), andFragmentation.1.1.8 There are two primary MAC modes, synchronous and asynchronous. Both modes support time-division multiple access half-duplex communications combined with a slotted aloha protocol for activation. The synchronous mode is characterized by a contiguous set of slots which is transmitted continuously and has fixed polling, data communications and activation phases. The asynchronous mode can vary the transmission of polling sequences, activation attempts or data communications.1.1.9 This provisional specification assumes that each RSE covers a limited part of the road (the communication zone) and that the OBE communicates with the RSE while passing through the communication zone.1.1.10 This provisional specification specifies the services required of the data link layer by the DSRC data link layer user, as viewed from the data link layer user, to allow a data link layer user entity to exchange packets with remote peer data link layer user entities. The services do not imply any particular implementation or any exposed interface.1.1.11 Not discussed in this provisional specification are signals that must be passed through the Data Link Layer from the Physical Layer to the Application Layer or vice versa in the OBE. These signals include indications of exceeding the wake-up threshold level (to control the OBE response in a small zone) and no carrier (to permit graceful shut down of the OBE if the OBE unexpectedly loses communications). It will be necessary to consider the implementation of these signals in OBE design.1.2 Overview1.2.1 All transmissions by either the RSE or OBE shall consist of a preamble and a frame. A preamble is an eight-bit sequence used for bit synchronization and is specified in Layer 1. A frame is a data link layer entity, which is the result of encapsulation of an application protocol data unit. The generic encapsulation process is shown in .1.2.2 An APDU is delivered from the application layer to the data link layer. If the APDU cannot be sent in a single transmission, then it is subdivided into multiple packets. Each packet is then converted into an LPDU by appending a byte count, fragmentation and logical link control and status field to the beginning of each packet. The frame is then formed by appending a link address field, and media access control field to the beginning and a error detection check field to the end of each LPDU. Each frame is then sent to the physical layer, which appends the preamble and then transmits the data.1.2.3 The frames can be transmitted in one of two modes: synchronous or asynchronous. In the synchronous mode, frames are transmitted in one of three types of slots: frame control message, message data or activation. The slots are combined to form a continuously repeated TDMA frame, as shown in . Each TDMA frame begins with a frame control message slot (FCMS). The FCMS only contains a frame control frame which is a broadcast message from the RSE indicating the number of slots, the type of each slot and the size of the slots that compose the rest of the TDMA frame. For example, in , the frame control frame defines a TDMA frame composed of three additional slots, two slots for data transmission and the other slot for activation. The message data slot (MDS) contains a data message frame transmitted over either the downlink to a specific OBE or uplink from a specific OBE. In addition, there is an acknowledgement transmitted immediately after the data message frame in the opposite direction. The activation slot (ACTS) consists of activation windows which are time periods when any OBE is allowed to transmit in contention with other OBEs in order to attempt to activate. It is not necessary to have an activation slot in a TDMA frame.1.2.4 Assuming link establishment requires the transmission of a beacon service table (BST) from the RSE and negotiation of link parameters using a vehicle service table (VST), provides an example of a full link negotiation followed by a read/write operation in synchronous mode. (Note that the full link negotiation can be shortened to reduce the number of TDMA frames needed to complete a transaction.) In TDMA Frame #1, the OBE receives a BST from the RSE and decides to activate. The activation is also transmitted in TDMA Frame #1. In TDMA Frame #2, the frame control frame designates a downlink message data slot to obtain the VST. After the OBE transmits the VST in TDMA Frame #2, the RSE commands the OBE to support a read in TDMA Frame #3. In TDMA Frame #4, the frame control frame designates an uplink message data slot to read the data. In TDMA Frame #5, the frame control frame designates a downlink message data slot to write data to the OBE. A corresponding acknowledgement is transmitted by the OBE.1.2.5 In the asynchronous mode, communications with an OBE is always initiated with a frame control frame which is regularly broadcast by the RSE. Immediately following the frame control frame are a series of activation windows. The timing and structure of the frame control frame and activation windows can be made common to both synchronous and asynchronous operations (to minimize the differences between the two modes). It is expected that the frame control frame and the activation windows will be transmitted (or time allocated) periodically so that the RSE can poll its read zone for OBEs. When an OBE successfully activates, the RSE discontinues transmissions of the frame control frame to establish private communications with the OBE. These communications can occur asynchronously, that is, without a TDMA frame dividing time into slots. In addition, the specific sequence of frames transmitted is dependent entirely on the application layer. Once the private communications is completed, the RSE would then continue to poll using the frame control frame and activation windows. Note that opportunities to transmit on the downlink and uplink in the asynchronous mode are defined by windows which provide constraints on the start and end times for any frame transmissions. An activation window is a special case of an uplink window.1.2.6 As above, assuming link establishment requires the transmission of a beacon service table (BST) from the RSE and negotiation of link parameters using a vehicle service table (VST), provides an example of a typical read/write operation in asynchronous operation.1.2.7 Like the synchronous mode, the OBE receives the BST from the RSE and attempts to activate. The activation frame is transmitted in activation windows that immediately follow the frame control frame. Once the activation is established, the RSE commands the OBE to transmit a VST and allocates an uplink window for the OBE to transmit the VST. After the VST is received, the RSE commands the OBE to support a read and allocates an uplink window for the OBE to transmit the read response. The OBE transmits the data. Then, the RSE writes data to the OBE and receives a reply that the write was successfully completed.Note 1Provisional Standards require only subcommittee consensus and are published for a limited time of two years. The provisional process was used because it is anticipated that the United States Department of Transportation will be referring to this provisional specification in their rule making.

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5.1 Apparent shear strength determined by this test method is useful for quality control and specification purposes. It is also applicable to research and development programs concerned with interlaminar-shear strength. The apparent shear strength obtained by this test method is not intended for design purposes, but allowed to be utilized for comparative testing of composite materials, if all failures are in horizontal shear.5.2 It is recommended that control samples be fabricated with each research test series and that care be used to compare each set of controls with corresponding test series run at different times.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent horizontal shear strength of fiber reinforced plastic rods. The specimen is a short beam in the form of lengths of pultruded rods. This test method is applicable to all types of parallel-fiber-reinforced plastic rod samples.1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and specification purposes (see 5.1).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.1 This test method permits accurate and nondestructive thickness determination of bound pavement layers. As such, this test method is widely applicable as a pavement system-assessment technique.6.2 Although this test method, under the right conditions, can be highly accurate as a layer-thickness indicator, consistently reliable interpretation of the received radar signal to determine layer thicknesses can be performed only by an experienced data analyst. Such experience can be gained through use of the system and through training courses supplied by various equipment manufacturers or consulting companies. Alternatively, the operator may wish to use computer software to automatically track the layer boundaries and layer thickness, where applicable.1.1 This test method covers the nondestructive determination of the thickness of bound pavement layers using ground penetrating radar (GPR).1.2 This test method may not be suitable for application to pavements which exhibit increased conductivity due to the increased attenuation of the electromagnetic signal. Examples of scenarios which may cause this are: extremely moist or wet (saturated) pavements if free electrolytes are present and slag aggregate with high iron content.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 11.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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