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4.1 pH is, within the limits described in 1.1, an accurate measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration and thus is widely used for the characterization of aqueous solutions.4.2 pH measurement is one of the main process control variables in the chemical industry and has a prominent place in pollution control.1.1 This test method specifies the apparatus and procedures for the electrometric measurement of pH values of aqueous solutions with the glass electrode. It does not deal with the manner in which the solutions are prepared. pH measurements of good precision can be made in aqueous solutions containing high concentrations of electrolytes or water-soluble organic compounds, or both. It should be understood, however, that pH measurements in such solutions are only a semiquantitative indication of hydrogen ion concentration or activity. The measured pH will yield an accurate result for these quantities only when the composition of the medium matches approximately that of the standard reference solutions. In general, this test method will not give an accurate measure of hydrogen ion activity unless the pH lies between 2 and 12 and the concentration of neither electrolytes nor nonelectrolytes exceeds 0.1 mol/L (M).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded off in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Results from this accelerated corrosion test shall not be considered as an indicator of the useful life of the metal equipment. Many factors need consideration for applicability to specific circumstances. Refer to Guide C1696 and Practice G31 for additional information.5.2 Corrosion associated with insulation is an important concern for insulation manufacturers, specification writers, designers, contractors, users and operators of the equipment. Some material specifications contain test methods (or reference test methods contained in other material specifications), for use in evaluating the insulation with regard to the corrosion of steel, copper, and aluminum. In some cases these tests are not applicable or effective and have not been evaluated for precision and bias.5.3 A properly selected, installed, and maintained insulation system will reduce the corrosion that often occurs on an un-insulated structure. However, when the protective weather-resistant covering of an insulation system fails, the conditions for the aqueous environment necessary for corrosion under insulation (CUI) often develop. It is possible the insulation contains, collects, or concentrates corrosive agents, or a combination thereof, often found in industrial and coastal environments. If water is not present, these electrolytes cannot migrate to the metal surface. The electrochemical reaction resulting in the aqueous corrosion of metal surfaces cannot take place in the absence of water and electrolytes. Additional environmental factors contributing to increased corrosion rates are oxygen, and elevated-temperature (near boiling point).5.4 Chlorides and other corrosive ions are common to many environments. The primary corrosion preventative is to protect insulation and metal from contamination and moisture. Insulation covers, jackets, and metal coating of various kinds are often used to prevent water infiltration and contact with the metal.5.5 This procedure can be used to evaluate all types of thermal insulation and fireproofing materials (industrial, commercial, residential, cryogenic, fire-resistive, insulating cement) manufactured using inorganic or organic materials, faced or unfaced, for which a filtered extraction solution can be obtained.5.6 This procedure can be used with all metal types for which a coupon can be prepared such as mild steel, stainless steel, copper, or aluminum. Other metals (copper, aluminum) will need different times, reference solutions and cleaning practices. It shall not be interpreted that the steel procedures work for everything. When procedures are developed for other metals they will be balloted for inclusion in the document.5.7 This procedure can also be applicable to insulation accessories including jacketing, covers, adhesives, cements, and binders associated with insulation and insulation products.5.8 Heat treatment of the insulation (as recommended by the manufacturer up to the maximum potential exposure temperature) can be used to simulate possible conditions of use.5.9 Adhesives can be tested by first drying followed by water extraction or by applying a known quantity of the test adhesive to a test piece of insulation and then extracting.5.10 Insulating cements can be tested by casting a slab, drying, and extracting or by using the uncured insulating cement powder for extraction.5.11 Reference tests prepared with various concentrations of solutions that are conducive to the corrosion of the tested metal serve as comparative criteria. Solutions containing chloride, sodium hydroxide, various acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and citric acid), as well as “blank” tests using only de-ionized water and tap water are used.5.12 Research can be done on insulation that has been specially formulated to inhibit corrosion in the presence of corrosive ions through modifications in basic composition or incorporation of certain chemical additives. Corrosive ions can also be added to the insulation extraction solutions to determine the effectiveness of any inhibitors present.5.13 Protective surface treatments and coatings of different types and thickness can be applied to the metal coupons and compared using various corrosive liquids.5.14 Several sets of tests are recommended because of the number of factors that affect corrosion. An average of the tests and the standard deviation between the test results are used on the data. Much of the corrosion literature recommends a minimum of three specimens for every test. Consult Guide G16 for additional statistical methods to apply to the corrosion data.1.1 This practice covers procedures for a quantitative accelerated laboratory evaluation of the influence of extraction solutions containing ions leached from thermal insulation on the aqueous corrosion of metals. The primary intent of the practice is for use with thermal insulation and associated materials that contribute to, or alternatively inhibit, the aqueous corrosion of different types and grades of metals due to soluble ions that are leached by water from within the insulation. The quantitative evaluation criteria are Mass Loss Corrosion Rate (MLCR) expressed in mils per year determined from the weight loss due to corrosion of exposed metal coupons after they are cleaned.1.2 This practice cannot cover all possible field conditions that contribute to aqueous corrosion. The intent is to provide an accelerated means to obtain a non-subjective numeric value for judging the potential contribution to the corrosion of metals that can come from ions contained in thermal insulation materials or other experimental solutions. The calculated numeric value is the mass loss corrosion rate. This calculation is based on general corrosion spread equally over the test duration and the exposed area of the experimental cells created for the test. Corrosion found in field situations and this accelerated test also involves pitting and edge effects and the rate changes over time.1.3 The insulation extraction solutions prepared for use in the test can be altered by the addition of corrosive ions to the solutions to simulate contamination from an external source. Ions expected to provide corrosion inhibition can be added to investigate their inhibitory effect.1.4 Prepared laboratory ionic solutions are used as reference solutions and controls, to provide a means of calibration and comparison.21.5 Other liquids can be tested for their potential corrosiveness including cooling tower water, boiler feed, and chemical stocks. Added chemical inhibitors or protective coatings applied to the metal can also be evaluated using the general guidelines of the practice.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method applies to one-dimensional, laminar flow of aqueous solutions, such as chemical solutions, landfill leachate, and contaminated water (from here on referred to as “test liquid”), through saturated/hydrated GCL specimen that is consolidated and permeated under a prescribed or requested set of conditions.4.2 This test method assumes that Darcy’s law is valid and that the hydraulic conductivity is essentially unaffected by hydraulic gradient. The validity of Darcy’s law may be evaluated by measuring the hydraulic conductivity of the specimen at three different hydraulic gradients; if all measured values are similar (within about 25 %), then Darcy's law may be taken as valid. However, when the hydraulic gradient acting on a test specimen is changed, the state of stress will also change and, if the specimen is compressible, the volume of the specimen will change. Thus, some change in hydraulic conductivity may occur when the hydraulic gradient is altered, even in cases where Darcy's law is valid.4.3 This test method provides tools for determining flux and hydraulic conductivity values for a given GCL under the following two different scenarios, which should be specified by the requester:4.3.1 Scenario 1 – Hydrated/Saturated with Water Prior to Contact with Test Liquid—This scenario simulates the field conditions where the GCL is well hydrated with water prior to contact with actual test liquid. It should be noted that initial degree of saturation/hydration greatly affects the hydraulic properties of a GCL product. The test has two phases: (Phase 1) hydrate, saturate, consolidate, and permeate with water as Test Liquid 1, and (Phase 2) switch to permeation with test liquid as Test Liquid 2.4.3.2 Scenario 2 – Hydrated/Saturated with Test Liquid (Worst Case)—This scenario simulates the field conditions where the GCL is in contact with test liquid prior to being fully hydrated with water. It should be noted that this scenario may result in higher flux and hydraulic conductivity values compared to Scenario 1, as chemicals present in test liquid may alter the hydration and hydraulic properties of a GCL product.4.4 The apparatus used in this test method is commonly used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of soil specimens. However, flux values measured in this test are typically much lower than those commonly measured for most natural soils. It is essential that the leakage rate of the apparatus in this test be less than 10 % of the flux.1.1 This test method covers laboratory measurement of both flux and hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coefficient of permeability) of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens permeated with chemical solutions and leachates utilizing a flexible wall permeameter. For test measurement of index hydraulic properties of geosynthetic clay liners, refer to Test Method D5887/D5887M. For hydraulic conductivity compatibility of soils with aqueous chemical solutions and leachates, refer to Test Method D7100.1.2 This test method may be utilized with GCL specimens that have a hydraulic conductivity less than or equal to 1 × 10–5 m/s (1 × 10–3 cm/s).1.3 This test method is applicable to GCL products having geotextile backing(s). It is not applicable to GCL products with geomembrane backing(s), geofilm backing(s), or polymer coating backing(s).1.4 This test method allows the requester to evaluate the hydraulic properties of a GCL with site-specific or laboratory-prepared solution under different test conditions; thus, the test method also may be used to check performance or conformance, or both.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, unless other units are specifically given. By tradition in U.S. practice, hydraulic conductivity is reported in centimeters per second, although the common SI units for hydraulic conductivity are meters per second.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The nonvolatile content of resin solutions is useful to coatings producers and users for the determination of the total solids available for film formation and for the estimation of the volatile organic content.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of nonvolatile content of solutions of resins in volatile organic solvents.1.2 Two test methods are included as follows:1.2.1 Test Method A—For solutions of non-heat-reactive resins. These solutions contain resins that remain stable and release the solvent under conditions of the test. Examples are ester gums and alkyds.1.2.2 Test Method B—For two types of solutions:1.2.2.1 Solutions of heat-reactive resins. These solutions contain resins that undergo condensation or other reactions under the influence of heat. Examples include the formaldehyde reaction products of urea, melamine, and phenols.1.2.2.2 Solutions that release solvent slowly. Examples include epoxy resin solutions.1.3 Test Methods A and B differ primarily in the drying times and types of oven used.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water solubility of an organic solvent used as an auxiliary or cosolvent for pentachlorophenol or other biocides in wood preserving solutions. Conversely, the solvent solubility in the water may also be determined. Auxiliary solvents are used to either formulate high concentrations of penta or other biocides for shipment of liquid concentrate for subsequent dilution with an oil, or to boast the biocide solvency of the petroleum solution when mixed for treating.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 These procedures cover the chemical analysis by the lime ignition method of treating solutions containing pentachlorophenol and of wood treated with pentachlorophenol. The method is suitable for the determination of up to 0.05 g of pentachlorophenol in treating solutions (Section ), up to 0.05 g of pentachlorophenol in wood volumes up to 0.25 in.3 (Section 11), and up to 0.25 g of pentachlorophenol in wood volumes up to 2.0 in.3 (Section ).1.2 This test method is not applicable to samples containing halogens other than chlorine unless appropriate correction can be made. Total halogen (excluding fluorine) is calculated as its pentachlorophenol equivalent of chloride.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This test method provides a measurement of iron content of formaldehyde solutions. The results of these measurements can be used for specification acceptance.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total iron content of formaldehyde solutions.1.2 For purposes of determining conformance of an observed or a calculated value using this test method to relevant specifications, test result(s) shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 For hazard information and guidance, see the supplier's Material Safety Data Sheet.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the distillation of creosote and creosote-coal tar solution. Test Methods D38 covers the sampling of wood preservatives prior to testing. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 The accuracy of many analytical measurements is dependent upon the manner in which the standard solutions are prepared and stored, and the accuracy with which they are standardized. Combining the methods recommended for the preparation and handling of such solutions into one practice eliminates the necessity for covering such details in all of the methods wherein the solutions are used.1.1 This practice covers procedures for the preparation, standardization, and storage of the standard volumetric solutions and reagent testing solutions commonly used in chemical analysis.1.2 The information in this practice is arranged as follows:  SectionsReferenced Documents 2Terminology 3 4Apparatus 5Temperature effects 6Measurements 7Reagents 8Concentration of solutions 9Mixing of solutions 10Storage of solutions 11Preparation and standardization of solutions 12Precision and Bias 13Sodium hydroxide solution, 0.02 to 1.0 meq/mL (N) 14 to 19Hydrochloric acid, 0.02 to 1.0 meq/mL (N) 20 to 28Sulfuric acid, 0.02 to 1.0 meq/mL (N) 29 to 33Hydrochloric acid, special 1 meq/mL (N) 34 to 38Sulfuric acid, special 1 meq/mL (N) 39 to 43Silver nitrate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 44 to 48Ammonium thiocyanate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 49 to 53Iodine solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 54 to 58Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 59 to 63Potassium permanganate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 64 to 68Potassium dichromate solution, 0.1 meq/mL(N) 69 to 73Methanolic sodium hydroxide solution, 0.5 meq/mL (N) 74 to 79Ceric sulfate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 80 to 84Acetous perchloric acid, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 85 to 89Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution, 0.05 mol/L(M) 90 to 94Standard ion solutions 95Nonstandardized reagent solutions and indicator solutions 961.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given throughout this practice. Consult current OSHA regulations, suppliers’ Safety Data Sheets, and local regulations for all materials used in this specification.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These test methods are intended for use as control and acceptance tests. They are also applicable in the partial evaluation of materials for specific end uses and as a means for detecting changes in materials due to specific deteriorating causes.4.2 The steps involved in running this method are:4.2.1 Calibration of the viscometers,4.2.2 Preparation of solutions,4.2.3 Determination of efflux time,4.2.4 Calculation of relative viscosity (which requires the following),4.2.4.1 Determining the density of the polymer/formic acid solution, and4.2.4.2 Determining the absolute viscosity of the formic acid used.4.3 Solvents used to prepare concentrated solutions for use in this test method are formic acid (9.2.6.1) and m-cresol (9.2.6.2).4.4 Solvents used to prepare dilute solutions of various polyamides are designated in ASTM D6779, ISO 16396, and ISO 307. These include:4.4.1 Formic Acid—PA 6, PA 46, PA 66, PA 69, PA 610, PA MXD6 and corresponding copolyamides4.4.2 Sulfuric Acid—PA 6, PA 46, PA 66, PA 69, PA 610, PA 612, PA MXD6 and corresponding copolyamides4.4.3 m-cresol—PA 612, PA1010, PA1012, PA 11, PA 12, PA1212, PA 11/12 copolymers, PA 6T/66, PA 6I/66, PA 6I/6T, PA 6T/6I/66, PA 6T/6I, PA 6I/6T/664.4.4 Phenol/1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (where legal)—PA 6T/66, PA 6I/66, PA 6I/6T, PA 6T/6I/66, PA 6T/6I, PA 6I/6T/66, PA 6T/66, PA 6I/66, PA 6I/6T, PA 6T/6I/66, PA 6T/6I, PA 10T PA 6I/6T/66, PPA and copolyamides1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative viscosity as it applies to concentrated solutions of polyamide (PA).1.2 This test method does not address measures of viscosity derived from measurements with dilute solutions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This standard and ISO 307 address the same subject, buy the technical content is different.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Uranium hexafluoride used to produce nuclear fuel must meet certain criteria for its isotopic composition as described in Specifications C787 and C996.1.1 This method applies to the determination of isotopic composition in hydrolyzed nuclear grade uranium hexafluoride. It covers isotopic abundance of  235U between 0.1 and 5.0 % mass fraction, abundance of  234U between 0.0055 and 0.05 % mass fraction, and abundance of   236U between 0.0003 and 0.5 % mass fraction. This test method may be applicable to other isotopic abundance providing that corresponding standards are available.1.2 This test method can apply to uranyl nitrate solutions. This can be achieved either by transforming the uranyl nitrate solution to a uranyl fluoride solution prior to the deposition on the filaments or directly by depositing the uranyl nitrate solution on the filaments. In the latter case, a calibration with uranyl nitrate standards must be performed.1.3 This test method can also apply to other nuclear grade matrices (for example, uranium oxides) by providing a chemical transformation to uranyl fluoride or uranyl nitrate solution.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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