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The thickness of a coating is often critical to its performance.For some coating-substrate combinations, the interference microscope method is a reliable method for measuring coating thickness.This test method is suitable for specification acceptance.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of transparent metal oxide and metallic coatings by utilizing a double-beam interference microscope.1.2 The test method requires that the specimen surface or surfaces be sufficiently mirrorlike to form recognizable fringes.1.3 This test method can be used nondestructively to measure 1 to 10μ m thick transparent coatings, such as anodic coatings on aluminum. The test method is used destructively for 0.1 to 10 μm thick opaque coatings by stripping a portion of the coating and measuring the step height between the coating and the exposed substrate. The stripping method can also be used to measure 0.2 to 10 μm thick anodic coatings on aluminum.1.4 The test method is usable as a reference method for the measurement of the thickness of the anodic film on aluminum or of metallic coatings when the technique includes complete stripping of a portion of the coating without attack of the substrate. For anodic films on aluminum, the thickness must be greater than 0.4 μm; the uncertainty can be as great as 0.2 μm. For metallic coatings, the thickness must be greater than 0.25 μm; the uncertainty can be as great as 0.1 μm.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method is designed to measure and compare thermal properties of materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain required thermal conductance levels.1.1 This test method covers a steady-state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity of carbon materials in thicknesses of less than 25 mm. The test method is useful for homogeneous materials having a thermal conductivity in the approximate range 1< λ < 30 W/(m·K), (thermal resistance in the range from 10 to 400 × 10−4 m2 ·K/W) over the approximate temperature range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for thermal conductivity values up to 60 W/(m·K).NOTE 1: It is not recommended to test graphite cathode materials using this test method. Graphites usually have a very low thermal resistance, and the interfaces between the specimen to be tested and the instrument become more significant than the specimen itself.1.2 This test method is similar in concept to Test Methods E1530 and C518. Significant attention has been paid to ensure that the thermal resistance of contacting surfaces is minimized and reproducible.1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The k-values determined at one or more temperatures can be used for ranking products in relative order of their thermal conductivities.5.2 Estimates of heat flow, interface temperatures, and cold face temperatures of single and multi-component linings can be calculated using k-values obtained over a wide temperature range.5.3 The k-values determined are “at temperature” measurements rather than “mean temperature” measurements. Thus, a wide range of temperatures can be measured, and the results are not averaged over the large thermal gradient inherent in water-cooled calorimeters.5.4 The k-values measured are the combination of the k-values for the width and thickness of the sample, as the heat flow from the hot wire is in both of those directions. The water-cooled calorimeter measures k-value in one direction, through the sample thickness.5.5 The test method used should be specified when reporting k-values, as the results obtained may vary with the type of test method that is used. Data obtained by the hot wire method are typically 10 to 30 % higher than data obtained by the water calorimeter method given in Test Method C201.1.1 This test method covers the determination of thermal conductivity of non-carbonacious, dielectric refractories.1.2 Applicable refractories include refractory brick, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered materials, granular materials, and refractory fibers.1.3 Thermal conductivity k-values can be determined from room temperature to 1500 °C [2732 °F], or the maximum service limit of the refractory, or to the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.1.4 This test method is applicable to refractories with k-values less than 15 W/m·K [100 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F].1.5 In general it is difficult to make accurate measurements of anisotropic materials, particularly those containing fibers, and the use of this test method for such materials should be agreed between the parties concerned.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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While this test method can be applied to pure liquids, it is especially designed for use with mixtures in which one or more components migrate to the surface.Data of this type are needed for the design of equipment for processing mixed liquids, such as in distillation towers.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific free energy of a liquid-gas surface a short time after formation of the surface.1.2 It is applicable to liquids with vapor pressures up to 30.0 kPa (225 torr) and kinematic viscosities up to 4.0 mm/s (4.0 cSt) at the test temperature. Higher viscosities have not yet been investigated.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.3, 7.4, and 7.5.

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5.1 The conventional determination of oxygen content in liquid or solid samples is a relatively difficult chemical procedure. It is slow and usually of limited sensitivity. The 14-MeV neutron activation and direct counting technique provides a rapid, highly sensitive, nondestructive procedure for oxygen determination in a wide range of matrices. This test method is independent of the chemical form of the oxygen.5.2 This test method can be used for quality and process control in the metals, coal, and petroleum industries, and for research purposes in a broad spectrum of applications.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of oxygen concentration in almost any matrix by using a 14-MeV neutron activation and direct-counting technique. Essentially, the same system may be used to determine oxygen concentrations ranging from under 10 μg/g to over 500 mg/g, depending on the sample size and available 14-MeV neutron fluence rates.NOTE 1: The range of analysis may be extended by using higher neutron fluence rates, larger samples, and higher counting efficiency detectors.1.2 This test method may be used on either solid or liquid samples, provided that they can be made to conform in size, shape, and macroscopic density during irradiation and counting to a standard sample of known oxygen content. Several variants of this method have been described in the technical literature. A monograph is available which provides a comprehensive description of the principles of activation analysis using a neutron generator (1).21.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautions are given in Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The purpose of the alternating current field measurement method is to evaluate welds for surface breaking discontinuities such as fabrication and fatigue cracks. The examination results may then be used by qualified organizations to assess weld service life or other engineering characteristics (beyond the scope of this practice). This practice is not intended for the examination of welds for non-surface breaking discontinuities.1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during alternating current field measurement examination of welds for baseline and service-induced surface breaking discontinuities.1.2 This practice is intended for use on welds in any metallic material.1.3 This practice does not establish weld acceptance criteria.1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system might not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the semiquantitative spectrographic analysis of high-purity U3O8 for the 32 elements in the ranges indicated in Table 1. (Quantitative analyses of boron, chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and other impurities can be performed using densitometric methods.)1.2 The test method can be applied to those samples of uranium and uranium compounds, or both, which can be converted to the black oxide (U3O8) and which are of approximately 99.5 % purity or better.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method covers the spectrographic determination of boron in carbon and low-alloy steel for boron in the concentration range from 0.001 to 0.01%.Note 1--The concentration range of the element listed has been established through cooperative testing of reference materials. The scope is underwritten by available spectrochemical reference materials.1.2 This test method is applicable for the analysis of carbon and low-alloy steel samples, chill-cast, rolled, or forged, of miscellaneous sizes and shapes on which a flat surface at least 12.7 mm in diameter can be prepared, and which are sufficiently massive to prevent overheating during the discharge. Thin samples less than 3.2 mm but greater than 0.79 mm thick, may be analyzed if these samples are soldered to steel plate having a thickness of at least 3.2 mm.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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2.1 This practice is applicable to distinguish between properly and improperly extruded PVC plastic pipe. It can be used to:2.1.1 Reveal incomplete exsiccation of compound before or during extrusion (Note 1),2.1.2 Determine the presence of stress in the pipe wall produced by the extrusion process (Note 2),2.1.3 Determine whether unfused areas are present, and2.1.4 Reveal contamination.NOTE 1: Residual moisture in the compound vaporizes at extrusion temperatures and is normally evacuated as it forms vapor. Pockets of moisture trapped in the pipe wall result from incomplete exsiccation of the compound, and may reduce the physical properties of the pipe.NOTE 2: Minor residual stress in the pipe will not impair field performance and handleability. High-residual stress has no proven effect on performance, but may impair handleability during installation.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for estimating the quality of extruded poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipes by observing the reaction of pipe specimens after exposure to hot air in the oven at 180 °C ± 5 °C (356 °F  ± 9 °F) for 30 minutes minimum time duration.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the spectrometric analysis of aluminum and aluminum alloys for the following elements in the concentration ranges indicated: Concentration Element Range, % Copper 0.001 to 30.0 Silicon 0.001 to 14.0 Magnesium 0.001 to 11.0 Zinc 0.001 to 10.0 Nickel 0.001 to 10.0 Manganese 0.001 to 8.0 Tin 0.001 to 7.5 Silver 0.001 to 5.0 Iron 0.001 to 4.0 Chromium 0.001 to 4.0 Cadmium 0.001 to 2.0 Cobalt 0.001 to 2.0 Beryllium 0.001 to 1.2 Zirconium 0.001 to 1.0 Lead 0.002 to 0.7 Bismuth 0.001 to 0.7 Titanium 0.001 to 0.5 Calcium 0.001 to 0.2 Barium 0.001 to 0.05 Boron 0.001 to 0.05 Gallium 0.001 to 0.05 Sodium 0.001 to 0.05 Vanadium 0.001 to 0.05 1.2 The test method is applicable primarily to the control analysis of chill-cast samples. Other forms may be analyzed, provided that ( ) they are sufficiently massive to prevent undue heating, ( ) they permit machining flat surfaces having a minimum dimension of approximately 16 mm (1.6 in.), and ( ) reference materials of similar metallurgical condition and chemical composition are available. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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