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5.1 This standard measures the steady state thermal impedance of electrical insulating materials used to enhance heat transfer in electrical and electronic applications. This standard is especially useful for measuring thermal transmission properties of specimens that are either too thin or have insufficient mechanical stability to allow placement of temperature sensors in the specimen as in Test Method E1225.5.2 This standard imposes an idealized heat flow pattern and specifies an average specimen test temperature. The thermal impedances thus measured cannot be directly applied to most practical applications where these required uniform, parallel heat conduction conditions do not exist.5.3 This standard is useful for measuring the thermal impedance of the following material types.5.3.1 Type I—Viscous liquids that exhibit unlimited deformation when a stress is applied. These include liquid compounds such as greases, pastes, and phase change materials. These materials exhibit no evidence of elastic behavior or the tendency to return to initial shape after deflection stresses are removed.5.3.2 Type II—Viscoelastic solids where stresses of deformation are ultimately balanced by internal material stresses thus limiting further deformation. Examples include gels, soft, and hard rubbers. These materials exhibit linear elastic properties with significant deflection relative to material thickness.5.3.3 Type III—Elastic solids which exhibit negligible deflection. Examples include ceramics, metals, and some types of plastics.5.4 The apparent thermal conductivity of a specimen is able to be calculated from the measured thermal impedance and measured specimen thickness if the interfacial thermal resistance is insignificantly small (nominally less than 1 %) compared to the thermal resistance of the specimen.5.4.1 The apparent thermal conductivity of a sample material is able to be accurately determined by excluding the interfacial thermal resistance. This is accomplished by measuring the thermal impedance of different thicknesses of the material under test and plotting thermal impedance versus thickness. The inverse of the slope of the resulting straight line is the apparent thermal conductivity. The intercept at zero thickness is the sum of the contact resistances at the two surfaces.5.4.2 The contact resistance is able to be reduced by applying thermal grease or oil to the test surfaces of rigid test specimens (Type III).1.1 This standard covers a test method for measurement of thermal impedance and calculation of an apparent thermal conductivity for thermally conductive electrical insulation materials ranging from liquid compounds to hard solid materials.1.2 The term “thermal conductivity” applies only to homogeneous materials. Thermally conductive electrical insulating materials are usually heterogeneous and to avoid confusion this test method uses “apparent thermal conductivity” for determining thermal transmission properties of both homogeneous and heterogeneous materials.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

6.1 This test method is useful for research and development, quality assurance, regulatory compliance and specification-based acceptance.6.2 The kinetic parameters determined by this method may be used to calculate thermal hazard figures-of-merit according to Practice E1231.1.1 This test method describes the determination of the kinetic parameters of Arrhenius activation energy and pre-exponential factor using the Kissinger variable heating rate iso-conversion method (1, 2)2 and activation energy and reaction order by the Farjas method (3) for thermally unstable materials. The test method is applicable to the temperature range from 300 K to 900 K (27 °C to 627 °C).1.2 Both nth order and accelerating reactions are addressed by this method over the range of 0.5 < n < 4 and 1 < p < 4 where n is the nth order reaction order and p is the Avrami reaction order (4). Reaction orders n and p are determined by the Farjas method (3).1.3 This test method uses the same experimental conditions as Test Method E698. The Flynn/Wall/Ozawa data treatment of Test Method E698 may be simultaneously applied to these experimental results.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice provides nine figures of merit which may be used to estimate the relative thermal hazard of thermally unstable materials. Since numerous assumptions must be made in order to obtain these figures of merit, care must be exercised to avoid too rigorous interpretation (or even misapplication) of the results.5.2 This practice may be used for comparative purposes, specification acceptance, and research. It should not be used to predict actual performance.1.1 This practice covers the calculation of hazard potential figures of merit for exothermic reactions, including:(1) Time-to-thermal-runaway,(2) Time-to-maximum-rate,(3) Critical half thickness,(4) Critical temperature,(5) Adiabatic decomposition temperature rise,(6) Explosion potential,(7) Shock sensitivity,(8) Instantaneous power density, and(9) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) instability rating.1.2 The kinetic parameters needed in this calculation may be obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves by methods described in other documents.1.3 This technique is the best applicable to simple, single reactions whose behavior can be described by the Arrhenius equation and the general rate law. For reactions which do not meet these conditions, this technique may, with caution, serve as an approximation.1.4 The calculations and results of this practice might be used to estimate the relative degree of hazard for experimental and research quantities of thermally unstable materials for which little experience and few data are available. Comparable calculations and results performed with data developed for well characterized materials in identical equipment, environment, and geometry are key to the ability to estimate relative hazard.1.5 The figures of merit calculated as described in this practice are intended to be used only as a guide for the estimation of the relative thermal hazard potential of a system (materials, container, and surroundings). They are not intended to predict actual thermokinetic performance. The calculated errors for these parameters are an intimate part of this practice and must be provided to stress this. It is strongly recommended that those using the data provided by this practice seek the consultation of qualified personnel for proper interpretation.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 These test methods are useful to determine compliance of thermally conductive sheet electrical insulation with specification requirements established jointly by a producer and a user.4.2 These test methods have been found useful for quality assessment. Results of the test methods can be useful in apparatus design.1.1 This standard is a compilation of test methods for evaluating properties of thermally conductive electrical insulation sheet materials to be used for dielectric applications.1.2 Such materials are thin, compliant sheets, typically produced by mixing thermally conductive particulate fillers with organic or silicone binders. For added physical strength these materials are often reinforced with a woven or nonwoven fabric or a dielectric film.1.3 These test methods apply to thermally conductive sheet material ranging from about 0.02 to 6-mm thickness.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.NOTE 1: There is no IEC publication or ISO standard equivalent to this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also 18.1.2 and 19.1.2.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The thermal strain measurements allow for the calculation of the coefficient of axial thermal contraction, which can be directly used in the mechanistic-empirical pavement design methods.5.2 The thermal stress and strain measurements allow calculations of the modulus of asphalt mixture in the temperature domain.5.3 From modulus versus temperature and thermal stress versus temperature relationships the thermal viscoelastic and fracture properties are determined for asphalt mixtures.5.4 The derived modulus, thermal viscoelastic, and fracture properties may be used in evaluating the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This method of test is used to determine the thermal viscoelastic and thermal volumetric properties of field-cored or laboratory-compacted asphalt mixture specimens by measuring the thermally induced stress and strain while being cooled at a constant rate from an initial equilibrium temperature. The thermal stress and strain shall be measured using the uniaxial thermal stress and strain tester (UTSST).1.2 This standard test method covers procedures for preparing and testing asphalt mixtures to measure thermal stress and strain and directly calculate: (1) the coefficient of axial thermal contraction, and (2) the modulus of asphalt mixture over a range of temperatures.1.3 The procedure described in this standard provides required information for estimation of thermal cracking susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. The procedure applies to test specimens having a maximum aggregate size of 19 mm or less.1.4 This standard can be used for conventional and nonconventional asphalt mixtures including but not limited to: hot asphalt mixtures, asphalt mixture with recycled materials, cold asphalt mixtures, warm asphalt mixtures, and neat or modified asphalt mixtures (for example, polymer or rubber-modified).1.5 This standard can be used to determine the following:1.5.1 Thermal stress buildup in asphalt mixture during a single cooling event.1.5.2 Thermal strain in asphalt mixtures as a function of temperature.1.5.3 Coefficient of axial thermal contraction.1.5.4 Modulus of asphalt mixture as a function of temperature.1.5.5 Thermal viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixture: viscous softening, viscous-glassy transition, glassy hardening, crack initiation, fracture temperature, and fracture stress.1.5.6 UTSST cracking resistance index (CRI).1.5.7 UTSST CRI adjusted for environmental condition (CRIEnv).1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is useful in determining the extrapolated onset temperature, the peak heat flow temperature and the heat of reaction of a material. Any onset temperature determined by this test method is not valid for use as the sole information used for determination of storage or processing conditions.5.2 This test method is useful in determining the fraction of a reaction that has been completed in a sample prior to testing. This fraction of reaction that has been completed can be a measure of the degree of cure of a thermally reactive polymer or can be a measure of decomposition of a thermally reactive material upon aging.5.3 The heat of reaction values may be used in Practice E1231 to determine hazard potential figures-of-merit Explosion Potential and Shock Sensitivity.5.4 This test method may be used in research, process control, quality assurance, and specification acceptance.1.1 This test method determines the exothermic heat of reaction of thermally reactive chemicals or chemical mixtures, using milligram specimen sizes, by differential scanning calorimetry. Such reactive materials may include thermally unstable or thermoset materials.1.2 This test method also determines the extrapolated onset temperature and peak heat flow temperature for the exothermic reaction.1.3 This test method may be performed on solids, liquids or slurries.1.4 The applicable temperature range of this test method is 25 °C to 600 °C.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard is related to Test Method E537, but provides additional information.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The kinetic parameters combined with the general rate law and the reaction enthalpy can be used for the determination of thermal hazard using Practice E1231 (1).41.1 This test method covers the determination of the overall kinetic parameters for exothermic reactions using the Flynn/Wall/Ozawa method and differential scanning calorimetry.1.2 This technique is applicable to reactions whose behavior can be described by the Arrhenius equation and the general rate law.1.3 Limitations—There are cases where this technique is not applicable. Limitations may be indicated by curves departing from a straight line (see 11.2) or the isothermal aging test not closely agreeing with the results predicted by the calculated kinetic values. In particular, this test method is not applicable to reactions that are partially inhibited. The technique may not work with reactions that include simultaneous or consecutive reaction steps. This test method may not apply to materials that undergo phase transitions if the reaction rate is significant at the transition temperature.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车