3.1 This practice fulfills the need for a standardized system for identifying and describing the tread pattern features of tires that are characteristic of intermediate states of treadwear short of total wear out. This descriptive capability is especially important in testing programs devoted to the development of improved performance tires. It is also important in assessing and evaluating tires after periods of typical tire usage.1.1 This practice provides the instructions and nomenclature to evaluate the wear features of the tread pattern on a tire for some intermediate state prior to wear out.1.2 A tire may be characterized by certain worn tread pattern conditions that are collectively referred to as “irregular wear” features. Definitions for these features are given in a special logical and conceptual sequence. First, basic tread pattern definitions are given. Then, additional tread pattern definitions directly related to the basic tread pattern definitions are given. Understanding these secondary definitions requires the knowledge of the basic definitions.1.3 Based on the terms of this developed system of tread pattern definitions or descriptions, a set of treadwear descriptions is presented that encompasses both regular wear and irregular wear features.1.4 This hierarchical arrangement produces the accurate and concise definitions needed to evaluate the complex irregular wear conditions of tires.1.5 See Fig. 1 for tread pattern features or characteristics. See Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 for typical illustrations of regular or uniform and irregular treadwear features.FIG. 1 Tread Pattern CharacteristicsFIG. 2 Uniform or Regular WearFIG. 3 Types of Irregular WearFIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear (continued)FIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear (continued)FIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear (continued)FIG. 3 Types of Irregular Wear (continued)NOTE 1: Images courtesy of The Technology & Maintenance Council of the American Trucking Associations, reference Radial Tire Conditions Analysis Guide, Item # T0121. For more information, contact TMC: (703) 838-1763; tmc@trucking.org; http://tmc.trucking.org.NOTE 2: Images courtesy of the Tire Industry Association, reference Passenger and Light Truck Tire Conditions Manual, www.tireindustry.org.NOTE 3: In illustrations (h), (l), and (m), the ‘light’ or ‘featureless’ areas indicate high wear rate zones.NOTE 4: Images courtesy of the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association, reference Care and Service of Passenger and Light Truck Tires Manual, www.ustires.org.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial low tread depth standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for wet braking traction evaluations for tires in a worn state but may also be used for other evaluations.1.2 This specification provides a 16 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers aluminum-alloy rolled tread plate. Unless otherwise specified, all tread plate shall be supplied in the mill finish and shall be uniform as defined by the requirements and shall be commercially sound. The tread plate shall conform to the required chemical composition limits specified. The determination of chemical composition shall be made in accordance with suitable chemical (test methods E 34) or spectrochemical (test methods E 607 and E 1251) methods. Heat treatment for the applicable tempers of alloy 6061 shall be in accordance with practice B 918. The tread plate shall conform to the tensile properties specified. The tension test shall be made in accordance with test methods B 557. The bend tests shall be made in accordance with test method E 290. 1.1 This specification covers aluminum-alloy rolled flat tread plate, mill-finish, with a raised pattern on one side, in the alloy, tempers, and thicknesses shown in Table 1 and Table 2 [Table 3]. 1.2 Alloy and temper designation are in accordance with ANSI H35.1/H35.1M. The equivalent Unified Numbering System alloy designation are those of Table 1 preceded by A9, which is A96061 for alloy 6061 and A93003 for Alloy 3003 in accordance with Practice E527. 1.3 For acceptance criteria for inclusion of new aluminum and aluminum alloys in this specification, see Annex A2. 1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown either in brackets or in separate tables. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems will result in nonconformance with the specification. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the design and construction standards, material and physical requirements, and test methods for a special purpose smooth-tread standard tire utilized on fixed braking slip continuous friction measuring equipment such as the runway friction tester, surface friction tester, or BV-11 skiddometer trailer for measuring tire-pavement friction forces. When tested with appropriate methods, the tread compounds shall conform to specified values of physical properties such as tensile sheet cure, 300 % modulus, specific gravity, tensile strength, elongation, and tire tread durometer performance.1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for a special purpose, smooth tread standard tire for measuring tire-pavement friction forces. The tire is utilized on fixed braking slip continuous friction measuring equipment such as the Runway Friction Tester, Surface Friction Tester, or BV-11 Skiddometer Trailer.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers the design and construction standards, material and physical requirements, and test methods for a smooth-tread standard tire for measuring tire-pavement friction forces. When tested with appropriate methods, the tread compounds shall conform to specified values of physical properties such as tensile sheet cure, 300 % modulus, specific gravity, tensile strength, elongation, and tire tread durometer performance.1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for a smooth-tread standard tire for measuring tire-pavement friction forces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The tread of a tire, the annular band that contacts the pavement, normally contains geometric tread pattern elements that are defined by grooves or voids. These are employed to confer appropriate traction properties to the tire, mainly on wet or snow-covered roads.5.2 One characteristic feature of tire tread patterns that is important for both traction and tire wear behavior is the percent or “fractional” groove area. The groove-area fraction is calculated with respect to the total or gross contact area.1.1 This practice covers a technique for measuring the groove or void area of a tire tread pattern. The void area is measured on the inked impression of a tire tread statically loaded against heavyweight paper on a load platen.1.2 This procedure is intended to serve as a reference practice for measuring groove or tread pattern void areas in a tire-footprint impression. This technique is usable by any laboratory without special equipment although more sophisticated procedures are also commonly employed, such as optical or video camera processes.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车