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4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operations and maintenance departments, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 646元 / 折扣价: 550 加购物车

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5.1 This practice provides the user of gas turbine fuel oils and the designer of gas turbine fuel systems with an appreciation of the effects of fuel contaminants and general methods of controlling such contaminants in gas turbine fuel systems.5.2 This practice is general in nature and should not be considered a substitute for any requirement imposed by warranty of the gas turbine manufacturer, or by federal, state, or local government regulations.5.3 Although it cannot replace a knowledge of local conditions or the use of good engineering and scientific judgment, this practice does provide guidance in development of individual fuel management systems for the gas turbine user.1.1 This practice covers the receipt, storage, and handling of fuels for gas turbines, except for gas turbines used in aircraft. It is intended to provide guidance for the control of substances in a fuel that could cause deterioration of either the fuel system, or the gas turbine, or both.1.2 This practice provides no guidance for either the selection of a grade of fuel, a topic covered by Specification D2880, or for the safety aspects of the fuel and fuel systems. For example, this practice does not address the spacings of storage tanks, loading and unloading facilities, etc., and procedures for dealing with the flammability and toxic properties of the fuels.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 646元 / 折扣价: 550 加购物车

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5.1 The results of this test method may be used to determine nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emission concentrations from natural gas combustion at stationary sources.5.2 This test method may also be used to monitor emissions during short-term emission tests or periodically in order to optimize process operation for nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide control.1.1 This test method covers the determination of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxygen (O2) concentrations in controlled and uncontrolled emissions from natural gas-fired reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, boilers, and process heaters using portable analyzers with electrochemical sensors. Due to the inherent cross sensitivities of the electrochemical cells, this test method should not be applied to other pollutants or emission sources without a complete investigation of possible analytical interferences and a comparative evaluation with EPA test methods.1.1.1 The procedures and specifications of this test method were originally developed during laboratory and field tests funded by the Gas Research Institute (GRI).2 Comparative emission tests were conducted only on natural gas-fired combustion sources. Subsequently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) program conducted further evaluations of electrochemical cell analyzers, which included laboratory tests and field tests on natural gas and diesel-fueled generators. The EPA has reviewed the ETV test results, published additional information, and provided technical input that has been considered in the update of this test method.31.2 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 646元 / 折扣价: 550 加购物车

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This specification covers one grade of martensitic stainless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylindrical (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or electric-furnace process. Deoxidation of the carbon and low-alloy steel grades shall be by manganese and silicon. The castings shall be heat treated in either the normalized, tempered, or stress-relieved conditions. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation shall be determined by subjecting the specimens to a tension test.1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stainless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylinders (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.2.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 590元 / 折扣价: 502 加购物车

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5.1 All noise control features associated with the inlet or exhaust of large industrial fans and gas turbines are, or should be, based upon inlet or exhaust sound power levels in octave bands of frequency. Sound power levels are not directly measurable, however, so they must be calculated indirectly, using estimated or measured duct interior sound pressure levels.5.2 Estimated in-duct sound pressure level may be obtained by measuring exterior airborne sound pressure levels and applying a transfer function representing the transmission loss of the duct wall. Significant uncertainties are associated with such a procedure, suggesting the need for this guide.5.3 Estimated in-duct sound pressure level may be obtained by measuring exit plane sound pressure levels and applying a transfer function consisting of the insertion loss through the gas path, including the insertion loss of any silencers. Significant uncertainties are associated with such a procedure, suggesting the need for this guide.5.4 This guide purports to measure the in-duct sound pressure level directly using type 1 instrumentation per ANSI S1.4 or S1.43. It is limited, however, to the determination of the sound pressure level at the location of the port only and will include the effects of duct acoustical modes, as well as an unknown degree of turbulence and other flow related effects. Methodologies may be devised by the user to minimize such effects. As a rule, the larger the number of test ports used, the better will be the averaged data. Although not prescribed by this guide, cross-channel coherence analysis is also available to the analyst, using ports at different locations along the duct axis, which may yield improvements in data quality.5.5 This guide is intended for application to equipment in-situ, to be applied to large fans and gas turbines having inlet or exhaust ducts whose cross sectional areas are approximately four (4) square meters, or more, and are therefore not amenable to laboratory testing. All of the field experience on the part of task group members developing this guide has been on gas turbine ducts having cross sections in excess of ten (10) square meters.5.6 This guide has no known temperature limitations. All of the field experience on the part of task group members developing this guide has been on gas turbine ducts having temperatures between ambient and 700°C.1.1 This guide is intended to provide a simple and consistent procedure for the in-situ field measurement of in-duct sound pressure levels in large low pressure industrial air ducts, such as for gas turbines or fans, where considerations such as flow velocity, turbulence or temperature prevent the insertion of sound pressure sensors directly into the flow. This standard guide is intended for both ambient temperature intake air and hot exhaust gas flow in ducts having cross sections of four (4) square meters, or more.1.2 The described procedure is intended to provide a repeatable and reproducible measure of the in-duct dynamic pressure level at the inlet or exhaust of the gas turbine, or fan. The guide is not intended to quantify the “true” sound pressure level or sound power level. Silencers, as well as Waste Heat Boilers, must be designed using the in-duct sound power level as the basis. Developing the true sound power level based on in-duct measurements of true sound pressure within a complete operating system is complex and procedures are developmental and often proprietary.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Extreme caution is mandatory when working near hot exhaust gas systems and appropriate safety precautions such as the installation of quick acting isolation valves are recommended.

定价: 590元 / 折扣价: 502 加购物车

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This specification covers mineral lubricating oils used in steam and gas turbine lubricating systems where the performance requirements demand a highly refined mineral base oil compounded with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus selected additives as needed to control foam, wear, demulsibility, and so forth. This specification is intended to define the properties of new mineral oil-based turbine lubricating oils that are functionally interchangeable with existing oils of this type, are compatible with most existing machinery components, and with appropriate field maintenance, will maintain their functional characteristics. The lubricating oils shall meet the functional property limits specified for each type, as follows: ISO-viscosity grade; ASTM color; specific gravity, flash point, and pour point; water content and viscosity; visual examination; total acid number; emulsion characteristics; foaming characteristics; air release; rust preventing characteristics; copper corrosion; oxidation stability; 1000-h TOST sludge and total acid number; and cleanliness at the delivery stage.1.1 This specification covers mineral and synthetic (API group I, II, III, or IV) oils used in steam and gas turbine lubrication systems where the performance requirements demand highly refined mineral or synthetic base oils compounded with rust and oxidation inhibitors plus selected additives as needed to control foam, wear, demulsibility, and so forth. This standard may also be applied to “combined cycle” turbine systems, where a single lubricant circulating system is used to supply oil to a steam and gas turbine configured in tandem either on a single or separate shaft for enhanced energy efficiency.1.2 This specification is intended to define the properties of mineral and synthetic oil-based turbine lubricating oils that are functionally interchangeable with existing oils of this type, are compatible with most existing machinery components, and with appropriate field maintenance, will maintain their functional characteristics.1.3 This specification is intended to define only new lubricating oil before it is installed in the machinery.1.4 This specification is intended to be used as a guide. It is possible that oils that do not meet this specification may perform satisfactorily in some turbines.1.5 This specification does not include API Group V fluids. For polyol ester fluids used to lubricate land-based gas turbines, the user is referred to the current version of military specification MIL-PRF-23699 for fluid performance requirements. For phosphate ester fluids used as turbine lubricants or steam turbine electro-hydraulic control (EHC) fluids, the user is referred to the current version of Specification D4293 for fluid performance requirements.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 590元 / 折扣价: 502 加购物车

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