定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

4.1 Summarizing the ash content and the content of the organic constituents in a specific format under the heading, Ultimate Analysis, provides a convenient and uniform system for comparing coals or cokes. This tabulation used with that of Proximate Analysis (Practice D3172) permits cursory valuation of coals for use as fuel or in other carbonaceous processes and of cokes for metallurgical purpose.1.1 This practice covers the term ultimate analysis as it is applied to the analysis of coal and coke. The information derived is intended for the general utilization by applicable industries, to provide the basis for evaluation, beneficiation, or for other purposes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method provides a procedure for testing to determine the ultimate strength in compression of bolted longitudinal seams with lapped connections in deep corrugated structural plate. This test method is applicable to variable length longitudinal seams with circumferential seams between adjacent plates.NOTE 1: The testing is intended for bolted longitudinal seams in plate with the following corrugation sizes in Practice A796/A796M: 15 in. by 5.5. in. (Practice A796/A796M Tables 34 and 35), 20 in. by 9.5 in. (Practice A796/A796M Tables 36 and 37), and 16 in. by 6 in. (Practice A796/A796M Table 38 and 39).5.2 The maximum load achieved in this testing, along with normalization procedures in this test method, are used to establish values for ultimate strength of bolted structural plate longitudinal seams for design in accordance with Practice A796/A796M.AbstractThis test method provides a comprehensive procedure for determining the seam strength for bolted longitudinal lapped seams in deep corrugated structural steel plates. It includes a laboratory test procedure which specifies specimen preparation, test equipment, and data collection, as well as a method for calculating seam strength from the test results. This test method is applicable to variable length longitudinal seams with circumferential seams between adjacent plates. Test specimens are loaded in uniform compression along their top and bottom faces until failure. Normalization processes are intended to address differences between test specimens and installed structure seams.In addition to specimens and procedure, this test method also covers the apparatus to be used, conditioning, calculation, information to be reported, and precision and bias.1.1 This test method provides a comprehensive method for determining the seam strength for bolted longitudinal lapped seams in deep corrugated structural steel plate. The test method includes a laboratory test procedure which specifies specimen preparation, test equipment, and data collection. The test method also includes a method to calculate seam strength from the test results. This standard test method is applicable to corrugated steel structures with ultimate strength of bolted seams provided in Practice A796/A796M.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, and characterization. Extreme care should be exercised when generating design data.4.2 For a C-ring under diametral compression, the maximum tensile stress occurs at the outer surface. Hence, the C-ring specimen loaded in compression will predominately evaluate the strength distribution and flaw population(s) on the external surface of a tubular component in the hoop direction. Accordingly, the condition of the inner surface may be of lesser consequence in specimen preparation and testing.NOTE 1: A C-ring in tension or an O-ring in compression may be used to evaluate the internal surface.4.2.1 The flexure stress is computed based on simple curved beam theory (1-5).3 It is assumed that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity are identical in compression or tension, and the material is linearly elastic. These homogeneity and isotropy assumptions preclude the use of this standard for continuous fiber reinforced composites. Average grain size(s) should be no greater than one fiftieth (1/50 ) of the C-ring thickness. The curved beam stress solution from engineering mechanics is in good agreement (within 2 %) with an elasticity solution as discussed in (6) for the test specimen geometries recommended for this standard. The curved beam stress equations are simple and straightforward, and therefore it is relatively easy to integrate the equations for calculations for effective area or effective volume for Weibull analyses as discussed in Appendix X1.4.2.2 The simple curved beam and theory of elasticity stress solutions both are two-dimensional plane stress solutions. They do not account for stresses in the axial (parallel to b) direction, or variations in the circumferential (hoop, σθ) stresses through the width (b) of the test piece. The variations in the circumferential stresses increase with increases in width (b) and ring thickness (t). The variations can be substantial (>10 %) for test specimens with large b. The circumferential stresses peak at the outer edges. Therefore, the width (b) and thickness (t) of the specimens permitted in this test method are limited so that axial stresses are negligible (see Ref. (5)) and the variations of the circumferential stresses from the nominal simple curved beam theory stress calculations are typically less than 4 %. See Refs. (4) and (6) for more information on the variation of the circumferential stresses as a function of ring thickness (t) and ring width (b).4.2.3 The test piece outer rim corners are vulnerable to edge damage, another reason to minimize the differences in the circumferential stresses across the ring outer surface.4.2.4 Other geometry C-ring test specimens may be tested, but comprehensive finite element analyses shall be performed to obtain accurate stress distributions. If strengths are to be scaled (converted) to strengths of other sizes or geometries, then Weibull effective volumes or areas shall be computed using the results of the finite element analyses.4.3 Because advanced ceramics exhibiting brittle behavior generally fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw for a particular tensile stress field in quasi-static loading, the surface area and volume of material subjected to tensile stresses is a significant factor in determining the ultimate strength. Moreover, because of the statistical distribution of the flaw population(s) in advanced ceramics exhibiting brittle behavior, a sufficient number of specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and design. This test method provides guidelines for the number of specimens that should be tested for these purposes (see 8.4).4.4 Because of a multitude of factors related to materials processing and component fabrication, the results of C-ring tests from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not necessarily represent the strength and deformation properties of the full-size end product or its in-service behavior.4.5 The ultimate strength of a ceramic material may be influenced by slow crack growth or stress corrosion, or both, and is therefore sensitive to the testing mode, testing rate, or environmental influences, or a combination thereof. Testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method may minimize the consequences of subcritical (slow) crack growth or stress corrosion.4.6 The flexural behavior and strength of an advanced monolithic ceramic are dependent on the material's inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, or damage accumulation processes, or a combination thereof. Analysis of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended (further guidance may be obtained from Practice C1322 and Ref (7)).1.1 This test method covers the determination of ultimate strength under monotonic loading of advanced ceramics in tubular form at ambient temperatures. The ultimate strength as used in this test method refers to the strength obtained under monotonic compressive loading of C-ring specimens such as shown in Fig. 1, where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture. This method permits a range of sizes and shapes since test specimens may be prepared from a variety of tubular structures. The method may be used with microminiature test specimens.FIG. 1 C-Ring Test Geometry with Defining Geometry and Reference Angle (θ) for the Point of Fracture Initiation on the Circumference1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车