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DOE Order 5480.11 and ANSI N13.30 require that internal dose assessments be made as part of the bioassay program for nuclear facility workers. For indirect bioassay of uranium workers, the uranium isotopes must be measured along with the total uranium in urine samples. The RMDA for each uranium isotope is 0.1 pCi/L. This method is applicable for measuring 235U and 238U at the RMDA. Because of extremely low mass concentration (because of the high specific activity), 234U cannot be measured without additional sample preconcentration. Note 2—Column chromatography separations and concentration of 234U using manual or flow-injection preconcentration followed by ICP-MS isotopic determination are described in Test Methods C1310 and C1345. These methods focus on environmental soil sample analysis, but with some development, may be applicable to digested urine samples. The 234U concentration can be calculated based on an enrichment gradient for workers in uranium enrichment plants, and internal dose assessments can be made. Note 3—Use of high resolution ICP-MS may also be used to obtain lower detection limits. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the concentration of uranium-235 and uranium-238 in urine using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. This test method can be used to support uranium facility bioassay programs. 1.2 This method detection limits for 235U and 238U are 6 ng/L. To meet the requirements of ANSI N13.30, the minimum detectable activity (MDA) of each radionuclide measured must be at least 0.1 pCi/L (0.0037 Bq/L). The MDA translates to 47 ng/L for 235U and 300 ng/L for 238U. Uranium– 234 cannot be determined at the MDA with this test method because of its low mass concentration level equivalent to 0.1 pCi/L. 1.3 The digestion and anion separation of urine may not be necessary when uranium concentrations of more than 100 ng/L are present. 1.4 Units—The values stated in picoCurie per liter units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—Warning: The ICP-MS is a source of intense ultraviolet radiation from the radio frequency induced plasma. Protection from radio frequency radiation and UV radiation is provided by the instrument under normal operation.

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5.1 This test method is used to detect possible exposures to uranium isotopes from occupational operations that may result in elimination via the urinary tract.1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of uranium in urine at levels of detection dependent on sample size, count time, detector background, and tracer yield. It is designed as a screening tool for detection of possible exposure of occupational workers.1.2 This test method is designed for 50 mL of urine. This test method does not address the sampling protocol or sample preservation methods associated with its use.1.3 Test Method C1844 offers an alternative method for the analysis of uranium in urine using ICP-MS detection.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, 835.402 states that radiological workers who are likely to receive 100 mrem from intakes are required to be monitored for exposure. For the indirect bioassay for radiological workers exposed to nuclear material containing fission products, 99Tc must be measured in urine samples.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the concentration of technetium-99 in urine using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This test method can be used to support uranium enrichment and reclamation facility bioassay programs.1.2 The minimum detectable concentration for this test method, using a quadrupole ICP-MS, is approximately 1.0 ng/L (0.62 Bq/L).This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 It is common practice within the nuclear industry for internal dose assessment to be made as part of a bioassay program for nuclear facility workers. For indirect bioassay of workers that may be exposed to uranium at enrichments that may differ from natural then the 235U concentration must be measured in addition to the total uranium isotopes so that an estimate of uranium enrichment may be made for use in the dose assessment.5.2 The enrichment measurement may also be of value in tracing the source of uranium exposure should significant uranium levels be detected in a sample.5.3 A modern, quadrupole ICPMS should be capable of delivering performance characteristics close to those claimed in this test method; however, older models or those where performance has deteriorated over time may be unable to do so. It is the responsibility of the user to validate the performance of their equipment.1.1 This test method covers the determination of uranium in urine by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after dilution in nitric acid. The method is presented in two parts. Part A describes a method for determination of total uranium in urine that does not distinguish between uranium isotopes. Part B describes a method that determines the ratio of 235U to 238U (the enrichment) in samples that Part A has shown to contain levels of uranium that the user of the data considers to be significant. The measurement in Part B may be combined with the measurement in Part A to calculate a 235U concentration. The enrichment measurement may in turn be used to estimate levels of minor uranium isotopes, in particular 234U, that are important for calculating the internal radiation dose received by an individual exposed to uranium. The estimation of minor isotope concentrations and the calculation of internal dose does not form part of this standard.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This practice may be used as part of a bioassay program for workers potentially exposed to nuclear material by measuring 237Np, 232Th and 235U and 238U in their urine samples. ICP-MS has been used to analyze for many actinides in high-level radioactive wastes (1) , in soils (2) as well as uranium in urine (Test Method C1379). 237Np and 239Pu analysis by ICP-MS in bioassay samples has also been reported (3). Several days counting times are required for alpha-particle analysis of 237Np, 232Th and 235U and 238U whereas ICP-MS requires only four minutes per sample. Alpha-particle counting methods for neptunium may also require the use of 239Pu as a radiotracer for determination of chemical yield. ICP-MS sensitivity limits and isobaric interferences preclude accurate determination of 239Pu, 241Am and 234U at levels present in the urine samples. 234U may be estimated from the 235U: 238U ratio by inference.1.1 This practice covers the separation and preconcentration of neptunium-237 (237Np), thorium-232 (232Th), uranium-235 (235U) and uranium-238 (238U) from urine followed by quantitation using ICP-MS. 1.2 This practice can be used to support routine bioassay programs. The minimum detectable concentrations (MDC) for this method, taking the preconcentration factor into account, are approximately 1E-2Bq for 237Np (0.38ng), 2E-6Bq for 232Th (0.50ng), 4E-5Bq for 235U (0.50ng) and 6E-6Bq for 238U (0.48ng). 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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