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This specification covers lime and limestone products that are suitable for chemical and industrial uses such as in waste acid neutralization, agricultural liming, soil stabilization, asphalt, flue gas desulfurization, drinking water softening, waste and wastewater neutralization, and wastewater treatment plant residuals stabilization. The required chemical composition of quicklime, hydrated lime, and limestone for each selected end use are on the bases of the weight sample taken at the place of manufacture. Quicklime should be free of unslakable residues and should be capable of disintegrating in water to form suspensions of finely divided material.1.1 This specification covers lime and limestone products suitable for the following chemical and industrial uses:Cooking ragsSulfite pulpSilica brickOther water treatment usesCalcium carbideGreaseCalcium silicate productsHypochlorite (bleach)The following uses are addressed in other ASTM standards:Use Standard(s)Neutralization of Waste Acid (Test Methods) C400Agricultural Liming Materials C602Soil Stabilization C977Asphalt C1097Flue Gas Desulfurization (Test Methods) C1318Drinking Water Softening C1529Waste and Wastewater Neutralization C1529Wastewater Treatment Plant Residuals (Biosolids) Stabilization C1529 and D62491.2 The type designations in Table 1 signify the following:Limestone, high-calcium—CLLimestone, dolomitic—DLLimestone, magnesian—MLQuicklime, high-calcium—CQQuicklime, dolomitic—DQQuicklime, magnesian—MQHydrated lime, high-calcium—CHHydrated lime, dolomitic—DHHydrated lime, magnesian—MH1.3 The buyer shall designate the use, as listed in Table 1, and may specify one or more of the type designations in 1.1.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Within its area of exclusive jurisdiction, each RA is the authoritative data source (ADS) for coal mining spatial data that it creates and uses to implement SMCRA. These standards will help ensure uniformity of coal mining geospatial data used in internal business practices, exchanged among business partners within the coal mining community, and contributed by each ADS in future efforts to create national datasets describing coal mining operations in the United States. This geospatial data standard will help with the uniformity of data contributed by each RA and assist organizations in efforts to create, utilize, and share geospatial data relative to the SMCRA. Use of this standard will result in organized and accessible data to support programmatic decisions and work plan development, increased awareness of the permitted coal mining operations throughout the United States and better communication between the RA, other governmental entities, the public, and industry.Coal mining geospatial post mining land use data shall be obtained from state, tribal, or federal regulatory authorities for each SCMO. The coal mining community encompasses all entities directly and indirectly affected by coal mining activities, including industry, environmental groups, the general public, and the government at all levels within the United States. Use of this standard will help create consistent maps and increase understanding of SCMO sites throughout the United States. This standard promotes the creation of well organized and easily accessible surface coal mining data, and it will facilitate better communication between state and federal offices, the public, industry, and environmental groups.Within its area of exclusive jurisdiction, each RA is the ADS for coal mining spatial data that it creates and uses to regulate mining activity.This geospatial data standard will help ensure uniformity of data contributed by each RA and assist organizations in efforts to create, utilize, and share geospatial data relative to SMCRA and it will lead to better communication between state, tribal, and federal regulatory offices, the public, and industry.The appropriate postmining land use for land that has been previously mined and not reclaimed shall be determined on the basis of the land use that existed prior to any mining. If the land cannot be reclaimed to its premining land use, the appropriate postmining land use shall be documented on the basis of the highest and best use that can be achieved and which is compatible with surrounding undisturbed areas.Federal regulations do not provide explicitly for compilation of standardized land use databases that would facilitate monitoring and analysis of mining activity at regional or national levels. This standard is in response to a need for a national database which can serve as a starting point for inquires and analysis related to the locations of postmining land uses.Within its area of exclusive jurisdiction, each RA is the ADS for coal mining and reclamation spatial data that it creates and uses to regulate mining activity. These standards will help ensure uniformity of coal mining geospatial data used in internal business practices, exchanged among business partners within the coal mining community, and contributed by each ADS in future efforts to create national datasets describing surface coal mining in the United States.Participation in the compilation of spatial data is not uniform across RAs, which may affect completeness, both in terms of spatial data, and associated attributes.This standard conforms to the definition of a Data Content Standard as promulgated by the U.S. Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). Terminology and definitions for identifying geographical features and describing the data model has been adopted from ANSI INCITS 320-1998 (R2003) and FGDC Project 1574-D.1.1 This practice describes minimum data required to locate and identify a postmining land use for a surface coal mining and reclamation operation. Statutory language and definitions are found in Federal regulations 30 CFR 816/817.133 and 30 CFR 701.5.1.1.1 These postmining land use designations reflect coal mining reclamation practices relative to the standards set forth in the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA). Geospatial data associated with postmining land use shall be obtained from each regulatory authority (RA), which are authorized under SMCRA to regulate surface coal mining operations (SCMO) and reclamation activities within their borders. Each RA shall be the authoritative data source (ADS) for coal mining geospatial data.1.2 This standard is one of several that have been approved or are in development related to SMCRA approved coal mining operations. Also under development is a terminology standard. Initial development of these standards is being done on an individual basis; however, they may be consolidated to reduce repetition of information between them.1.3 This practice is limited to permitted coal mining operations after the passage of SMCRA.1.4 SMCRA identifies land use categories for surface coal mining permits, such as cropland, pasture/hayland, grazing land, forest, residential, fish and wildlife habitat, developed water resources, public utilities, industrial/commercial, and recreation.1.5 Postmining land uses for mountaintop removal and steep slope mining operations with approximate original contour (AOC) variances include the following:1.5.1 A mountaintop removal AOC variance may only be granted if the applicant proposes to remove the entire coal seam or seams running through the upper fraction of the hill, ridge, or mountain creating a level plateau or gently rolling contour with no highwalls remaining, and capable of supporting the following postmining land uses.1.5.2 The proposed postmining land use for a mountaintop removal operation with an AOC variance is limited to industrial, commercial, agricultural, residential, or public facility use.1.5.3 The proposed use constitutes an equal or better economic or public use compared with the pre-mining use.1.5.4 The proposed use will be compatible with adjacent land uses and existing state and local land use plans.1.5.5 County commissions and other state and federal agencies were provided an opportunity to review and comment on the proposed postmining land use.1.5.6 The application contains a specific plan and assurances that the proposed postmining land use will be:1.5.6.1 Compatible with adjacent land uses; practicable with respect to financing and completing the proposed use; supported by commitments from public agencies where appropriate;1.5.6.2 Planned pursuant to a schedule attached to the reclamation plan so as to integrate the mining operation and reclamation with the postmining land use;1.5.6.3 Designed by a registered professional engineer to assure the stability, drainage, and configuration necessary for the intended use of the site.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide provides guidance for the characterization of coal fly ash or clean coal combustion fly ash for potential uses in which absorption, cementitious activity, pozzolanic activity, pH adjustment, heat rise, or stabilization and solidification properties may be desired.1.1 This guide recommends standards for the characterization of fly ash from the combustion of coal, fly ash from coal combusted in the presence of alkaline materials, and fly ash from combusted coal in which the flue gases have been treated with alkaline materials in the presence of the fly ash.1.2 This guide provides recommended and optional test methods for fly ash evaluation. Acceptance criteria can be negotiated between the producer and the user according to the potential end use.1.3 The coal fly ash and clean coal combustion fly ash of this guide do not include the following:1.3.1 Dusts from kilns producing products such as lime, portland cement, activated clays, etc.;1.3.2 By-products of flue gas desulflurization that are not collected with the primary fly ash removal equipment such as the baghouse or electrostatic precipitator; and1.3.3 Fly ash or other combustion products derived from the burning of waste; municipal, industrial, or commercial garbage; sewage sludge or other refuse, or both; derived fuels; wood; wood waste products; rice hulls; agriculture waste; or other non-coal fuels or other such fuels blended with coal, or some combination thereof.1.4 Fly ash may contain some trace elements that may affect performance or potential end use.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 515元 / 折扣价: 438 加购物车

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Photoluminescent safety markings may be used to indicate the direction of the means of egress (escape route). Note 1—Specification E 2072 covers photometric requirements for photoluminescent (phosphorescent) safety materials. Photoluminescent safety markings can be divided into the following categories: Floor Mounted Markings—These markings include floor tiles, stair treads, stair nosings, floor inserts, tactile warning strips, coatings, epoxy casting resins, and other markings attached to the floor. Wall Mounted Markings—These markings include coatings, wall bases, tapes, corner guards, signage, evacuation route diagrams, guidance strips, and other markings attached to walls, doors, handrails, columns, and other obstructions.1.1 This guide describes recommended uses and information on installation of photoluminescent safety markings. This guide does not establish a standard practice to follow. Required markings shall be installed in accordance with applicable building codes. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited copper coatings used for engineering purposes including surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromagnetic interference shielding in electronic circuitry, and in certain joining operations. This specification does not cover electrodeposited copper used as a decorative finish, as an undercoat for other decorative finishes, or for electroforming. Coatings shall be classified according to thickness. Metal parts shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and peening. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform to specified requirements as to appearance, thickness, porosity, solderability, adhesion, embrittlement relief, and packaging.1.1 This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited coatings of copper used for engineering purposes. Examples include surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromagnetic interferences (EMI) shielding in electronic circuitry, and in certain joining operations.1.2 This specification is not intended for electrodeposited copper when used as a decorative finish, or as an undercoat for other decorative finishes.1.3 This specification is not intended for electrodeposited copper when used for electroforming.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 515元 / 折扣价: 438 加购物车

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1. Scope This International Standard applies to residual current operated circuit-breakers functionally independent of, or functionally dependent on, line voltage, for household and similar uses, not incorporating overcurrent protection (hereafter refe

定价: 2139元 / 折扣价: 1819

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This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited gold coatings for engineering applications, employed specifically for their corrosion and tarnish resistance (including resistance to fretting corrosion and catalytic polymerization), bondability, low and stable contact resistance, solderability, and infrared reflectivity. This specification does not cover gold coatings produced from autocatalytic, immersion, and vapor deposition. Coatings shall be classified into types, which characterize minimum purity, and codes, which designate Knoop hardness. Coatings shall be sampled, tested and conform to specified requirements as to purity, hardness, appearance, thickness, mass per unit area, ductility, adhesion (assessed by either bend, heat, or cutting test), and integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, and porosity).1.1 This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited gold coatings that contain not less than 99.00 mass % gold and that are used for engineering applications.1.2 Specifically excluded from this specification are autocatalytic, immersion, and vapor deposited gold coatings.1.3 Gold coatings conforming to this specification are employed for their corrosion and tarnish resistance (including resistance to fretting corrosion and catalytic polymerization), bondability, low and stable contact resistance, solderability, and infrared reflectivity. Several types of coatings, differing in gold purity and hardness, are covered by this specification.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values provided in parentheses are for information only.1.5 The following hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods section, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 590元 / 折扣价: 502 加购物车

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This specification covers lime and limestone productions and by-product alkaline materials suitable for environmental uses. Requirements for quicklime, hydrated lime, and limestone for the designated end uses are specified, and are on the basis of the weight of sample taken at the place of manufacture. Quicklime shall be free of unslakable residues and shall be capable of disintegrating in water to form a suspension of finely divided material. The amount of residue shall not exceed that agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser (the residue is the amount of the material retained on a specified screen). The slaking rate for the specified quicklime should be matched to the requirements of the slaking equipment. Test methods such as chemical analyses, physical tests and basic factor test shall be performed. 1.1 This specification covers lime and limestone products and by-product alkaline materials suitable for environmental uses as shown in Table 1. CQ   =   Quicklime, high-calcium DQ   =   Quicklime, dolomitic MQ   =   Quicklime, magnesian CH   =   Hydrated lime, high-calcium DH   =   Hydrated lime, dolomitic MH   =   Hydrated lime, magnesian CL   =   Limestone, high-calcium DL   =   Limestone, dolomitic ML   =   Limestone, magnesian 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 The buyer shall designate the use, as listed in Table 1, and may specify one or more of the type designations listed below Table 1. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价: 515元 / 折扣价: 438 加购物车

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This guide provides recommendations for fire model users and authorities having jurisdiction in establishing the limitations of fire models in fire risk and fire hazard assessments. The guide also makes recommendations for fire model developers to identify appropriate uses and limitations of their model.This guide is intended to assist in evaluating the appropriate use of fire models in fire assessment. These types of assessments are employed in product development, as well as in design and construction. Further guidance can be found in Guide E 1546.This guide is not intended to address all or limit any methods of evaluating proper use of a fire model. It does address the use of fire models in fire hazard assessment. Other uses of fire models include post-fire analysis, research, education, and litigation.The primary emphasis of this guide is both zone models and computational fluid dynamics models of compartment fires. However, other types of mathematical models need similar evaluations of their prediction capabilities.1.1 This guide covers a methodology for the systematic evaluation of fire models, which may be used in fire hazard analyses.1.2 This guide provides a means of identifying both general and specific limitations of fire models for specific applications.1.3 This guide is intended to assist model developers, model users, and authorities having jurisdiction in assuming the responsible use of fire models.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Adverse effects on natural populations of aquatic organisms and their uses have demonstrated the need to assess the hazards of many new, and some presently used, materials. The process described herein will help producers, users, regulatory agencies, and others to efficiently and adequately compare alternative materials, completely assess a final candidate material, or reassess the hazard of a material already in use.5.2 Sequential assessment and feedback allow appropriate judgments concerning efficient use of resources, thereby minimizing unnecessary testing and focusing effort on the information most pertinent to each material. For different materials and situations, assessment of hazard will appropriately be based on substantially different amounts and kinds of biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological data.5.3 Assessment of the hazard of a material to aquatic organisms and their uses should never be considered complete for all time. Reassessment should be considered if the amount of production, use, or disposal increases, new uses are discovered, or new information on biological, chemical, physical, or toxicological properties becomes available. Periodic review will help assure that new circumstances and information receive prompt appropriate attention.5.4 If there is substantial transformation to another material, the hazard of both materials may need to be assessed.5.5 In many cases, consideration of adverse effects should not end with completion of the hazard assessment. Additional steps should often include risk assessment, decisions concerning acceptability of identified hazards and risks, and mitigative actions.5.6 Because this practice deals mostly with adverse effects on aquatic organisms and their uses, it is important that mitigative actions, such as improved treatment of aqueous effluents, not result in unacceptable effects on non-aquatic organisms. Thus, this standard should be used with other information in order to assess hazard to both aquatic and non-aquatic organisms.1.1 This guide describes a stepwise process for using information concerning the biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological properties of a material to identify adverse effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms and their uses as a result of release of the material to the environment. The material will usually be a specific chemical, although it might be a group of chemicals that have very similar biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological properties and are usually produced, used, and discarded together.1.2 The hazard assessment process is complex and requires decisions at a number of points; thus, the validity of a hazard assessment depends on the soundness of those decisions, as well as the accuracy of the information used. All decisions should be based on reasonable worst-case analyses so that an appropriate assessment can be completed for the least cost that is consistent with scientific validity.1.3 This guide assumes that the reader is knowledgeable in aquatic toxicology and related pertinent areas. A list of general references is provided (1).21.4 This guide does not describe or reference detailed procedures for estimating or measuring environmental concentrations, or procedures for determining the maximum concentration of test material that is acceptable in the food of predators of aquatic life. However, this guide does describe how such information should be used when assessing the hazard of a material to aquatic organisms and their uses.1.5 Because assessment of hazard to aquatic organisms and their uses is a relatively new activity within aquatic toxicology, most of the guidance provided herein is qualitative rather than quantitative. When possible, confidence limits should be calculated and taken into account.1.6 This guide provides guidance for assessing hazard but does not provide guidance on how to take into account social considerations in order to judge the acceptability of the hazard. Judgments concerning acceptability are social as well as scientific, and are outside the scope of this guide.1.7 This guide is arranged as follows:  SectionReferenced Documents 2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3 Summary of Guide 4  5 Four Basic Concepts 6  The Iteration 6.1 The Two Elements 6.2 The Possible Decisions 6.3 The Phased Approach 6.4Phase I—Use of Low-Cost (Existing) Information 7  Collection of Available Data 7.1 Initial Estimates of Environmental Concentrations 7.2 Initial Estimate of Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms 7.3 Initial Estimate of Bioaccumulation by Aquatic Organ-  isms  7.4 Phase I Hazard Assessment 7.5Phase II—Use of Medium-Cost Information 8  Improved Estimates of Environmental Concentrations 8.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 8.3 Toxicity to Algae 8.4 Expansion of Short-Term Testing 8.5 Bioaccumulation 8.6 Phase II Hazard Assessment 8.7Phase III—Use of High-Cost Information 9  Refined Estimates of Environmental Concentrations 9.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 9.3 Use of Acute-Chronic Ratios 9.4 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants 9.5 Bioconcentration 9.6 Bioaccumulation from Food 9.7 Phase III Hazard Assessment 9.8Appendixes Appendix X1 Production, Use, Disposal, and Other Release Appendix X2 Biological Considerations Appendix X3 Chemical Considerations Appendix X4 Physical Considerations Appendix X5 Toxicological Considerations Appendix X6 Estimating Environmental Concentrations Appendix X7 Selection of Test Species Appendix X8 Long-Term Toxicity Tests1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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