1.1 Scope 1.1.1This standard applies to newly produced vented gas fireplace heaters (See Part IV, Definitions), hereinafter referred to as appliances, constructed entirely of new, unused parts and materials: a.For use with natural gas; b.For use

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5.1 Although a number of different methods have been used to assess backdrafting and spillage (see NFPA 54, CAN/CGSB-51.71, and 1-4)6 a single well-accepted method is not yet available. At this point, different methods can yield different results. In addition, advantages and drawbacks of different methods have not been evaluated or described.5.2 To provide a consistent basis for selection of methods, this guide summarizes different methods available to assess backdrafting and spillage. Advantages and limitations of each method are addressed.5.3 One or more of the methods described in this guide should be performed when backdrafting or spillage from vented combustion appliances is suspected to be the cause of a potential problem such as elevated carbon monoxide (CO) levels or excessive moisture.5.4 The following are examples of specific conditions under which such methods could be performed:5.4.1 When debris or soot is evident at the draft hood, indicating that backdrafting may have occurred in the past,5.4.2 When a new or replacement combustion appliance is added to a residence,5.4.3 When a new or replacement exhaust device or system, such as a downdraft range exhaust fan, a fireplace, or a fan-powered radon mitigation system, is added,5.4.4 When a residence is being remodeled or otherwise altered to increase energy efficiency, as with various types of weatherization programs, and5.4.5 When a CO alarm device has alarmed and a combustion appliance is one of the suspected causes of the alarm.5.5 Depending on the nature of the test(s) conducted and the test results, certain preventive or remedial actions may need to be taken. The following are examples:5.5.1 If any of the short-term tests indicates a potential for backdrafting, and particularly if more than one test indicates such potential, then the appliance and venting system should be further tested by a qualified technician, or remedial actions could be taken in accordance with 5.5.3.5.5.2 If continuous monitoring indicates that backdrafting is occurring, and particularly if it indicates that spillage is occurring that impacts indoor air quality (for example, elevated CO concentrations or excessive moisture in the house), then remedial action is indicated.5.5.3 Possible remedial actions include the following:5.5.3.1 At a minimum, a CO alarm device could be installed in the house.5.5.3.2 Limiting the use of devices or systems that increase house depressurization, such as fireplaces and high-volume exhaust fans. Proper sealing of any air leakage sites, especially at the top floor ceiling level, can also reduce house depressurization at the lower levels of the house.5.5.3.3 Partially opening a window in the furnace or appliance room, if available. Keeping the door nearest the appliance room open at all times or putting louvers in the door.5.5.3.4 Providing increased makeup air for the appliance (for example, by providing a small duct or opening to the outdoors near the appliance).5.5.4 If remedial actions are not successful, then consideration can be given to correcting or replacing the venting system or, if necessary, replacing the spilling appliance with one that can better tolerate house depressurization.5.6 The understanding related to backdrafting and spillage phenomena is evolving. Comprehensive research using a single, reliable method is needed to better understand the frequency, duration, and severity of depressurization-induced spillage in a broad cross section of homes (5). In the absence of a single well-accepted method for assessing the potential for or occurrence of backdrafting or spillage, alternative methods are presented in this guide. The guide is intended to foster consistent application of these methods in future field work or research. The resultant data will enable informed decisions on relative strengths and weaknesses of the different methods and provides a basis for any refinements that may be appropriate. Continued efforts along these lines will enable the development of specifications for a single method that is acceptable to all concerned.1.1 This guide describes and compares different methods for assessing the potential for, or existence of, depressurization-induced backdrafting and spillage from vented residential combustion appliances.1.2 Assessment of depressurization-induced backdrafting and spillage is conducted under either induced depressurization or natural conditions.1.3 Residential vented combustion appliances addressed in this guide include hot water heaters and furnace. The guide also is applicable to boilers.1.4 The methods given in this guide are applicable to Category I (draft-hood- and induced-fan-equipped) furnaces. The guide does not apply to Category III (power-vent-equipped) or Category IV (direct-vent) furnaces.1.5 The methods in this guide are not intended to identify backdrafting or spillage due to vent blockage or heat-exchanger leakage.1.6 This guide is not intended to provide a basis for determining compliance with code requirements on appliance and venting installation, but does include a visual assessment of the installation. This assessment may indicate the need for a thorough inspection by a qualified technician.1.7 Users of the methods in this guide should be familiar with combustion appliance operation and with making house-tightness measurements using a blower door. Some methods described in this guide require familiarity with differential-pressure measurements and use of computer-based data-logging equipment.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This guide does not purport to address all safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure or flame roll-out may occur when performing certain procedures given in this guide. See Section 7, for precautions that must be taken in conducting such procedures.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides for the following observations, measurements and evaluations of an open state during the test fire.5.1.1 Ability of the test specimen to resist the passage of flames, radiation, and hot gases caused by sudden direct flame impingement.5.1.2 Transmission of heat through the test specimen.5.2 This test method does not provide the following:5.2.1 Evaluation of the degree to which the test assembly contributes to the fire hazard by generation of smoke, toxic gases, or other products of combustion.5.2.2 Measurement of the degree of control or limitation of the passage of smoke or products of combustion through the test specimen or the test assembly.5.2.3 Measurement of flame spread over the surface of the test specimen or the test assembly.5.2.4 Durability of the test specimen or test assembly under actual service conditions, including the effects of cycled temperature.5.2.5 Effects of a load on the test specimen or test assembly.5.2.6 Any other attributes of the test specimen or the test assembly, such as wear resistance, chemical resistance, air infiltration, water-tightness, and so forth.5.3 The results of this test method shall not be used as an alternative to, or a substitute for, requirements for a required fire resistance rating of building construction.1.1 This fire-test-response standard assesses the ability of non-mechanical fire dampers used in vented construction in its open state to limit passage of hot gases, radiation, and flames during a prescribed fire test exposure. The fire exposure condition in this test method is sudden direct flame impingement, which produces these hot gases, radiation, and flames.NOTE 1: Non-mechanical fire dampers can be used in vented construction. Vented constructions may be parts of buildings including walls, floors, ceilings and concealed spaces and cavities used for air transfer and to allow ventilation in structures without ductwork. Non-mechanical fire dampers can be located adjacent to combustible construction or materials and situated in exposed or concealed locations, or both. Unlike typical fire resistive assemblies, vented construction uses non-mechanical fire dampers to allow air transfer without the use of ducts. Resistance to flame, radiation, and hot gases may be requirements when direct flame impingement is a credible risk, or when no penetration of flames is required by the authority having jurisdiction, or both. The proposed test method provides procedures that enable an assessment of this direct flame impingement on non-mechanical fire dampers. This test method does not alter any requirements for non-mechanical fire dampers used in fire resistance rated construction and assemblies.1.2 This fire-test-response standard is intended to provide a means to assess the reaction of a non-mechanical fire damper used in vented construction to sudden direct flame impingement, or as a supplement to existing fire-resistive test methods, or both.1.3 This test method does not circumvent or eliminate the fire resistance rating requirements for construction. The fire resistance rating of construction shall be tested in accordance with published fire-resistance test standards as appropriate for the relevant application of the construction, or as required by the authority having jurisdiction (regulatory authority), or both. Non-mechanical fire dampers shall be tested to the appropriate fire-resistive test standards required for their application in order to determine a fire resistance rating in those constructions.NOTE 2: Some of the major international standards development organizations (SDO) include, but are not limited to, ASTM International, CEN, ISO, UL, and ULC. Some examples of standards employing standard time-temperature curves for fire exposure used to determine a construction’s fire resistance rating include, but are not limited to, the following: Test Methods E119, E814, E1966, E2307, UL 10B, UL 10C, UL 555, UL 555C etc. The term “authority having jurisdiction” is defined in Practice E2174.1.4 This test method specifies the fire exposure conditions, fire test protocol, and criteria to evaluate an open state.NOTE 3: There are currently no published test methods (nationally or internationally) that address the application of sudden direct flame impingement on non-mechanical fire dampers used in vented construction. In the European Union (EU), CEN (European Committee for Standardization) has very recently started a work item to address reaction to sudden direct flame impingement on non-mechanical fire dampers. Also, in the EU, some countries have used large scale tests with 5MW fire exposures to assess test specimens’ reactions to sudden direct flame impingement as part of the entire building construction. Standard time-temperature curves used to control gas-fired furnaces do not ensure a sudden direct flame impingement on the test specimen, which this test method is designed to do. A post flashover condition, the spontaneous combustion of materials, ignition of a highly combustible material acting as the source of the fire (for example, stored cleaning solutions or fuels) or the location of materials can create a fire scenario resulting in a sudden direct flame impingement.1.5 Results generated by this test method provide the following information:1.5.1 the open state fire performance of vented construction, and1.5.2 the non-mechanical fire damper’s fire-test-response characteristic when exposed to sudden direct flame impingement.1.6 This test method does not provide quantitative information about the test assembly related to the leakage of smoke, or gases, or both.1.7 This test method does not apply to a test assembly having other components than those tested.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of this standard.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This is a laboratory test designed to simulate the growth of vented water-trees in the solid dielectric insulating material initiated by a sharp protrusion at the insulating and conductive interface under a wet environment in a high electrical field. Water-treeing is the phenomenon which describes the appearance of tree-like growth in organic dielectrics under an ac field when exposed to moist environments. Two types of water-trees are formed. Bow tie trees (within the dielectric) and vented water-trees formed from conductive/insulating material interface into the insulating material. The water-trees referred to in this test method are the vented type. The insulating material is the solid dielectric organic material. The conductive material is the salt solution. This salt solution is used on both sides of the insulating material to simulate the same inner and outer semiconductive shields saturated with moisture between the insulation layer used in a medium-voltage underground power cable.5.2 This test method provides comparative data. The degree of correlation with the performance in service has not been established.5.3 The standard test conditions are designed to grow a sufficient water-tree length for most solid dielectric insulating materials of interest before electrical breakdown occurs. Materials with a very high resistance to water-tree growth require a longer time under test conditions (such as 180 days) or higher voltage (such as 10 or 15 kV) in order to differentiate their performance. For materials with a very low resistance to water-tree growth, electrical breakdown will occur during the 30-day testing time in most instances. A shorter testing time (such as one or ten days) is recommended to prevent electrical breakdown during testing for those low water-tree resistant materials.5.4 Other voltages, frequencies, temperatures, aqueous solutions, and defects are able to be used to evaluate specific materials for specific applications. Temperatures shall not exceed the softening or melting point of the material or 10 to 15°C below the boiling point of the salt solution. Any nonstandard conditions shall be reported along with the results.5.5 Tree-growth rates generally increase with the test frequency. An acceleration factor due to frequency is given by (f/60)k where f is the test frequency and k is between 0.6 and 0.7. The test frequency of 1 kHz is selected to accelerate the water-tree growth. However, there is the possibility that the chemical nature of oxidized products from water-treeing may be different at different frequency ranges.5.6 Two assumptions for this test method are: (1) all tested materials grow trees in the same power law kinetic manner and (2) the time under test conditions of 30 days is long enough to establish the difference in water-tree growth. If there is a doubt, at least three different testing times (such as 30, 90, and 180 days) shall be used to verify their comparative performance and disclose their kinetic nature of water-tree growth. Of course, it is also assumed that all water-treed regions are oxidized regions that are able to be stained for optical observation. The softening temperature of different materials will require different temperature and times to stain the oxidized (treed) regions..1.1 This test method covers the relative resistance to vented water-tree growth in solid translucent thermoplastic or cross-linked electrical insulating materials. This test method is especially applicable to extruded polymeric insulation materials used in medium-voltage cables.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitation prior to use. For specific hazard statements see 8.1.1.4 There is no similar or equivalent IEC standard.

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Scope Details test and examination criteria for vented gas fireplaces for use with natural and propane gases. The only function of a vented gas fireplace lies in the aesthetic effect of the flame; the appliance is not a source of heat.

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Scope Details test and examination criteria for vented gas fireplace for use with natural and propane gases. The only function of a vented gas fireplace lies in the aesthetic effect of the flame; the appliance is not a source of heat.

定价： 637元 / 折扣价： 542 元

定价： 637元 / 折扣价： 542 元

Details test and examination criteria for vented gas fireplace for use with natural and propane gases. The only function of a vented gas fireplace lies in the aesthetic effect of the flame; the appliance is not a source of heat.

定价： 956元 / 折扣价： 813 元

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Details test and examination criteria for vented room heaters, direct vent wall furnaces, vented wall furnaces, and gravity and fan type floor furnaces for use with natural, manufactured and mixed gases, liquefied petroleum gases and LP gas-air mixtures

定价： 956元 / 折扣价： 813 元

Details test and examination criteria for vented room heaters, direct vent wall furnaces, vented wall furnaces, and gravity and fan type floor furnaces for use with natural, manufactured and mixed gases, liquefied petroleum gases and LP gas-air mixtures

定价： 728元 / 折扣价： 619 元