4.1 Petroleum waxes in rubber compounds are commonly used to provide protection from degradation by ozone under static conditions, that is, when there is little or no flexing of the rubber products. The mode of action for this protection is (1) migration of the wax through the rubber to the surface of the product and (2) the formation of an ozone impervious film on the surface.4.2 This standard classifies the petroleum waxes on the basis of molecular weight. In general, waxes of lower molecular weight (“paraffinic” or “crystalline”) migrate through the rubber more rapidly and form more brittle film than the higher molecular weight waxes (“microcrystalline”). Wax mixtures and blends are commonly used.4.3 No direct inference of suitability for use in a particular rubber compound is made or implied by the classifications herein.1.1 This classification is intended to establish a classification system and test methods for petroleum waxes used in rubber compounding primarily as a static protective agent or material for unsaturated rubbers such as styrene-butadiene rubber, polyisoprene rubber, natural rubber, chloroprene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, and polybutadiene rubber. These unsaturated rubbers are subject to ozone cracking. Under certain exposure conditions, waxes retard this cracking.1.2 This classification is applicable to petroleum waxes used as process aids in rubber compounding. It is not applicable to nonpetroleum waxes such as carnuba wax, candelille wax, or ceresin wax, nor to synthetic hydrocarbon waxes such as polyethylene wax. These non-petroleum waxes display a different behavior on gas chromatographic analysis than do petroleum waxes.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The determination of the carbon number distribution of petroleum waxes and the normal and non-normal hydrocarbons in each can be used for control of production processes as well as a guide to performance in many end uses.5.2 Data resulting from this test method are particularly useful in evaluating petroleum waxes for use in rubber formulations.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of the carbon number distribution of petroleum waxes in the range from n-C17 through n-C44 by gas chromatography using internal standardization. In addition, the content of normal and non-normal hydrocarbons for each carbon number is also determined. Material with a carbon number above n-C44 is determined by its difference from 100 % by mass and reported as C45+.1.2 This test method is applicable to petroleum derived waxes, including blends of waxes. This test method is not applicable to oxygenated waxes, such as synthetic polyethylene glycols (for example, Carbowax2), or natural products such as beeswax or carnauba.1.3 This test method is not directly applicable to waxes with oil content greater than 10 % as determined by Test Method D721.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The determination of the carbon number distribution of petroleum-based waxes used in synthetic equestrian tracks is useful for characterizing the overall molecular composition to aid in binder selection and replenishment. The test data is also very useful for comparing carbon number distributions between different binders and monitoring an existing track binder as it ages over time. The oil extracted from the wax can also be analyzed by this method. Track surface maintenance decisions can be aided by the results of this test.1.1 The slack waxes typically used in equestrian surfaces comprise a blend of different waxes and oils, with various hydrocarbons, chain lengths and structures.1.2 The blend of wax and oil determines the mechanical properties of the surface material, as well as the response of the wax to temperature. The combination of lower and higher carbon weight materials, oil content, and hydrocarbon structures also controls how the wax will endure over time. As the wax ages, it is expected that lower density components will be lost at a higher rate than higher density materials.1.3 The gas chromatography (GC) test is used to determine the carbon number distribution in extracted wax samples for both normal and abnormal hydrocarbons (linear vs. non-linear carbon chains). This procedure is outlined in Test Method D5442. GC testing utilizes a chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and column.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 DSC is a convenient and rapid method for determining the temperature limits within which a wax undergoes during transitions. The highest temperature transition is a solid-liquid transition associated with complete melting; it can guide the choice of wax binders used in synthetic equine sports surfaces, provide information on the effect of operational track temperatures on binder melting, as well as giving indications of changes in the binder over time. The solid-solid temperature transition is related to the properties of the solid, that is, hardness and blocking temperature, although these slack wax-wax based binders typically contain oil contents greater that 20 % by mass and consequently are not in a hardened state unless subjected to very cold temperatures (well below –17 °C).NOTE 2: For a relatively narrow cut petroleum wax, the lowest transition will be a solid-solid transition. A narrow cut wax is one obtained by de-oiling a single petroleum distillate with a maximum range of 49 °CF between its 5 and 95 % vol in accordance with Test Method D1160 boiling points (converted to 760 torr). The DSC method cannot differentiate between solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions. Such information must be predetermined by other techniques. In the case of blends, the lower temperature transition may be envelopes of both solid-liquid and solid-solid transitions.5.2 Since petroleum wax is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights, its transitions occur over a temperature range. This range is one factor that influences the width, expressed in degrees Celsius, of the DSC peaks. The highest temperature transition is a first-order transition. If, for a series of waxes, there is supporting evidence that the highest temperature transition of each wax is the major first-order transition, its relative width should correlate with the relative width of the wax’s molecular weight distribution.1.1 The slack waxes typically used in equestrian surfaces comprise a blend of different waxes and oils containing a variety of hydrocarbons, chain lengths and structures.1.2 The blend of wax and oil determines the mechanical properties of the surface material as well as the response of the wax to temperature. The combination of lower and higher carbon weight materials, oil content and hydrocarbon structures also control how the wax will change over time.1.3 The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test is used to determine temperature transitions and melting range of wax samples. DSC can therefore demonstrate differences in heat flow rates between extracted wax samples. The wax samples are extracted from samples of the surface materials and used in a standard test based on Test Method D4419 (1).2 This procedure involves thermal cycling of samples between –30 and 94 °C using a known control.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to determine the property of acid functionality. Acid functionality determines the utility of the wax as well as being a significant Quality Control test.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the acid number of synthetic waxes and natural waxes. The number is obtained by direct titration of the material and indicates the amount of free acid present.1.2 This test method, using an ethanol-xylene mixture, is applicable to all natural waxes, including carnauba. The test method is also applicable to oxidized microcrystalline waxes, oxidized Fischer-Tropsch, oxidized polyethylene, and montan esters.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to determine the property of ester functionality. Ester functionality determines the utility of the wax as well as being a significant quality control test.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the saponification number of synthetic waxes and natural waxes.1.2 This test method is applicable to Fischer Tropsche, microcrystalline, polyethylene, and Montan Ester waxes.1.3 Certain synthetic waxes, notably copolymers of ethylene, exhibit poor reproducibility when running saponification values. Reproducibility can be improved if cooking time in 7.2 is extended from 3 h to 18–20 h.1.4 Some oxidized polyethylene and other waxes with a melt temperature above 100°C may give poor reproducibility.1.5 Some dark-colored (Gardner Color 14) waxes may obscure the color change of the indicator, resulting in poor reproducibility.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to determine the free acid content of MAH-grafted waxes. The potential hydrolysis of the anhydride functionality of this wax in storage makes them unsuitable for determining free acid content by Test Method D1386. Free acid content is a significant quality control test, and is a determinant of the utility of the wax.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the acid number of maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted waxes. The number is obtained by direct titration of the material and indicates the amount of free acid present.1.2 This test method is applicable to MAH-grafted waxes because it uses a special sample preparation step (7.1) that is not required for other waxes. The special sample preparation reverses the hydrolysis of acid anhydride that can occur during storage of the wax.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Waxes do not go through a sharp solid-liquid phase change when heated and therefore do not have a true melting point. As the temperature rises, waxes gradually soften or become less viscous. For this reason, the determination of the softening point must be made by an arbitrary but closely defined method if test values are to be reproducible.4.2 This test is useful in determining the consistency of waxes, and as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or source of supply.4.3 This test method has been found suitable for all types of waxes including paraffin, microcrystalline polyethylene, and natural waxes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ASTM dropping point for waxes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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p>The significance and use of the individual test methods are to be found in the individual methods referenced. For significance specifically applicable to electrical insulation materials, refer to Test Methods D 176.1.1 These test methods cover a compendium of tests that apply to mineral waxes of petroleum origin in general, but more specifically to the so-called microcrystalline types used as either electrical insulation or moisture-proofing mediums, or both, for treating, impregnating, coating, and filling electrical apparatus. These test methods are also applicable to other waxes of natural or synthetic origin, provided that their characteristics are similar to those of the so-called microcrystalline waxes. Note 1—There is no equivalent ISO or IEC standard. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 5.

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