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5.1 Most oxides of nitrogen are formed during high-temperature combustion. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards for NO2 that are designed to protect the public health and the public welfare (40 CFR, Part 50).5.2 Oxides of nitrogen are generated by many industrial processes that can result in employee exposures. These are regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which has promulgated exposure limits for the industrial working environment (29 CFR, Part 1910).5.3 These test methods have been found to be satisfactory for measuring oxides of nitrogen in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges shown in 1.1.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the continuous determination of total nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) as NOx, or nitric oxide (NO) alone or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) alone, in the ranges shown in the following table:  Approximate Range of Concentration(25°C and 101.3 kPa (1 atm))     Gas Ambient Atmosphere Workplace Atmosphere  μg/m3 (ppm) mg/m3 (ppm)     NO 10 to 600 (0.01 to 0.5) 0.6 to 30 (0.5 to 25)(NO + NO2) = NOx 20 to 1000 (0.01 to 0.05) 1 to 50 (0.5 to 25) NO2 20 to 1000 (0.01 to 0.5) 1 to 50 (0.5 to 25) 1.2 The test methods are based on the chemiluminescent reaction between nitric oxide and ozone.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Asphalt is a material used in the construction of roads and as a roofing material and sealant.5.2 This test method provides a means of evaluating exposure to asphalt fume in the working environment at the presently recommended exposure guidelines (for example, Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, ACGIH).75.3 This procedure has been adapted from NIOSH Method 5023 (withdrawn prior to 4th edition (1994) and replaced in 1998 with NIOSH Method 5042) and OSHA Method 58 to reduce the level of background contamination providing better reproducibility.1.1 This test method covers the determination of asphalt fume particulate matter (as benzene soluble fraction) and total particulate matter weight in workplace atmospheres using a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter methodology.1.2 This procedure has been adapted from NIOSH Method 5023 (withdrawn prior to 4th edition (1994) and replaced in 1998 with NIOSH Method 5042) and OSHA Method 58. This adaptation was made to reduce the level of background contamination providing better reproducibility.1.3 This procedure is compatible with high flow rate personal sampling equipment–0.5 to 2.0 L/min. It can be used for personal or area monitoring.1.4 The sampling method develops a time-weighted average (TWA) sample and can be used to determine short-term exposure limit (STEL).1.5 The applicable concentration range for the TWA sample is from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/m3.NOTE 1: A study has suggested candidate solvents for benzene replacement.2 A less toxic solvent for this analysis would be more appropriate, although the substitution with a solvent other than benzene needs further validations with field data.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1. Scope This International Standard specifies design dimensions of a tractor for agriculture concerning (a) minimum dimensions of access doorways; (b) number, location and minimum dimensions of emergency exits; (c) minimum internal clearance dimen

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Ethylene oxide is a major raw material used in the manufacture of numerous other bulk industrial chemicals, and is also used as a sterilizing agent.This test method provides a means of evaluating exposure to ethylene oxide in the working environment. Examples of recommended occupational exposure limits (OELs) include: a U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) personal exposure limit (PEL) of 1 ppm(v) (8-h TWA) and an American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 1 ppm(v).1.1 This test method describes the determination of ethylene oxide (oxirane) in workplace atmospheres using charcoal tube sampling methodology. Subsequent analysis is carried out by gas chromatography.1.2 This test method is compatible with low flow rate personal sampling equipment: 10 to 200 mL/min. It can be used for personal or area monitoring.1.3 The sampling method develops a time-weighted averaged (TWA) sample and can be used to determine short-term excursions (STE).1.4 The applicable concentration range for the TWA sample is from 0.3 to 20 ppm(v).1.5 The applicable concentration range for the STE sample ranges from 1 to 1000 ppm(v).1.6 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary statements see Section 9 and 10.2.3 and 11.1.3.)

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5.1 This test method covers the gravimetric measurement4 of metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace atmospheres.5.2 This test method provides total particulate matter concentrations for comparison with historical exposure databases collected with the same technology.5.3 This test method provides an extension to current non-standardized methods by adding an extractable mass concentration which reduces interferences from nonmetal removal fluid aerosols.5.4 This test method does not address differences between metal removal fluid types, but it does include extraction with a broad spectrum of solvent polarity to adequately remove many of the current fluid formulations from insoluble background aerosol.55.5 This test method does not identify or quantify any specific putative toxins in the workplace that can be related to metal removal fluid aerosols or vapors.5.6 This test method does not address the loss of semivolatile compounds from the filter during or after collection.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metalworking fluid aerosol concentrations in the range of 0.07 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.1.2 This test method describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.1 The health of workers in many industries, for example, mining, metal refining, battery manufacture, construction, etc., is at risk through exposure by inhalation of particulate lead and lead compounds. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers' exposure, and this is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This standard has been published in order to make available a method for making valid exposure measurements for lead. It will be of benefit to: agencies concerned with health and safety at work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users of metals and metalloids and their workers, etc. It has been assumed in the drafting of this standard that the execution of its provisions, and the interpretation of the results obtained, is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.6.2 The measuring procedure shall comply with any relevant International, European or National Standard that specifies performance requirements for procedures for measuring chemical agents in workplace air (for example, ISO 20581).1.1 This standard specifies flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric methods for the determination of the time-weighted average mass concentration of particulate lead and lead compounds in workplace air.1.2 The method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable fraction of airborne particles, as defined in ISO 7708, and to static (area) sampling.1.3 The sample dissolution procedure specifies hot plate or microwave digestion, or ultrasonic extraction (10.2). The sample dissolution procedure is not effective for all lead compounds (see Section 5). The use of an alternative, more vigorous dissolution procedure is necessary when it is desired to extract lead from compounds present in the test atmosphere that are insoluble using the dissolution procedures described herein. For example if it is desired to determine silicate lead, a hydrofluoric acid dissolution procedure is required.1.4 The flame atomic absorption method is applicable to the determination of masses of approximately 1 to 200 μg of lead per sample, without dilution (1).2 The graphite furnace atomic absorption method is applicable to the determination of masses of approximately 0.01 to 0.5 μg of lead per sample, without dilution (1).1.5 The ultrasonic extraction procedure has been validated for the determination of masses of approximately 20 to 100 μg of lead per sample, for laboratory-generated lead fume air filter samples (2).1.6 The concentration range for lead in air for which this procedure is applicable is determined in part by the sampling procedure selected by the user (see Section 9).1.7 Anions that form precipitates with lead may interfere, but this potential interference is overcome by the addition of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) when necessary.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The SCCW may be present in the workplace atmosphere where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method can be used to monitor airborne concentrations of fibers in these environments. It may be employed as part of a personal or area monitoring strategy.This test method is based on morphology, elemental composition, and crystal structure. The analysis technique has the ability to positively identify SCCW.Note 1—This test method assumes that the analyst is familiar with the operation of TEM/EDS instrumentation and the interpretation of data obtained using these techniques.This test method is applicable for the measurement of the total population of SCCW fibers including fibers with diameters ≤0.1 μm.Results from the use of this test method shall be reported along with 95 % confidence limits for the samples being studied. Individual laboratories shall determine their intralaboratory coefficient of variation and use it for reporting 95 % confidence limits (2,5,6).1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected morphological and compositional criteria. This test method has the ability to distinguish among different types of fibers based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF).1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 0.5 μm in length, less than 3 μm in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1 (1). The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the amount of coincident interference particles.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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The SCCW may be present in the workplace atmosphere where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method can be used to monitor airborne concentrations of fibers in these environments. It may be employed as part of a personal or area monitoring strategy.This test method is based on dimensional considerations only. As such, it does not provide a positive identification of the fibers counted. Analysis by SEM or TEM is required when additional fiber identification information is needed.Note 1—This test method assumes that the analyst is familiar with the operation of PCM instrumentation and the interpretation of data obtained using this technique.This test method is not appropriate for measurement of fibers with diameters less than approximately 0.25 μm due to visibility limitations associated with PCM. The SEM or TEM methods may be used to provide additional size information of SCCW if needed (refer to Practice D6058 for additional information on the use of these methods).Results from the use of this test method shall be reported along with 95 % confidence limits for the samples being studied. Individual laboratories shall determine their intralaboratory coefficient of variation and use it for reporting 95 % confidence limits (1,3,4).1.1 This test method covers the sampling methods and analysis techniques used to assess the airborne concentration of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. This test method is based on the collection of fibers by filtration of a known quantity of air through a filter. The filter is subsequently evaluated with a phase contrast microscope (PCM) for the number of fibers meeting appropriately selected counting criteria. This test method cannot distinguish among different types of fibers. This test method may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF).1.2 This test method is applicable to the quantitation of fibers on a collection filter that are greater than 5 μm in length, less than 3 μm in width, and have an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1. The data are directly convertible to a statement of concentration per unit volume of air sampled. This test method is limited by the diameter of the fibers visible by PCM (typically greater than 0.25 μm in width) and the amount and type of coincident interference particles.1.3 A more definitive analysis may be necessary to confirm the identity and dimensions of the fibers located with the PCM, especially where other fiber types may be present. Such techniques may include scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The use of these test methods for the identification and size determination of SCCW is described in Practice D6058 and Test Methods D6059 and D6056.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The SCCW may be present in the workplace atmosphere where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used. The test methods discussed in this practice can be used to provide guidance when monitoring airborne concentrations of SCCW in these environments.5.2 Because of their visibility limitations, a significant fraction of the very small thin fibers that are present in some samples may not be detected by PCM or SEM. Therefore, TEM is considered to be the reference technique for the analysis of airborne SCCW. The TEM must be used to determine both fiber count and morphology when samples are from previously uncharacterized workplaces or materials.5.3 Although TEM is the reference technique, PCM or SEM are considered to be the primary screening methods for the analysis of airborne SCCW.5.4 Parallel TEM measurements shall be carried out, at least initially, to provide an index or relative measure of the fraction of total fibers that are seen by PCM or SEM. Only in instances when this percentage has been shown to be at a high and reproducible level may the lower resolution techniques (that is, PCM or SEM) be relied on exclusively.1.1 This practice is intended to assist individuals in the sampling and analysis of single-crystal ceramic whiskers (SCCW), such as silicon carbide and silicon nitride, in the workplace environment. It describes sampling and analytical techniques used to assess the airborne concentration and size distribution of SCCW, which may occur in and around the workplace where these materials are manufactured, processed, transported, or used.1.2 The protocols currently in use for asbestos and other fibrous materials have been used as a guide in developing sampling and analytical procedures for characterizing fibers produced from the manufacture and use of SCCW. The sampling and analysis protocols described here have been written specifically for SCCW, however, they may be appropriate for other man-made mineral fibers (MMMF).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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