5.1 Corrosion of implantable medical devices can have deleterious effects on the device performance or may result in the release of corrosion products with harmful biological consequences; therefore it is important to determine the general corrosion behavior as well as the susceptibility of the devices to localized corrosion.5.2 The forming and finishing steps used to create an implantable device may have significant effects on the corrosion resistance of the material out of which the device is fabricated. During the selection process of a material for use as an implantable device, testing the corrosion resistance of the material is an essential step; however, it does not necessarily provide critical data regarding device performance.5.3 To accommodate the wide variety of device shapes and sizes encountered, a variety of holding devices can be used.5.4 Note that the method is intentionally designed to reach conditions that are sufficiently severe to cause breakdown and deterioration of the medical devices and that these conditions may not necessarily be encountered in vivo. The results of this corrosion test conducted in artificial physiological electrolytes can provide useful data for comparison of different device materials, designs, or manufacturing processes. However, note that this test method does not take into account the effects of cells, proteins, and so forth, on the corrosion behavior in vivo.1.1 This test method assesses the corrosion susceptibility of small, metallic, implant medical devices, or components thereof, using cyclic (forward and reverse) potentiodynamic polarization. Examples of device types that may be evaluated by this test method include, but are not limited to, vascular stents, ureteral stents (Specification F1828), filters, support segments of endovascular grafts, cardiac occluders, aneurysm or ligation clips, staples, and so forth.1.2 This test method is used to assess a device in its final form and finish, as it would be implanted. These small devices should be tested in their entirety. The upper limit on device size is dictated by the electrical current delivery capability of the test apparatus (see Section 6). It is assumed that test methods, such as Reference Test Method G5 and Test Method G61 have been used for material screening.1.3 Because of the variety of configurations and sizes of implants, this test method provides a variety of specimen holder configurations.1.4 This test method is intended for use on implantable devices made from metals with a relatively high resistance to corrosion.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Nondestructive testing of pavements to obtain deflection data for use in pavement evaluation and overlay design has become common. While the diversity of equipment and data applications makes specific procedures infeasible, this guide is intended to encourage the collection of sufficient deflection data, adequate calibration of equipment, and implementation of general procedures leading to better quality and more uniform deflection measurements.1.1 This guide covers the preparation, equipment, calibration of equipment, location of test points, magnitudes and configurations of applied loads, cyclic frequencies, and presentation of data for nondestructive testing of pavements using cyclic-loading dynamic deflection equipment.1.2 Cyclic-loading dynamic deflection equipment includes a group of devices that induce a steady-state sinusoidal vibration in the pavement through cyclic generation of a dynamic load. All such devices apply a static load on the pavement surface, resulting in a static deflection, and then induce some sinusoidal load and consequent deflection around the static load and deflection through an applied steady-state dynamic load.1.3 As there are great differences between various cyclic-loading dynamic deflection devices, this guide is intended to give uniformly applicable guidance, rather than specific instructions, for their use. For instance, it will specify that calibration of the devices and their instrumentation be carried out at the frequencies and in accordance with procedures recommended by their manufacturers, rather than providing specific instructions. Also, data is specified for collection that should prove adequate for usual applications of such deflection data, but no procedures are included for “back-calculating” elastic moduli of pavement layers or other such applications.1.4 This guide does not apply to static deflection equipment such as the “Benkelman Beam,” automated beam deflection equipment such as the “California Traveling Deflectometer,” or impulse deflection equipment such as the “Falling Weight Deflectometer.”1.5 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. This guide has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 should not be regarded as nonconformance with this guide.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide covers how to understand and minimize the errors associated with data acquisition in fatigue and fracture mechanics testing equipment. This guide is not intended to be used instead of certified traceable calibration or verification of data acquisition systems when such certification is required. The output of the fatigue and fracture mechanics data acquisition systems described is essentially a stream of digital data. Such digital data may be considered to be divided into two types– Basic Data, which are a sequence of digital samples of an equivalent analog waveform representing the output of transducers connected to the specimen under test, and Derived Data, which are digital values obtained from the Basic Data by application of appropriate computational algorithms. In its most basic form, a mechanical testing system consists of a test frame with grips which attach to a test specimen, a method of applying forces to the specimen, and a number of transducers which measure the forces and displacements applied to the specimen. The output from these transducers may be in digital or analog form, but if they are analog, they are first amplified and filtered and then converted to digital form using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The resulting stream of digital data may be digitally filtered and manipulated to result in a stream of output Basic Data which is presented to the user in the form of a displayed or printed output, or as a data file in a computer. Various algorithms may be applied to the Basic Data to derive parameters representing, for example, the peaks and valleys of the forces and displacements applied to the specimen, or the stresses and strains applied to the specimen and so forth. Such parameters are the Derived Data. The whole measurement system may be divided into three sections for the purpose of verification: the mechanical test frame and its components, the electrical measurement system, and the computer processing of data.1.1 This guide covers how to understand and minimize the errors associated with data acquisition in fatigue and fracture mechanics testing equipment. This guide is not intended to be used instead of certified traceable calibration or verification of data acquisition systems when such certification is required. It does not cover static load verification, for which the user is referred to the current revision of Practices E4, or static extensometer verification, for which the user is referred to the current revision of Practice E83. The user is also referred to Practice E467.1.2 The output of the fatigue and fracture mechanics data acquisition systems described in this guide is essentially a stream of digital data. Such digital data may be considered to be divided into two types– Basic Data, which are a sequence of digital samples of an equivalent analog waveform representing the output of transducers connected to the specimen under test, and Derived Data, which are digital values obtained from the Basic Data by application of appropriate computational algorithms. The purpose of this guide is to provide methods that give confidence that such Basic and Derived Data describe the properties of the material adequately. It does this by setting minimum or maximum targets for key system parameters, suggesting how to measure these parameters if their actual values are not known.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method defines a procedure for evaluating the craze resistance of coated transparent plastics subjected to cyclic bending stresses induced by pressurizing the specimen under ambient, hot, and cold temperature conditions. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

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3.1 The procedure described is used to observe the behavior of steels under exposure conditions that retard the formation of a protective type of rust. It is also used to evaluate seal coat on insulation.3.2 This practice should not be used to rank steels that form a protective type of rust under atmospheric exposure conditions.1.1 This practice covers procedures for conducting cyclic humidity exposures with a corrosive dip.2 It sets forth the conditions required in cyclic humidity testing.1.2 This practice does not prescribe the type of exposure specimen or exposure periods nor the interpretation to be given to the results.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 An indication of the susceptibility to initiation of localized corrosion in this test method is given by the potential at which the anodic current increases rapidly. The more noble this potential, obtained at a fixed scan rate in this test, the less susceptible is the alloy to initiation of localized corrosion. The results of this test are not intended to correlate in a quantitative manner with the rate of propagation that one might observe in service when localized corrosion occurs.3.2 In general, once initiated, localized corrosion can propagate at some potential more electropositive than that at which the hysteresis loop is completed. In this test method, the potential at which the hysteresis loop is completed is determined at a fixed scan rate. In these cases, the more electropositive the potential at which the hysteresis loop is completed the less likely it is that localized corrosion will occur.3.3 If followed, this test method will provide cyclic potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurements that will reproduce data developed at other times in other laboratories using this test method for the two specified alloys discussed in 3.4. The procedure is used for iron-, nickel-, or cobalt-based alloys in a chloride environment.3.4 A standard potentiodynamic polarization plot is included. These reference data are based on the results from five different laboratories that followed the standard procedure, using specific alloys of Type 304 stainless steel, UNS S30400 and Alloy C-276, UNS N10276.3 Curves are included which have been constructed using statistical analysis to indicate the acceptable range of polarization curves.3.5 The availability of a standard test method, standard material, and standard plots should make it easy for an investigator to check his techniques to evaluate susceptibility to localized corrosion.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for conducting cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements to determine relative susceptibility to localized corrosion (pitting and crevice corrosion) for iron-, nickel-, or cobalt-based alloys in a chloride environment. This test method also describes an experimental procedure which can be used to check one's experimental technique and instrumentation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice can be used to describe the effects of materials, manufacturing, and design variables on the fatigue resistance of metallic stemmed femoral components subjected to cyclic loading for relatively large numbers of cycles. The recommended test assumes a worst case situation in which proximal support for the stem has been lost. It is also recognized that, for some materials, the environment has an effect on the response to cyclic loading (see 12.7). The test environment used and rationale for the choice of that environment should be described in the test report.It is recognized that actual in vivo loading conditions are not constant amplitude. However, sufficient information is not available to create standard load spectrums for metallic stemmed femoral components. A simple periodic constant amplitude force is accordingly recommended.1.1 This practice covers a method for the fatigue testing of metallic stemmed femoral components used in hip arthroplasty. The described method is intended to be used for evaluation in comparisons of various designs and materials used for stemmed femoral components used in the arthroplasty. This practice covers procedures for the performance of fatigue tests using (as a forcing function) a periodic constant amplitude force.1.2 This practice applies primarily to one-piece prostheses and femoral stems with modular heads, with the head in place. Such prostheses should not have an anterior-posterior A-P bow or a medial-lateral M-L bow, and they should have a nearly straight section on the distal 50 mm of the stem. This practice may require modifications to accommodate other femoral stem designs.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 These practices provide information on the resistance to cyclic laboratory aging.1.1 These practices cover the determination of the resistance of adhesives to cyclic accelerated service conditions by exposing bonded specimens to conditions of high and low temperatures and high and low relative humidities. The extent of degradation is determined from changes in strength properties as a result of exposure to the test conditions (Note 1). It is recognized that no accelerated procedure for degrading materials correlates perfectly with actual service conditions, and that no single or small group of laboratory test conditions will simulate all actual service conditions. Consequently, care must be exercised in the interpretation and use of data obtained in this practice. The test condition, the number of cycles of the test condition to be used, the particular strength property to be used to determine the extent of degradation, and whether test specimens or test panels are to be used, are specified in the material specification.NOTE 1: These practices/conditions are intended for use with specimens described in the approved ASTM strength test methods for adhesives as follows:Test Methods D897, D903, D906, D950, D1002, D1062, and Test Method D1344.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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