4.1 Since coated pipe may be stored outdoors for long periods before burial, weathering tests described in this practice are needed to evaluate the stability of these coatings stored outdoors. The results obtained should be treated only as indicating the general effect of weathering. Exposure conditions vary greatly from year to year, from one part of a year to another, and from locality to locality. The results of short-term exposure tests in the north are more meaningful if exposure is started in the summer followed by a winter season. In southern areas where climatic conditions are more uniform throughout the year, the time of year when short-term exposure is started is less critical. In all localities, the longer the exposure period, the more reliable are the results obtained.1.1 This practice is intended to define conditions for the exposure of coated metal pipe to weather.1.2 This practice specifies qualifications for the samples, procedure to be followed in exposure to weather, and procedure for evaluating effects of exposure including visual examination and other tests.1.3 The values stated in SI units to three significant decimals are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The ability to maintain design function (for example, barrier) or design properties (for example, peel strength, chemical resistance, etc.), or both, of a geosynthetic clay liner may be affected by damage to the physical structure of the GCL due to the rigors of field installation. The effect of damage may be assessed by analyzing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation in a representative test pad. Analysis may be performed with visual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from the control sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retrieving representative sample(s) from a test pad is needed to assess installation damage using project-specific or generally accepted, representative materials and procedures. Damage of a specific grade and type of GCL under specific installation procedures may be assessed with sample(s) exhumed from a full-scale test pad.1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtaining samples of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) from a test pad for use in assessment of the effects immediately after installation caused only by the installation techniques. The assessment may include physical testing. This practice is applicable to GCLs only.1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test pads, and does not address laboratory modeling of field conditions. This practice does not address which test method(s) to use for quantifying installation damage.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Electronic circuits used in many space, military and nuclear power systems may be exposed to various levels of ionizing radiation dose. It is essential for the design and fabrication of such circuits that test methods be available that can determine the vulnerability or hardness (measure of nonvulnerability) of components to be used in such systems.4.2 Manufacturers are currently selling semiconductor parts with guaranteed hardness ratings, and the military specification system is being expanded to cover hardness specification for parts. Therefore test methods and guides are required to standardize qualification testing.4.3 Use of low energy (≈10 keV) X-ray sources has been examined as an alternative to cobalt-60 for the ionizing radiation effects testing of microelectronic devices (3, 4, 5, 6). The goal of this guide is to provide background information and guidance for such use where appropriate.NOTE 3: Cobalt-60—The most commonly used source of ionizing radiation for ionizing radiation (“total dose”) testing is cobalt-60. Gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV are the primary ionizing radiation emitted by cobalt-60. In exposures using cobalt-60 sources, test specimens must be enclosed in a lead-aluminum container to minimize dose-enhancement effects caused by low-energy scattered radiation (unless it has been demonstrated that these effects are negligible). For this lead-aluminum container, a minimum of 1.5 mm of lead surrounding an inner shield of 0.7 to 1.0 mm of aluminum is required. (See 8.2.2.2 and Practice E1249.)4.4 The X-ray tester has proven to be a useful ionizing radiation effects testing tool because:4.4.1 It offers a relatively high dose rate, in comparison to most cobalt-60 sources, thus offering reduced testing time.4.4.2 The radiation is of sufficiently low energy that it can be readily collimated. As a result, it is possible to irradiate a single device on a wafer.4.4.3 Radiation safety issues are more easily managed with an X-ray irradiator than with a cobalt-60 source. This is due both to the relatively low energy of the photons and due to the fact that the X-ray source can easily be turned off.4.4.4 X-ray facilities are frequently less costly than comparable cobalt-60 facilities.4.5 The principal radiation-induced effects discussed in this guide (energy deposition, absorbed-dose enhancement, electron-hole recombination) (see Appendix X1) will remain approximately the same when process changes are made to improve the performance of ionizing radiation hardness of a part that is being produced. This is the case as long as the thicknesses and compositions of the device layers are substantially unchanged. As a result of this insensitivity to process variables, a 10-keV X-ray tester is expected to be an excellent apparatus for process improvement and control.4.6 Several published reports have indicated success in intercomparing X-ray and cobalt-60 gamma irradiations using corrections for dose enhancement and for electron-hole recombination. Other reports have indicated that the present understanding of the physical effects is not adequate to explain experimental results. As a result, it is not fully certain that the differences between the effects of X-ray and cobalt-60 gamma irradiation are adequately understood at this time. (See 8.2.1 and Appendix X2.) Because of this possible failure of understanding of the photon energy dependence of radiation effects, if a 10-keV X-ray tester is to be used for qualification testing or lot acceptance testing, it is recommended that such tests should be supported by cross checking with cobalt-60 gamma irradiations. For additional information on such comparison, see X2.2.4.4.7 Because of the limited penetration of 10-keV photons, ionizing radiation effects testing must normally be performed on unpackaged devices (for example, at wafer level) or on delidded devices.1.1 This guide covers recommended procedures for the use of X-ray testers (that is, sources with a photon spectrum having ≈10 keV mean photon energy and ≈50 keV maximum energy) in testing semiconductor discrete devices and integrated circuits for effects from ionizing radiation.1.2 The X-ray tester may be appropriate for investigating the susceptibility of wafer level or delidded microelectronic devices to ionizing radiation effects. It is not appropriate for investigating other radiation-induced effects such as single-event effects (SEE) or effects due to displacement damage.1.3 This guide focuses on radiation effects in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) circuit elements, either designed (as in MOS transistors) or parasitic (as in parasitic MOS elements in bipolar transistors).1.4 Information is given about appropriate comparison of ionizing radiation hardness results obtained with an X-ray tester to those results obtained with cobalt-60 gamma irradiation. Several differences in radiation-induced effects caused by differences in the photon energies of the X-ray and cobalt-60 gamma sources are evaluated. Quantitative estimates of the magnitude of these differences in effects, and other factors that should be considered in setting up test protocols, are presented.1.5 If a 10-keV X-ray tester is to be used for qualification testing or lot acceptance testing, it is recommended that such tests be supported by cross checking with cobalt-60 gamma irradiations.1.6 Comparisons of ionizing radiation hardness results obtained with an X-ray tester with results obtained with a LINAC, with protons, etc. are outside the scope of this guide.1.7 Current understanding of the differences between the physical effects caused by X-ray and cobalt-60 gamma irradiations is used to provide an estimate of the ratio (number-of-holes-cobalt-60)/(number-of-holes-X-ray). Several cases are defined where the differences in the effects caused by X-rays and cobalt-60 gammas are expected to be small. Other cases where the differences could potentially be as great as a factor of four are described.1.8 It should be recognized that neither X-ray testers nor cobalt-60 gamma sources will provide, in general, an accurate simulation of a specified system radiation environment. The use of either test source will require extrapolation to the effects to be expected from the specified radiation environment. In this guide, we discuss the differences between X-ray tester and cobalt-60 gamma effects. This discussion should be useful as background to the problem of extrapolation to effects expected from a different radiation environment. However, the process of extrapolation to the expected real environment is treated elsewhere (1, 2).21.9 The time scale of an X-ray irradiation and measurement may be much different than the irradiation time in the expected device application. Information on time-dependent effects is given.1.10 Possible lateral spreading of the collimated X-ray beam beyond the desired irradiated region on a wafer is also discussed.1.11 Information is given about recommended experimental methodology, dosimetry, and data interpretation.1.12 Radiation testing of semiconductor devices may produce severe degradation of the electrical parameters of irradiated devices and should therefore be considered a destructive test.1.13 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.14 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.15 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Erratic operation or malfunction of a membrane switch resulting from changes in the specified switch characteristics,4.2 Rupture, implosion or explosion of seals due to pressure variations,4.3 Change in physical or chemical properties due to pressure differentiations, and4.4 Delaminations of a membrane switch may occur due to pressure variations.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for exposing a membrane switch to variations in atmospheric pressure. It can be used to determine the effects of pressure variations on chemical and mechanical properties and functional characteristics of the switch.

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4.1 Design professionals, for aesthetic reasons, have desired to limit the spacing and width of sealant joints on exterior walls and other locations of new buildings. Analysis of the performance factors and especially tolerances that affect a sealant joint is necessary to determine if a joint will have durability and be effective in maintaining a seal against the passage of air and water and not experience premature deterioration. If performance factors and tolerances are not understood and included in the design of a sealant joint, then the sealant may reach its durability limit and failure is a distinct possibility.4.2 Sealant joint failure can result in increased building energy usage due to air infiltration or exfiltration, water infiltration, and deterioration of building systems and materials. Infiltrating water can cause spalling of porous and friable building materials such as concrete, brick, and stone; corrosion of ferrous metals; and decomposition of organic materials, among other effects. Personal injury can result from a fall incurred due to a wetted interior surface as a result of a failed sealant joint. Building indoor air quality can be affected due to organic growth in concealed and damp areas. Deterioration is often difficult and very costly to repair, with the cost of repair work usually greatly exceeding the original cost of the sealant joint work.4.3 This guide is applicable to sealants with an established movement capacity, in particular elastomeric sealants that meet Specification C920 with a minimum movement capacity rating of ±121/2 %. In general, a sealant with less than ±121/2 % movement capacity can be used with the joint width sizing calculations; however, the width of a joint using such a sealant will generally become too large to be practically considered and installed. It is also applicable to precured sealant extrusions with an established movement capacity that meets Specification C1518.4.4 The intent of this guide is to describe some of the performance factors and tolerances that are normally considered in sealant joint design. Equations and sample calculations are provided to assist the user of this guide in determining the required width and depth for single and multi-component, liquid-applied sealants when installed in properly prepared joint openings. The user of this guide should be aware that the single largest factor contributing to non-performance of sealant joints that have been designed for movement is poor workmanship. This results in improper installation of sealant and sealant joint components. The success of the methodology described by this guide is predicated on achieving adequate workmanship.4.5 Joints for new construction can be designed by the recommendations in this guide as well as joints that have reached the end of their service life and need routine maintenance or joints that require remedial work for a failure to perform. Guide C1193 should also be consulted when designing sealant joints. Failure to install a sealant and its components following its guidelines can and frequently will result in failure of a joint design.4.6 Peer reviewed papers, published in various ASTM Special Technical Publications (STP), provide additional information and examples of sealant joint width calculations that expand on the information described in this guide (2-5). For cases in which the state of the art is such that criteria for a particular condition is not firmly established or there are numerous variables that require consideration, a reference section is provided for further consideration.4.7 To assist the user of this guide in locating specific information, a detailed listing of guide numbered sections and their headings is included in Appendix X1.1.1 This guide provides information on performance factors such as movement, construction tolerances, and other effects that should be accounted for to properly establish sealant joint size. It also provides procedures to assist in calculating and determining the required width of a sealant joint enabling it to respond properly to those movements and effects. Information in this guide is primarily applicable to single- and multi-component, cold-applied joint sealants and secondarily to precured sealant extrusions when used with properly prepared joint openings and substrate surfaces.1.2 Although primarily directed towards the understanding and design of sealant joints for walls for buildings and other areas, the information contained herein is also applicable to sealant joints that occur in horizontal slabs and paving systems as well as various sloped building surfaces.1.3 This guide does not describe the selection and properties of joint sealants (1)2, nor their use and installation, which is described by Guide C1193.1.4 For protective glazing systems that are designed to resist blast and other effects refer to Guide C1564 in combination with this guide.1.5 This guide is not applicable to the design of joints sealed with aerosol foam sealants.1.6 For structural sealant glazing systems refer to Guide C1401 in combination with this guide.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. SI units in this guide are in conformance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997.1.8 The Committee having jurisdiction for this guide is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A characteristic advantage of charged-particle irradiation experiments is the precise, individual control over most of the important irradiation conditions such as dose, dose rate, temperature, and quantity of gases present. Additional attributes are the lack of induced radioactivation of specimens and, in general, a substantial compression of irradiation time, from years to hours, to achieve comparable damage as measured in displacements per atom (dpa). An important application of such experiments is the investigation of radiation effects that may occur in materials exposed to environments which do not currently exist, such as in first wall materials used in fusion reactors.4.2 The primary shortcoming of ion bombardments stems from the damage rate, or temperature dependences of the microstructural evolutionary processes in complex alloys, or both. It cannot be assumed that the time scale for damage evolution can be comparably compressed for all processes by increasing the displacement rate, even with a corresponding shift in irradiation temperature. In addition, the confinement of damage production to a thin layer just (often ∼1 μm) below the irradiated surface can present substantial complications. It must be emphasized, therefore, that these experiments and this practice are intended for research purposes and not for the certification or the qualification of materials.4.3 This practice relates to the generation of irradiation-induced changes in the microstructure of metals and alloys using charged particles. The investigation of mechanical behavior using charged particles is covered in Practice E821.1.1 This practice provides guidance on performing charged-particle irradiations of metals and alloys, although many of the methods may also be applied to ceramic materials. It is generally confined to studies of microstructural and microchemical changes induced by ions of low-penetrating power that come to rest in the specimen. Density changes can be measured directly and changes in other properties can be inferred. This information can be used to estimate similar changes that would result from neutron irradiation. More generally, this information is of value in deducing the fundamental mechanisms of radiation damage for a wide range of materials and irradiation conditions.1.2 Where it appears, the word “simulation” should be understood to imply an approximation of the relevant neutron irradiation environment for the purpose of elucidating damage mechanisms. The degree of conformity can range from poor to nearly exact. The intent is to produce a correspondence between one or more aspects of the neutron and charged-particle irradiations such that fundamental relationships are established between irradiation or material parameters and the material response.1.3 The practice appears as follows:  SectionApparatus 4Specimen Preparation 5 – 10Irradiation Techniques (including Helium Injection) 11 – 12Damage Calculations 13Postirradiation Examination 14 – 16Reporting of Results 17Correlation and Interpretation 18 – 221.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Test Method—The data obtained from the use of this test method provide a comparative index of the fuel-saving capabilities of automotive engine oils under repeatable laboratory conditions. A baseline calibration oil (hereafter referred to as BC oil) has been established for this test to provide a standard against which all other oils can be compared. The BC oil is an SAE 5W-30 grade fully formulated lubricant. There is a direct correlation of Test Method D6837 (Sequence VIB) Fuel Economy Improvement (FEI) by percent with the fuel economy results obtained from vehicles representative of current production running under the current EPA testing cycles. The test procedure was not designed to give a precise estimate of the difference between two test oils without adequate replication. Rather, it was developed to compare a test oil to BC oil. Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil performance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision of Specification D4485.5.2 Use—The Sequence VIB test method is useful for engine oil fuel economy specification acceptance. It is used in specifications and classifications of engine lubricating oils, such as the following:5.2.1 Specification D4485.5.2.2 API Publication 1509.5.2.3 SAE Classification J304.5.2.4 SAE Classification J1423.1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for the measurement of the effects of automotive engine oils on the fuel economy of passenger cars and light-duty trucks with gross vehicle weight of 3856 kg or less. The tests are conducted on a dynamometer test stand using a specified spark-ignition engine with a displacement of 4.6-L. It applies to multiviscosity grade oils used in these applications.1.2 This test method also provides for the running of an abbreviated length test that is referred to as the VIBSJ. The procedure for VIBSJ is identical to the Sequence VIB with the exception of the items specifically listed in Annex A13. The procedure modifications listed in Annex A13 refer to the corresponding section of the Sequence VIB test method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or single source supply equipment specifications. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption is measured in kilograms per kilowatthour. In Figs. A2.4, A2.5, and A2.8, inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This test method is arranged as follows:Subject SectionIntroduction   1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4 5Apparatus 6 General 6.1 Test Engine Configuration 6.2 Laboratory Ambient Conditions 6.3 Engine Speed and Torque Control 6.4  Dynamometer 6.4.1  Dynamometer Torque 6.4.2 Engine Cooling System 6.5 External Oil System 6.6 Fuel System 6.7  Fuel Flow Measurement 6.7.2  Fuel Temperature and Pressure Control to   the Fuel Flowmeter 6.7.3  Fuel Temperature and Pressure Control to   Engine Fuel Rail 6.7.4 Fuel Supply Pumps 6.7.5  Fuel Filtering 6.7.6 Engine Intake Air Supply 6.8  Intake Air Humidity 6.8.1  Intake Air Filtration 6.8.2  Intake Air Pressure Relief 6.8.3 Temperature Measurement 6.9  Thermocouple Location 6.9.5 AFR Determination 6.10 Exhaust and Exhaust Back Pressure Systems 6.11  Exhaust Manifolds 6.11.1  Laboratory Exhaust System 6.11.2  Exhaust Back Pressure 6.11.3 Pressure Measurement and Pressure Sensor  Locations 6.12  Engine Oil 6.12.2  Fuel to Fuel Flowmeter 6.12.3  Fuel to Engine Fuel Rail 6.12.4  Exhaust Back Pressure 6.12.5  Intake Air 6.12.6  Intake Manifold Vacuum/Absolute Pressure 6.12.7  Coolant Flow Differential Pressure 6.12.8  Crankcase Pressure 6.12.9 Engine Hardware and Related Apparatus 6.13  Test Engine Configuration 6.13.1  ECM/EEC (Engine Control) Module 6.13.2  Thermostat/Orifice Plate 6.13.3  Intake Manifold 6.13.4  Flywheel 6.13.5  Wiring Harnesses 6.13.6  EGR Block-Off Plate 6.13.7  Oil Pan 6.13.8  Oil Pump Screen and Pickup Tube 6.13.9  Idle Speed Control Solenoid (ISC) Block-Off   Plate 6.13.10  Engine Water Pump 6.13.11  Thermostat Housing 6.13.12  Oil Filter Adapter 6.13.13  Fuel Rail 6.13.14 Miscellaneous Apparatus Related to Engine  Operation 6.14  Timing Light 6.14.1Reagents and Materials 7 Engine Oil 7.1 Test Fuel 7.2 Engine Coolant 7.3 Cleaning Materials 7.4Preparation of Apparatus 8 Test Stand Preparation 8.2Engine Preparation 9 Cleaning of Engine Parts 9.2 Engine Assembly Procedure 9.3  General Assembly Instructions 9.3.1  Bolt Torque Specifications 9.3.2  Sealing Compounds 9.3.3  Harmonic Balancer 9.3.5  Oil Pan 9.3.6  Intake Manifold 9.3.7  Camshaft Covers 9.3.8  Thermostat 9.3.9  Thermostat Housing 9.3.10  Coolant Inlet 9.3.11  Oil Filter Adapter 9.3.12  Dipstick Tube 9.3.13  Water Pump 9.3.14  Sensors, Switches, Valves, and Positioners 9.3.15  Ignition System 9.3.16  Fuel Injection System 9.3.17  Intake Air System 9.3.18  Engine Management System (Spark and Fuel   Control) 9.3.19  Accessory Drive Units 9.3.20  Exhaust Manifolds 9.3.21  Engine Flywheel and Guards 9.3.22  Lifting of Assembled Engines 9.3.23  Engine Mounts 9.3.24Calibration 10 Stand/Engine Calibration 10.1  Procedure 10.1.1  Reporting of Reference Results 10.1.2  Analysis of Reference/Calibration Oils 10.1.3  Instrument Calibration 10.2  Engine Torque Measurement System 10.2.1  Fuel Flow Measurement System 10.2.2  Coolant Flow Measurement System 10.2.3  Thermocouple and Temperature Measurement   System 10.2.4  Humidity Measurement System 10.2.5  Other Instrumentation 10.2.6Test Procedure 11 Preparation for Initial Start-up of New Engine 11.1  External Oil System 11.1.1  Flush Effectiveness Demonstration 11.1.2  Preparation for Oil Charge 11.1.3  Oil Charge for Coolant Flush 11.1.4  Engine Coolant Charge for Coolant Flush 11.1.5 Initial Engine Start-up 11.2 Coolant Flush 11.3 New Engine Break-In 11.4  Oil Charge for Break-In 11.4.2  Break-In Operating Conditions 11.4.3 Routine Test Operation 11.5  Start-Up and Shutdown Procedures 11.5.8  Flying Flush Oil Exchange Procedures 11.5.9  Test Operating Stages 11.5.10  Stabilization to Stage Conditions 11.5.11  Stabilized BSFC Measurement Cycle 11.5.12  Data Logging 11.5.13  BC Oil Flush Procedure for BC Oil Before Test   Oil 11.5.14 BSFC Measurement of BC Oil Before Test Oil 11.5.15  Test Oil Flush Procedure 11.5.16  Test Oil Aging 11.5.17  BSFC Measurement of Aged (Phase I) Test Oil 11.5.18  Aging Phase II 11.5.19  BSFC Measurement of Aged (Phase II) Test Oil 11.5.21  BC Oil Flush Procedure for BC Oil After Test Oil 11.5.22  BSFC Measurement for BC Oil After Test Oil 11.5.23  General Test Data Logging Forms 11.5.24  Diagnostic Review Procedures 11.5.25 Determination of Test Results 12  FEI1 and FEI2 Calculations 12.1 Final Test Report 13  Validity Statement 13.1  Report Format 13.2Precision and Bias 14 Precision 14.1 Validity 14.2  Test Stand Calibration Status 14.2.1  Validity Interpretation of Deviant Operational   Conditions 14.2.2 Bias 14.3Keywords 15   Annexes  Role of ASTM TMC Annex A1Detailed Specifications and Drawings of Apparatus Annex A2Oil Heater Cerrobase Refill Procedure Annex A3Engine Part Number Listing Annex A4Flying Flush Checklists Annex A5Safety Precautions Annex A6Report Format Annex A7Statistical Equations for Mean and Standard Deviations Annex A8Oil Sump Full Level Determination Consumption Measurement Calibration Procedure Annex A9Fuel Injector Evaluation Annex A10Pre-test Maintenance Checklist Annex A11Blow-by Ventilation System Requirements Annex A12VIBSJ Abbreviated Length Test Requirements Annex A13   Appendix  Procurement of Test Materials Appendix X1

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5.1 This guide is not intended to measure the precise temperature range for dispensing and curing product under all the possible substrate and environmental factors but to provide a basis for benchmarking a foam sealant product under specific laboratory conditions.5.2 The product user is encouraged to evaluate each application and determine suitability for actual use.1.1 This guide covers the general effects of temperature from the aerosol foam sealant (either polyurethane or latex types) under the use temperatures.1.2 The guide is intended to estimate the observed product dispensing characteristics and foam quality of aerosol foam dispensed or cured, or both, at specific temperatures and standard conditions.1.3 Such foam sealants are primarily intended to reduce air movement in and out of building enclosures.1.4 Currently two main foam sealant types are applicable to this standard: single component polyurethane and latex.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 There are no other known test methods specific for measuring the product temperature range for aerosol foam sealant.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method may be applied to determine the suitability of grid-marked membrane filters for use in bacteriological culture techniques for the detection and enumeration of bacterial organisms.5.2 A particularly sensitive organism and growth conditions have been selected for this test method in order to maximize sensitivity to toxic materials possibly present in the inks used for grid-marking membrane filters.1.1 This test method describes a procedure whereby the user of ink-gridded membrane filters in water quality studies can ascertain whether or not the grid lines are toxic and inhibitory to bacterial growth when the membrane and its entrapped bacteria are incubated on a suitable media.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Test Method—The data obtained from the use of this test method provide a comparative index of the fuel-saving capabilities of automotive engine oils under repeatable laboratory conditions. A BL has been established for this test to provide a standard against which all other oils can be compared. The BL oil is an SAE 20W-30 grade fully formulated lubricant. The test procedure was not designed to give a precise estimate of the difference between two test oils without adequate replication. The test method was developed to compare the test oil to the BL oil. Companion test methods used to evaluate engine oil performance for specification requirements are discussed in the latest revision of Specification D4485.5.2 Use—The Sequence VIF test method is useful for engine oil fuel economy specification acceptance. It is used in specifications and classifications of engine lubricating oils, such as the following:5.2.1 Specification D4485.5.2.2 API 1509.5.2.3 SAE Classification J304.5.2.4 SAE Classification J1423.1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for the measurement of the effects of automotive engine oils on the fuel economy of passenger cars and light-duty trucks with gross vehicle weight 3856 kg or less. The tests are conducted using a specified spark-ignition engine with a displacement of 3.6 L (General Motors)4 on a dynamometer test stand. It applies to multi viscosity oils used in these applications.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source supply equipment specifications. Additionally, Brake Fuel Consumption (BSFC) is measured in kilograms per kilowatt-hour.1.3 This test method is arranged as follows:  SectionIntroduction   1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5Apparatus 6General 6.1Test Engine Configuration 6.2Laboratory Ambient Conditions 6.3Engine Speed and Torque Control 6.4Dynamometer 6.4.1Dynamometer Torque 6.4.2Engine Cooling System 6.5External Oil System 6.6Fuel System 6.7Fuel Flow Measurement 6.7.2Fuel Temperature and Pressure Control to the Fuel Flow Meter 6.7.3Fuel Temperature and Pressure Control to Engine Fuel Rail 6.7.4Fuel Supply Pumps 6.7.5Fuel Filtering 6.7.6Engine Intake Air Supply 6.8Intake Air Humidity 6.8.1Intake Air Filtration 6.8.2Intake Air Pressure Relief 6.8.3Temperature Measurement 6.9Thermocouple Location 6.9.5AFR Determination 6.10Exhaust and Exhaust Back Pressure Systems 6.11Exhaust Manifolds 6.11.1Laboratory Exhaust System 6.11.2Exhaust Back Pressure 6.11.3Pressure Measurement and Pressure Sensor Locations 6.12Engine Oil 6.12.2Fuel to Fuel Flow meter 6.12.3Fuel to Engine Fuel Rail 6.12.4Exhaust Back Pressure 6.12.5Intake Air 6.12.6Intake Manifold Vacuum/Absolute Pressure 6.12.7Coolant Flow Differential Pressure 6.12.8Crankcase Pressure 6.12.9Engine Hardware and Related Apparatus 6.13Test Engine Configuration 6.13.1ECU (Power Control Module) 6.13.2Thermostat Block-Off Adapter Plate 6.13.3Wiring Harness 6.13.4Oil Pan 6.13.5Engine Water Pump Adapter Plate 6.13.6Thermostat Block-Off Plate 6.13.7Oil Filter Adapter Plate 6.13.8Modified Throttle Body Assembly 6.13.9Fuel Rail 6.13.10Miscellaneous Apparatus Related to Engine Operation 6.14Reagents and Materials 7Engine Oil 7.1Test Fuel 7.2Engine Coolant 7.3Cleaning Materials 7.4Preparation of Apparatus 8Test Stand Preparation 8.2Engine Preparation 9Cleaning of Engine Parts 9.3Engine Assembly Procedure 9.4General Assembly Instructions 9.4.1Bolt Torque Specifications 9.4.2Sealing Compounds 9.4.3Harmonic Balancer 9.4.5Thermostat 9.4.6Coolant Inlet 9.4.7Oil Filter Adapter 9.4.8Dipstick Tube 9.4.9Sensors, Switches, Valves, and Positioner’s 9.4.10Ignition System 9.4.11Fuel Injection System 9.4.12Intake Air System 9.4.13Engine Management System 9.4.14Accessory Drive Units 9.4.15Exhaust Manifolds 9.4.16Engine Flywheel and Guards 9.4.17Lifting of Assembled Engines 9.4.18Engine Mounts 9.4.19Non-Phased Camshaft Gears 9.4.20Internal Coolant Orifice 9.4.21Calibration 10Stand/Engine Calibration 10.1Procedure 10.1.1Reporting of Reference Results 10.1.2Analysis of Reference/Calibration Oils 10.1.3Instrument Calibration 10.2Engine Torque Measurement System 10.2.3Fuel Flow Measurement System 10.2.4Coolant Flow Measurement System 10.2.5Thermocouple and Temperature Measurement System 10.2.6Humidity Measurement System 10.2.7Other Instrumentation 10.2.8Test Procedure 11External Oil System 11.1Flush Effectiveness Demonstration 11.2Preparation for Oil Charge 11.3Initial Engine Start-Up 11.4New Engine Break-In 11.5Oil Charge for Break-In 11.5.2Break-In Operating Conditions 11.5.3Standard Requirements for Break-In 11.5.4Routine Test Operation 11.6Start-Up and Shutdown Procedures 11.6.1Flying Flush Oil Exchange Procedures 11.6.2Test Operating Stages 11.6.3Stabilization to Stage Conditions 11.6.4Stabilized BSFC Measurement Cycle 11.6.5BLB1 Oil Flush Procedure for BL Oil Before Test Run 1 11.6.6BSFC Measurement of BLB1 Oil Before Test Oil 11.6.7BLB2 Oil Flush Procedure for BL Oil Before Test Oil Run 2 11.6.8BSFC Measurement of BLB2 Oil Before Test Oil 11.6.9Percent Delta Calculation for BLB1 vs. BLB2 11.6.10Test Oil Flush Procedure 11.6.11Test Oil Aging, Phase I 11.6.12BSFC Measurement of Aged (Phase I) Test Oil 11.6.13Test Oil Aging, Phase II 11.6.14BSFC Measurement of Aged (Phase II) Test Oil 11.6.15Oil Consumption and Sampling 11.6.16Flush Procedure for BL Oil (BLA) After Test Oil 11.6.17General Test Data Logging Forms 11.6.18Diagnostic Review Procedures 11.6.19Determination of Test Results 12Final Test Report 13Precision and Bias 14Keywords 15Annexes  ASTM Test Monitoring Center Organization Annex A1ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Calibration Procedures Annex A2ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Maintenance Activities Annex A3ASTM Test Monitoring Center: Related Information Annex A4Detailed Specifications and Drawings of Apparatus Annex A5Oil Heater Bolton 255 Refill Procedure Annex A6Engine Part Number Listing Annex A7Safety Precautions Annex A8Sequence VIF Test Report Forms and Data Dictionary Annex A9Statistical Equations for Mean and Standard Deviations Annex A10Determining the Oil Sump Full Level & Consumption Annex A11Fuel Injection Evaluation Annex A12Pre-test Maintenance Checklist Annex A13Blow-by Ventilation System Requirements Annex A14Calculation of Test Results Annex A15Calculation of Un-weighted Baseline Shift Annex A16Non-Phased Cam Gear and Position Actuator Installation and GM Short Block Assembly Procedure Annex A17Appendix  Procurement of Test Methods Appendix X11.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the time period during which a beam, girder, column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall, will continue to perform its intended function when subjected to a controlled, standardized fire exposure.5.1.1 In particular, the selected standard exposure condition simulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of a member or assembly in the luminous flame (fire plume) area of a large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standard fire exposure is basically defined in terms of the total flux incident on the test specimen together with appropriate temperature conditions. Quantitative measurements of the thermal exposure (total heat flux) are required during both furnace calibration and actual testing.5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties of free-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not been completely characterized and are variable depending on the size of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as wind conditions), the physical relationship of the structural member to the exposing fire, and other factors. As a result, the exposure specified in these test methods is not necessarily representative of all the conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires. The specified standard exposure is based upon the best available information and testing technology. It provides a basis for comparing the relative performance of different assemblies under controlled conditions.5.1.3 Any variation to construction or conditions (that is, size, method of assembly, and materials) from that of the tested assembly is capable of substantially changing the performance characteristics of the assembly.5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing column specimens with and without an applied superimposed load.5.2.1 The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulate that the load shall be applied axially. The applied load is to be the maximum load condition allowed under nationally recognized structural design criteria unless limited design criteria are specified and a corresponding reduced load applied.5.2.2 The procedure for testing unloaded steel column specimens includes temperature limits. These limits are intended to define the temperature above which a steel column with an axially applied design allowable load would fail structurally.5.2.3 The procedure for unloaded specimens also provides for the testing of other than steel columns provided that appropriate acceptance criteria have been established.5.3 Separate procedures are also specified for testing beam assemblies with and without an applied superimposed load.5.3.1 The procedure for testing loaded specimens stipulates that the beam shall be simply supported. Application of restraint against longitudinal thermal expansion depends on the intended use, as specified by the customer. The applied load is intended to be the allowable design load permitted for the beam as determined in accordance with accepted engineering practice.5.3.2 The procedure for testing unloaded beams includes temperature limits for steel. These limits are to define the temperature above which a simply supported, unrestrained beam would fail structurally if subjected to the allowable design load. The procedure for unloaded specimens also provides for the testing of other than steel and reinforced concrete beams provided that appropriate acceptance criteria have been established.5.3.3 It is recognized that beam assemblies that are tested without load will not deflect to the same extent as an identical assembly tested with load. As a result, tests conducted in accordance with the unloaded beam procedure are not intended to reflect the effects of crack formation, dislodgement of applied fire protection materials, and other factors that are influenced by the deflection of the assembly.5.4 A separate procedure is specified for testing the fire-containment capability of a wall/bulkhead/partition, etc. Acceptance criteria include temperature rise of nonfire exposed surface, plus the ability of the wall to prohibit passage of flames or hot gases, or both.5.5 In most cases, the structural assemblies that will be evaluated in accordance with these test methods will be located outdoors and subjected to varying weather conditions that are capable of adversely affecting the fire endurance of the assembly. A program of accelerated weathering followed by fire exposure is described to simulate such exposure.5.6 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux measurements to support the development of design fires and the use of fire safety engineering models to predict thermal exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are used for determining the fire-test response of columns, girders, beams or similar structural members, and fire-containment walls, of either homogeneous or composite construction, that are employed in HPI or other facilities subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires.1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance with these test methods will indicate whether structural members of assemblies, or fire-containment wall assemblies, will continue to perform their intended function during the period of fire exposure. These tests shall not be construed as having determined suitability for use after fire exposure.1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the relative performance of different structural and fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions. The application of these test results to predict the performance of actual assemblies when exposed to large pool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.1.4 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux measurements during both the control calibration and the actual test. These heat flux measurements are being made to support the development of design fires and the use of fire safety engineering models to predict thermal exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.1.5 These test methods are useful for testing other items such as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks, and cable trays. Testing of these types of items requires development of appropriate specimen details and end-point or failure criteria. Such failure criteria and test specimen descriptions are not provided in these test methods.1.6 Limitations—These test methods do not provide the following:1.6.1 Full information on the performance of assemblies constructed with components or of dimensions other than those tested.1.6.2 An evaluation of the degree to which the assembly contributes to the fire hazard through the generation of smoke, toxic gases, or other products of combustion.1.6.3 Simulation of fire behavior of joints or connections between structural elements such as beam-to-column connections.1.6.4 Measurement of flame spread over the surface of the test assembly.1.6.5 Procedures for measuring the test performance of other structural shapes (such as vessel skirts), equipment (such as electrical cables, motor-operated valves, etc.), or items subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires, other than those described in 1.1.1.6.6 The erosive effect that the velocities or turbulence, or both, generated in large pool fires has on some fire protection materials.1.6.7 Full information on the performance of assemblies at times less than 5 min because the rise time called out in Section 5 is longer than that of a real fire.1.7 These test methods do not preclude the use of a real fire or any other method of evaluating the performance of structural members and assemblies in simulated fire conditions. Any test method that is demonstrated to comply with Section 5 is acceptable.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1 Scope This part of ISO 10993 specifies test methods for the assessment of the local effects of an implant material on living tissue, at both the macroscopic and microscopic level. The test specimen is implanted into a site and tissue appropriate f

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4.1 Plasticizer migration is detrimental to many adhesives, including hot melts, which could be possibly used in conjunction with PVC backed flooring materials, whether resilient or textile, broadloom, tile or plank. This practice can be used as an indicator to determine if plasticizers in the flooring material are compatible with proposed installation adhesive(s).1.1 This standard will provide a qualitative means to determine the potential effects of plasticizers contained within polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floor covering materials on a specific adhesive.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Accelerated weathering exposure serves to indicate long-term exterior durability of the sealant. In this test method, durability is tested when the sealant is used with wood or aluminum.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for the determination of aging effects of artificial weathering on latex sealants.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: Currently there is no ISO standard similar to this test method.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers special procedures for selecting a material and tests for radiation studies, determining radiation conditions, conducting tests for the mechanical properties of irradiated metallic materials, and reporting of data. 1.2 The purpose of this practice is to achieve better correlation and interpretation of new data in the field of radiation effects testing. 1.3 While primarily intended to apply to ferrite and austenitic steels, this practice may be applied to any appropriate metallic materials. In addition to tests for mechanical properties, these procedures should be helpful in planning other types of radiation effects testing. 1.4 It should be recognized that the effect of high-energy neutron radiation on the mechanical properties of the materials being studied is determined by the change in mechanical properties during radiation. Hence, the post-irradiated mechanical properties must be compared with the pre-irradiation properties of the materials.

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