This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This practice provides designers and manufacturers of engines for light sport aircraft design references and criteria to use in designing and manufacturing engines.3.2 Declaration of compliance is based on testing and documentation during the design and testing or flight-testing of the engine type by the manufacturer or under the manufacturer's guidance.1.1 This practice covers minimum requirements for the design and manufacture of reciprocating compression ignition engines for light sport aircraft, Visual Flight Rules (VFR) use.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The results of this test method may be used to determine nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emission concentrations from natural gas combustion at stationary sources.5.2 This test method may also be used to monitor emissions during short-term emission tests or periodically in order to optimize process operation for nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide control.1.1 This test method covers the determination of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxygen (O2) concentrations in controlled and uncontrolled emissions from natural gas-fired reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, boilers, and process heaters using portable analyzers with electrochemical sensors. Due to the inherent cross sensitivities of the electrochemical cells, this test method should not be applied to other pollutants or emission sources without a complete investigation of possible analytical interferences and a comparative evaluation with EPA test methods.1.1.1 The procedures and specifications of this test method were originally developed during laboratory and field tests funded by the Gas Research Institute (GRI).2 Comparative emission tests were conducted only on natural gas-fired combustion sources. Subsequently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) program conducted further evaluations of electrochemical cell analyzers, which included laboratory tests and field tests on natural gas and diesel-fueled generators. The EPA has reviewed the ETV test results, published additional information, and provided technical input that has been considered in the update of this test method.31.2 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the general, physical, chemical, and performance requirements for supplemental coolant additives for use as precharging coolants in the cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. Test solutions shall be standard corrosive water, ethylene or propylene glycol in standard corrosive water, and NaCl dissolved in a solution of glycol in deionized water. These test solutions shall comply to the specific limits for the following requirements: corrosion in glassware mass loss; simulated service test mass loss; foaming; water pump cavitation erosion-corrosion rating; corrosion of cast aluminum alloys at heat-rejecting surfaces; ultrasonic cavitation resistance; supplemental coolant additive-glycol base coolant compatibility; hot surface scaling and deposits resistance; effect on nonmetals; storage stability; ash, chloride ion, and silicon contents; pH in distilled water; reserve alkalinity; and the effect on vehicle finish.1.1 This specification covers the general, physical, chemical, and performance requirements for Supplemental Coolant Additives (SCAs) at a precharged level in the cooling systems of heavy-duty engines.NOTE 1: After precharging, SCAs are customarily used periodically to service cooling systems at 1/4 to 1/3 the precharged dosage to compensate for additives lost through dilution and depletion.1.2 The SCA products meeting this specification are intended for use with water, with recommended dilutions of coolant concentrates, with prediluted engine coolants, or to upgrade the performance of light-duty engine coolants to meet the heav-duty requirements of Specification D6210. Engine coolant products shall be of the low-silicate type and, if ethylene glycol based, shall meet Specification D4985. Propylene glycol base low-silicate type coolant products may also be used, if these materials meet the chemical and performance requirements of Specification D4985.1.3 The SCA concentrate, before dissolution, may be in either liquid, solid, or slurry form. The form is as agreed upon between the manufacturer and the user.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are approximate equivalents provided for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements of test fuels suitable for use in certain gasoline compression-ignition engines and vehicles, which have been specifically designed to operate on the fuel described in this specification. These gasoline-like fuels, which may contain certain gasoline blending components, are henceforth referred to in this specification as “gasoline compression-ignition (GCI) test fuels.”1.1.1 The GCI test fuels described by this specification are only intended for use by engine and vehicle manufacturers in the continuing development of appropriately designed compression-ignition engines that can take advantage of certain chemical and physical properties of GCI test fuels to achieve higher efficiency and lower emissions (henceforth referred to as “GCI engines”). These GCI test fuels are not intended for use by the general public.1.1.2 GCI engines include only those engines that directly inject fuel into the combustion chamber, and rely on autoignition of the fuel to initiate combustion part or all the time. Although various combustion strategies may be used depending on the fuel and engine operating condition, the level of fuel stratification is typically decreased in GCI engines under certain operating conditions relative to traditional diesel compression-ignition engines. Engines that use an auxiliary ignition source (such as a spark plug) some but not all of the time could qualify as GCI engines.1.1.3 The GCI test fuels covered in this specification may contain oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers. Recommended limits on the type and concentration of specific oxygenates are provided in Appendix X3.1.2 This specification provides a description of GCI test fuels for automotive engines that are not currently widely available to the general public, but are being developed and require defined standard test fuels. Commercial fuels meeting the same or similar requirements as the GCI test fuels described in this specification could become available to the general public if/when such engines are introduced into commerce; however use of this specification by the general public would require significant modifications. The specification is under continuous review, which can result in revisions based on changes in fuel, automotive requirements, test methods, or a combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore, should refer to the latest edition.1.3 Traditional diesel compression-ignition engines and fuel systems are designed for use with fuel, which has a lower volatility, higher flash-point, and higher viscosity than GCI test fuels. Such engines are therefore usually unsuitable for use with GCI test fuels. Certain hardware modifications may be required for the safe use of low flash-point, GCI test fuels.NOTE 1: If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification D8275, contact ASTM International Headquarters.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Any other values given are provided for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the requirements for fully-formulated glycerin base coolants for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. It also notes that the requirements of the coolant concentrate or prediluted coolant include protection in operating engines against cavitation corrosion and scaling of internal engine hot surfaces.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for fully-formulated glycerin base coolants for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. When concentrates are used at 40 % to 60 % glycerin concentration by volume in water of suitable quality (see Appendix X1), or when prediluted glycerin base engine coolants (50 volume % min) are used without further dilution, they will function effectively during both winter and summer to provide protection against corrosion, cavitation, freezing, and boiling.1.2 This specification is intended to cover the requirements for engine coolants prepared from virgin glycerin.NOTE 1: This specification is based on the knowledge of the performance of engine coolants prepared from new or virgin ingredients that comply with Specification D7714.1.3 The coolants governed by this specification are categorized as follows:Coolant Type DescriptionV-FF Glycerin base concentrateVI-FF Glycerin predilute (50 vol %)1.4 Coolant concentrates meeting this specification do not require addition of supplemental coolant additive (SCA) until the first maintenance interval when a maintenance dose of SCA is required to continue protection in certain heavy duty engine cooling systems, particularly those of the wet cylinder liner-in-block design. The SCA additions are defined by and are the primary responsibility of the engine manufacturer or vehicle manufacturer. If they provide no instructions, follow the SCA supplier's instructions.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a prediluted aqueous ethylene glycol base low-silicate engine coolant (50 volume percent minimum) for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. When used without further dilution, this product will function effectively during both summer and winter to provide protection from corrosion, freezing at least to -36.7°C (-34.0°F), and boiling at least to 108°C (226°F). 1.2 Prediluted coolant meeting this specification requires both an initial charge of a supplemental coolant additive (SCA) and regular maintenance doses of an SCA to continue the protection in certain operating heavy-duty engine cooling systems, particularly those of the wet cylinder liner-in-block design. The SCA additions are defined by and are the primary responsibility of the engine or vehicle manufacturer. If they provide no instructions, follow the SCA supplier's recommended instructions. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This practice provides designers and manufacturers of engines for unmanned aircraft systems design requirements and criteria to use in designing and manufacturing engines.Declaration of compliance is based on testing and documentation during the design and testing or flight testing of the engine type by the manufacturer or under the manufacturers' guidance.Compliance with this specification is intended to demonstrate an adequate level of reliability in accordance with the UAS safety objectives.1.1 This practice covers minimum requirements for the design and manufacture of reciprocating spark ignition engines for unmanned aircraft systems.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method is primarily intended for the evaluation of lubricants for use in two-stroke-cycle engines of high specific output.Note 1—If the test method is being used to satisfy a portion of Specification D4859, refer to the specification for the pass-fail criteria.1.1 This test method2 evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines that are particularly prone to ring sticking. Piston varnish and spark plug fouling are also evaluated.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Two-stroke-cycle gasoline engines are generally more prone to preignition than are four-stroke-cycle engines due to the absence of the internal cooling that takes place during the induction stroke of the four-stroke-cycle engines. Preignition can lead to major piston damage, either directly due to localized overheating or as the result of preignition-induced detonation. Some lubricant additives that are widely used in four-stroke-cycle gasoline engine oils are known to increase the probability of preignition in gasoline two-stroke-cycle engines. This procedure is used to determine the tendency of an oil to induce preignition in both water-cooled and air-cooled two-stroke-cycle gasoline engines.1.1 This test method2 evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines that are prone to preignition.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers lubricants for two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines that are prone to ring sticking and damage caused by deposit-induced preignition, piston scuff, spark plug fouling, and piston varnish. The engine oils should be tested for performance, ring sticking and piston deposit, lubricity, and preignition.1.1 This specification covers lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines, typically other than outboard motors, that are particularly prone to ring sticking, but which are also liable to suffer damage arising from deposit induced preignition, piston scuff, spark plug fouling and piston varnish.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

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5.1 This practice is used as a basis for determining the minimum motor octane requirement of naturally aspirated aircraft engines by use of PRFs.5.2 Results from standardized octane ratings will play an important role in defining the actual octane requirement of a given aircraft engine, which can be applied in an effort to determine a fleet requirement.1.1 This practice covers ground based octane rating procedures for naturally aspirated spark ignition aircraft engines using primary reference fuels.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for the design of electric engines.1.2 Distributed propulsion is not excluded; however, additional requirements will be needed to address the additional issues that distributed propulsion can create. Some of those issues may include: use of a common motor controller/inverter, segregated electric harnesses, cooling systems, electric power supplies, and others.1.3 This specification does not address all of the requirements that may be necessary for possible hybrid configurations where an electric engine and a combustion engine drive a common thruster. This specification may be used for the electric engine aspects with supplemental requirements for the thruster and the combustion engine.1.4 Although this specification does not include specific requirements for electric engines that include gearboxes, thrusters, or any energy storage systems, it also does not preclude such capabilities. This specification may be used for the base electric engine aspects of the design, with supplemental requirements for any additional features prepared by the manufacturer and submitted to the Civil Airworthiness Authority for acceptance. This version of this ASTM specification also does not address all of the requirements necessary for configurations of motor driven ducted-fans. It is anticipated that the fan would be subject to parts of 14 CFR 33 or CS-E and/or 14 CFR 35 or CS-P, or equivalent, in particular blade-off and bird strike. These would be conducted on the fan as a unit (including motor) rather than on motor or fan alone.1.5 The applicant for a design approval should seek the individual guidance of their respective civil aviation authority (CAA) body concerning the use of this specification as part of a certification plan. For information on which CAA regulatory bodies have accepted this specification (in whole or in part) as a means of compliance to their general aviation aircraft airworthiness regulations (hereinafter referred to as “the Rules”), refer to ASTM Committee F39 webpage (www.ASTM.org/COMITTEE/F39.htm), which includes CAA website links.1.6 When applicable, this specification may be used for electric engines with a fixed-pitch propeller or fan. These configurations may be type-certificated as an electric engine including a thruster. There may be additional requirements not currently included in this specification for this type configuration. In addition, 5.25 is included as a test requirement for the electric engine. That section recognizes that when the electric engine does not have an integral thruster it will need to be tested with a representative load on the drive shaft to ensure the engine’s ability to operate properly with static and dynamic loads.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

This specification covers the requirements for fully formulated glycol base engine coolants intended for use in the cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. The coolants governed by this specification are categorized as follows: propanediol base concentrate and prediluted propanediol. The coolants shall provide protection in operating engines against cavitation corrosion (also termed as liner pitting) and internal engine hot surface scaling. Hot surfaces typically are within the engine head, head spacer, upper cylinder liner, or liquid cooled exhaust manifold. Both the concentrated and prediluted coolants shall meet the sulfate ion content requirement.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for fully-formulated glycol base coolants for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. When concentrates are used at 40 to 60 % PDO concentration by volume in water of suitable quality, (see Appendix X1), or when prediluted PDO base engine coolants (50 volume % minimum) are used without further dilution, they will function effectively during both winter and summer to provide protection against corrosion, cavitation, freezing, and boiling.1.2 The coolants governed by this specification are categorized as follows:Coolant Type Description   I-FF 1,3 Propanediol base concentrateII-FF 1,3 Propanediol predilute (50 vol %)1.3 Coolant concentrates meeting this specification do not require any addition of Supplemental Coolant Additive (SCA) until the first maintenance interval when a maintenance dose of SCA is required to continue protection in certain heavy-duty engine cooling systems, particularly those of the wet cylinder liner-in-block design. The SCA additions are defined by and are the primary responsibility of the engine manufacturer or vehicle manufacturer. If they provide no instructions, follow the SCA supplier’s instructions.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车