This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) applications. This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities. These contaminants are those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment. Also, this guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC CO2 products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques.1.1 This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in SFE and SFC applications (see Guide E1449 for definitions of terms). This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities.1.2 This guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC carbon dioxide (CO2) products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques. The use of this guide allows different SFE or SFC CO2 product offerings to be compared on an equal purity basis.1.3 This guide considers contaminants to be those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Fluid analysis is one of the pillars in determining fluid and equipment conditions. The results of fluid analysis are used for planning corrective maintenance activities, if required.5.2 The objective of a proper fluid sampling process is to obtain a representative fluid sample from critical location(s) that can provide information on both the equipment and the condition of the lubricant or hydraulic fluid.5.3 The additional objective is to reduce the probability of outside contamination of the system and the fluid sample during the sampling process.5.4 The intent of this guide is to help users in obtaining representative and repeatable fluid samples in a safe manner while preventing system and fluid sample contamination.1.1 This guide is applicable for collecting representative fluid samples for the effective condition monitoring of steam and gas turbine lubrication and generator cooling gas sealing systems in the power generation industry. In addition, this guide is also applicable for collecting representative samples from power generation auxiliary equipment including hydraulic systems.1.2 The fluid may be used for lubrication of turbine-generator bearings and gears, for sealing generator cooling gas as well as a hydraulic fluid for the control system. The fluid is typically supplied by dedicated pumps to different points in the system from a common or separate reservoirs. Some large steam turbine lubrication systems may also have a separate high pressure pump to allow generation of a hydrostatic fluid film for the most heavily loaded bearings prior to rotation. For some components, the lubricating fluid may be provided in the form of splashing formed by the system components moving through fluid surfaces at atmospheric pressure.1.3 Turbine lubrication and hydraulic systems are primarily lubricated with petroleum based fluids but occasionally also use synthetic fluids.1.4 For large lubrication and hydraulic turbine systems, it may be beneficial to extract multiple samples from different locations for determining the condition of a specific component.1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.1.5.1 The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The aromatic hydrocarbon content of motor diesel fuels is a factor that can affect their cetane number and exhaust emissions.5.2 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulates the aromatic content of diesel fuels. California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulations place limits on the total aromatics content and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of motor diesel fuel, thus requiring an appropriate analytical determination to ensure compliance with the regulations. Producers of diesel fuels will require similar determinations for process and quality control. This test method can be used to make such determinations.5.3 This test method is applicable to materials in the boiling range of motor diesel fuels and is unaffected by fuel coloration. Test Method D1319, which has been mandated by the USEPA for the determination of aromatics in motor diesel fuel, excludes materials with final boiling points greater than 315 °C (600 °F) from its scope. Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of both total aromatics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel, but is much more costly and time consuming to perform.5.4 Results obtained by this test method have been shown to be statistically more precise than those obtained from Test Method D1319 for typical diesel fuels, and this test method has a shorter analysis time.3 Results from this test method for total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are also expected to be at least as precise as those of Test Method D2425.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the total amounts of monoaromatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in motor diesel fuels and blend stocks by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The range of aromatics concentration to which this test method is applicable is from 1 % to 75 % by mass. The range of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations to which this test method is applicable is from 0.5 % to 50 % by mass.1.2 This test method includes relative bias for Test Method D5186 versus Test Method D1319 and Test Method D6591 versus Test Method D5186 for diesel fuels. The applicable ranges of the correlation ranges are presented in the Relative Bias section. The correlations are applicable only in the stated ranges and only to diesel fuels.1.3 This test method and correlations were developed for diesel samples not containing biodiesel; the presence of biodiesel will interfere with the results. The correlation equations are only applicable between these concentration ranges and to diesel fuels that do not contain biodiesel.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Effective antifouling coatings are essential for the retention of speed and reduction of operating costs of ships. This test method is designed as a screening test to evaluate antifouling coating systems under conditions of hydrodynamic stress caused by water flow alternated with static exposure to a fouling environment. A dynamic test is necessary because of the increasing availability of AF coatings that are designed to ablate in service to expose a fresh antifouling surface. Because no ship is underway continually, a static exposure phase is included to give fouling microorganisms the opportunity to attach under static conditions. After an initial 30-day static exposure, alternated 30-day dynamic and static exposures are recommended as a standard cycle. The initial static exposure is selected to represent vessels coming out of drydock and sitting pierside while work is being completed. This gives the paint time to lose any remaining solvents, complete curing, absorb water, and, in general, stabilize to the in-water environment.5.2 This test method is intended to provide a comparison with a control antifouling coating of known performance in protecting underwater portions of ships’ hulls. This test method gives an indication of the performance and anticipated service life of antifouling coatings for use on seagoing vessels. However, the degree of correlation between this test method and service performance has not been determined.1.1 This test method covers the determination of antifouling performance and reduction of thickness of marine antifouling (AF) coatings by erosion or ablation (see Section 3) under specified conditions of hydrodynamic shear stress in seawater alternated with static exposure in seawater. An antifouling coating system of known performance is included to serve as a control in antifouling studies.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazards statement, see Section 8.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This is a performance-based method, and modifications are allowed to improve performance.5.1.1 Due to the rapid development of newer instrumentation and column chemistries, changes to the analysis described in this test method are allowed as long as better or equivalent performance data result. Any modifications shall be documented and performance data generated. The user of the data generated by this test method shall be made aware of these changes and given the performance data demonstrating better or equivalent performance.5.2 The first reported synthesis of BPA was by the reaction of phenol with acetone by Zincke.7 BPA has become an important high-volume industrial chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastic and resins are used in numerous products, including electrical and electronic equipment, automobiles, sports and safety equipment, reusable food and drink containers, electrical laminates for printed circuit boards, composites, paints, adhesives, dental sealants, protective coatings, and many other products.85.3 The environmental source of BPA is predominantly from the decomposition of polycarbonate plastics and resins. BPA is not classified as bio-accumulative by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and will biodegrade. BPA has been reported to have adverse effects in aquatic organisms and may be released into environmental waters directly at trace levels through landfill leachate and sewage treatment plant effluents. This method has been investigated for use with soil, sludge, and biosolids.5.4 The land application of biosolids has raised concerns over the fate of BPA in the environment, and a standard method is needed to monitor concentrations. This method has been investigated for use with various soils.1.1 This procedure covers the determination of Bisphenol A (BPA) in soil, sludge, and biosolids. This test method is based upon solvent extraction of a soil matrix by pressurized fluid extraction (PFE). The extract is filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). BPA is qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this test method.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 The method detection limit (MDL),2 electrospray ionization (ESI) mode, and reporting range3 for BPA are listed in Table 1.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in supercritical fluid chromatography, including techniques, apparatuses, and reagents.1.1 This guide deals primarily with the terms and relationships used in supercritical fluid chromatography.1.2 Since many of the basic terms and definitions also apply to gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, this guide is using, whenever possible, symbols identical to Practices E355 and E682.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Evaluations by both test methods differentiate between fluids having low, medium, and high levels of extreme-pressure properties. The user should establish any correlation between results by either method and service performance.NOTE 3: Relative ratings by both test methods on the fluids covered in Table X2.1 and Table X2.2 are in good general agreement with four-ball weld-point relative ratings obtained on these same fluids, covered in Test Method D2783.1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for making a preliminary evaluation of the load-carrying properties of fluid lubricants by means of the Falex Pin and Vee Block Test Machine.NOTE 1: Additional information can be found in Appendix X1 regarding coefficient of friction, load gauge conversions, and load gauge calibration curve.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Use of this practice is intended to reduce occupational dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment.5.2 Complaints of dermatitis conditions are often associated with exposures to metal removal fluid.5.3 Implementation of this practice and incorporation of metal removal fluid management program has the potential to reduce complaints of occupational dermatitis. Elements of an effective program include: understanding dermatitis and associated causes; prevention of dermatitis and exposure to metal removal fluids; appropriate product selection; good management of additives, microorganisms, and fluids; appropriate additive (including antimicrobial pesticides) selection and additive control; appropriate tool design and assessment; and control of metal removal fluid exposures, including aerosols.1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.1.2 This practice incorporates means and mechanisms to reduce dermal exposure to the wet metal removal environment and to control factors in the wet metal removal environment that have the potential to cause dermatitis.1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure to the skin via contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Brass components are routinely used in compressed gas service for valves, pressure regulators, connectors and many other components. Although soft brass is not susceptible to ammonia SCC, work-hardened brass is susceptible if its hardness exceeds about 54 HR 30T (55HRB) (Rockwell scale). Normal assembly of brass components should not induce sufficient work hardening to cause susceptibility to ammonia SCC. However, it is has been observed that over-tightening of the components will render them susceptible to SCC, and the problem becomes more severe in older components that have been tightened many times. In this test, the specimens are obtained in the hardened condition and are strained beyond the elastic limit to accelerate the tendency towards SCC.5.2 It is normal practice to use LDFs to check pressurized systems to assure that leaking is not occurring. LDFs are usually aqueous solutions containing surfactants that will form bubbles at the site of a leak. If the LDF contains ammonia or other agent that can cause SCC in brass, serious damage can occur to the system that will compromise its safety and integrity.5.3 It is important to test LDFs to assure that they do not cause SCC of brass and to assure that the use of these products does not compromise the integrity of the pressure containing system.5.4 It has been found that corrosion of brass is necessary before SCC can occur. The reason for this is that the corrosion process results in cupric and cuprous ions accumulating in the electrolyte. Therefore, adding copper metal and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) to the aqueous solution accelerates the SCC process if agents that cause SCC are present. However, adding these components to a solution that does not cause SCC will not make stressed brass crack.5.5 Repeated application of the solution to the specimen followed by a drying period causes the components in the solution to concentrate thereby further increasing the rate of cracking. This also simulates service where a system may be tested many times during its life. These features of the test method accelerate the test and allow an answer to be obtained more rapidly.5.6 This test method applies only to brasses. Successful passage of this test does not assure that the LDF will be acceptable for use on other alloy systems such as stainless steels or aluminum alloys.1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test method for evaluating the tendency of gas leak detection fluids (LDFs) to cause stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass components in compressed gas service.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Endotoxins in metalworking fluid aerosols present potential respiratory health hazards to workers who inhale them. Therefore, a consensus standard is needed to provide reliable data on workplace airborne endotoxin concentrations where metalworking fluids are used.5.2 This practice for measuring airborne endotoxin concentrations in metalworking fluid atmospheres will help to foster a better understanding of endotoxin exposure-response relationships.5.3 This practice facilitates comparisons of interlaboratory data from methods and field investigative studies.1.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in poly-disperse metalworking fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.1.2 Users of this practice may obtain personal or area exposure data of endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols, either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.1.3 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.1.4 This practice seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.1.5 It is anticipated that this practice will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from metalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling, extraction, and analytical methods.1.6 In 1997, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) empanelled a Standards Advisory Committee to make recommendations to the Administration regarding measures that the Administration could take to improve the health of workers exposed to metalworking fluids. A report to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA was submitted in July 1999. Subcommittee E34.50 believes that the user community would benefit significantly if a standard method was developed to give the community guidance on a methodology for the sampling and analysis of personal airborne endotoxin exposure assessments in facilities using water-miscible metal removal fluids, based on the LAL assay or other endotoxin detection technologies as they become available.1.7 This practice does not attempt to set or imply limits for personal exposure to endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols in workplace environments.1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The aromatic hydrocarbon content of aviation turbine fuels is a factor that can affect their density, elastomer compatibility, system durability and exhaust emissions. The aromatic hydrocarbon content and the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon such as naphthalene content of aviation turbine fuels affect their combustion characteristics and smoke-forming tendencies. These properties are controlled by maximum aromatics and naphthalene content specifications for refined aviation turbine fuels (see Specification D1655) and by both minimum and maximum aromatic content, and maximum naphthalene content, for semi synthetic aviation turbine fuels (see Specification D7566).5.2 The Federal Aviation Administration regulates the aromatic content of aviation fuels, thus requiring an appropriate analytical determination to ensure compliance with the regulations. Producers of aviation fuels will require similar determinations for process and quality control. This test method can be used to make such determinations.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the concentration of total aromatics, and total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in aviation turbine fuels and other kerosenes by supercritical fluid chromatography within the working range as listed below:Prop. (mass %) Method Working RangeA Valid Test Result RangeBPolyArom 0.3017 to 3.443 0.144 to 3.893Tot Arom 0.2863 to 24.6256 0.004 to 25.3751.2 This test method may also be used for the analyses of jet fuels, such as Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosenes (SPK) that contain not less than 0.29 % total aromatics by Test Method D2425.1.3 This test method includes correlations to test methods Test Method D1319 for total aromatics and to Test Method D1840 for total naphthalenes content.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties such as non-governmental organizations.4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may each want to focus on certain documents which are directly applicable to them:4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers: 4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids: 4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al.7 (see also Maron et al.).8 It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in the formulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids: 4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.4.4.2.2 Application of Guide E1302 will provide information on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids and will assist the user in evaluating the potential health hazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices.4.4.3 E3265 Guide for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Foaming Tendency: 4.4.3.1 Guide E3265 provides an overview of foaming tendency evaluation protocols and their appropriate use.4.4.3.2 Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were withdrawn in 2013. Although each method had some utility, neither method reliably predicted in-use foaming tendency. Since Test Methods D3519 and D3601 were first adopted several more predictive test protocols have been developed. However, it is also common knowledge that no single protocol is universally suitable for predicting water-miscible metalworking fluid (MWF) foaming tendency.4.4.3.3 There are no generally recognized reference standard fluids (either MWF or foam control additive). Instead, it is important to include a relevant reference sample in all testing.4.4.3.4 Guide E3265 summarizes foam forming theory then provides a summary of commonly used foaming test protocols, including blender, shake, air sparge, and recirculation tests.4.4.3.5 For each protocol, Guide E3265 explains the testing concept, apparatus needed, a summary of the test process, reporting, protocol variations, most appropriate applications and advantages, and least appropriate applications and limitations.4.5 Documents Applicable to Users: 4.5.1 E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids: 4.5.1.1 Practice E1497 sets forth guidelines for the safe use of metal removal fluids, additives, and biocides. This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.4.5.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically used at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and biocides.4.5.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or other oils of animal or vegetable origin. Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included in straight oil formulations.4.5.2 E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment: 4.5.2.1 Practice E1972 sets forth guidelines for minimizing effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.2.2 Practice E1972 incorporates all practical means and mechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to control effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.3 D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres: 4.5.3.1 Test Method D7049 covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a range from 0.05 mg/m3 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.4.5.3.2 Test Method D7049 describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.4.5.4 E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres: 4.5.4.1 Practice E2144 covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin concentrations in polydisperse metal removal fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.4.5.4.2 Endotoxins in metal removal fluid aerosols present potential respiratory hazards to workers who inhale them.4.5.4.3 Users of Practice E2144 may obtain personal exposure data of endotoxin in metal removal fluid aerosols, either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.4.5.4.4 Practice E2144 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.4.5.4.5 Practice E2144 seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation, but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.4.6 It is anticipated that Practice E2144 will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from metalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling, extraction, and analytical methods.4.5.5 E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids: 4.5.5.1 Practice E2169 provides recommendations for selecting antimicrobial pesticides (microbiocides) for use in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF). It presents information regarding regulatory requirements, as well as technical factors including target microbes, efficacy, and chemical compatibility.4.5.5.2 Practice E2169 is not an encyclopedic compilation of all the concepts and terminology used by chemists, microbiologits, toxicologists, formulators, plant engineers, and regulatory affairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticide selection and application. Instead, it provides a general understanding of the selection process and its supporting considerations.4.5.6 E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentration in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids: 4.5.6.1 Practice E2657 covers quantitative methods for the sampling and determination of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin concentrations in water-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF).4.5.6.2 Users of Practice E2657 should be familiar with the handling of MWF.4.5.6.3 Practice E2657 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled MWF.(1) Used onsite, Practice E2657 gives an indication of changes in Gram-negative bacterial contamination in the MWF.(2) Practice E2657 does not replace Practice E2144.4.5.6.4 Practice E2657 seeks to minimize interlaboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.6.5 Practice E2657 is intended to relate endotoxin concentration in MWF to health effects of inhaled endotoxin.4.5.7 E2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count Method: 4.5.7.1 Test Method E2563 covers the detection and enumeration of viable and culturable rapidly growing Mycobacteria (RGM), or non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) in aqueous metalworking fluids (MWF) in the presence of high non-mycobacterial background population using standard microbiological culture methods.4.5.7.2 NTM such as Mycobacterium immunogenum have been implicated as causative agents of the respiratory disease, extrinsic allergic aveolitis (also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis; HP).4.5.7.3 The measurement of viable and culturable mycobacterial densities combined with the total mycobacterial counts (including viable culturable (VC), viable non-culturable (VNC), and non-viable (NV) counts) is usually the first step in establishing any possible relationship between Mycobacteria and occupational health concerns (for example, HP).4.5.7.4 Test Method E2563 can be employed in survey studies to characterize the viable culturable mycobacterial population densities of metal working fluid field samples.4.5.7.5 Test Method E2563 is also applicable for establishing the mycobacterial resistance of metalworking fluid formulations by determining mycobacterium survival by means of plate count technique.4.5.7.6 Test Method E2563 can be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of microbicides against Mycobacteria in metalworking fluids.4.5.8 E2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) Method: 4.5.8.1 Test Method E2564 describes a direct microscopic counting method (DMC) for the enumeration of the acid-fast stained mycobacteria population in metalworking fluids. It can be used to detect levels of total mycobacteria population, including culturable as well as non-culturable (possibly dead or moribund) bacterial cells. This test method is recommended for all water-based metalworking fluids.4.5.8.2 As noted in 4.5.7.1, non-tuberculosis mycobacteria are common members of the indigenous MWF bacterial population that have been implicated as agents of HP.4.5.8.3 Test Method E2564 provides a quantitative assessment of the total numbers of acid-fast bacilli using acid-fast staining to selectively identify mycobacteria from other bacteria, followed by enumeration or direct microscopic counting of a known volume over a known area.4.5.8.4 Although other microbes—particularly the Actinomycetes—also stain acid fast, they are differentiated from the mycobacteria because of their morphology and size. Non-mycobacteria, acid-fast microbes are 50 to 100 times larger than mycobacteria.4.5.8.5 Test Method E2564 provides quantitative information on the total (culturable and non-culturable viable, and non-viable) mycobacteria populations. The results are expressed quantitatively as mycobacteria per mL of metalworking fluid sample.4.5.8.6 The DMC method using the acid-fast staining technique is a semi-quantitative method with a relatively fast turnaround time.4.5.8.7 The DMC method can also be employed in field survey studies to characterize the changes in total mycobacteria densities of metalworking fluid systems over a long period of time.4.5.8.8 The sensitivity detection limit of the DMC method depends on the MF and the sample volume (direct or centrifuged, etc.) examined.4.5.9 E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids: 4.5.9.1 Test Method E2694 provides a protocol for capturing, extracting, and quantifying the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content associated with microorganisms found in MWF.4.5.9.2 Test Method E2694 measures the concentration of ATP present in the sample. ATP is a constituent of all living cells, including bacteria and fungi. Consequently, the presence of ATP is an indicator of total microbial contamination in metalworking fluids. ATP is not associated with matter of non-biological origin.4.5.9.3 The ATP test provides rapid test results that reflect the total bioburden in the sample. It thereby reduces the delay between test initiation and data capture, from the 36 h to 48 h (or longer) required for culturable colonies to become visible, to approximately 5 min.4.5.9.4 Although ATP data generally covary with culture data in MWF,9 different factors affect ATP concentration than those that affect culturability.4.5.9.5 Because ATP is present in all living organisms, Test Method E2694 can be used as a first-screen to determine whether additional microbiological testing is needed.4.5.9.6 Although there is no consensus on the exact relationship between bulk MWF bioburdens and bioaerosol concentrations, it is generally recognized that higher bulk fluid bioburdens imply higher bioaerosol concentrations.4.5.10 E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment: 4.5.10.1 Practice E2693 sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.4.5.10.2 Practice E2693 incorporates means and mechanisms to reduce dermal exposure to the wet metal removal environment and to control factors in the wet metal removal environment that have the potential to cause dermatitis.4.5.10.3 Practice E2693 focuses on employee exposure to the skin via contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).4.6 Documents Applicable to All: 4.6.1 E2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: 4.6.1.1 Practice E2889 sets forth guidelines to control respiratory hazards in the metal removal fluid environment.4.6.1.2 Practice E2889 adopts a systems management approach to control of respiratory hazards in the metal removal fluid environment. Elements include management practices, product selection, methods for mist minimization, machine tool design and maintenance, bioaerosol control, fluid testing and maintenance, personal protective equipment, occupational exposure guidelines, aerosol monitoring and testing methods, medical monitoring and management, and communication and training.4.6.1.3 Practice E2889 focuses on employee exposure via inhalation of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents. It does not include prevention of dermatitis, which is the subject of Practice E2693.4.6.2 Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment – A Guide to the Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids: 4.6.2.1 This guide collects best practices in the management of metal removal fluid systems and provides an educational tool to assist users in taking control of the MRF systems in their workplaces.4.6.2.2 For many industrial organizations, focusing on the systematic management of MRF systems has proven effective in controlling exposures in the wet metal removal/machining environment. The recommendations are distilled from the experiences of Organization Resources Counselors member companies and represent best practice.4.6.3 Criteria for a Recommended Standard – Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids: 4.6.3.1 This criteria document reviews available information about the adverse health effects associated with occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and metalworking fluid aerosols.4.6.3.2 Criteria documents provide the scientific basis for new occupational safety and health standards and contain a critical review of the scientific and technical information available on the prevalence of hazards, the existence of safety and health risks, and the adequacy of control methods.4.6.4 Metalworking Fluids – Safety and Health Best Practices Manual: 4.6.4.1 This document reviews best practices as documented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, including engineering and work practice controls, establishing a metalworking fluid management program, instituting an exposure monitoring program, medical monitoring of exposed employees, and training.4.6.4.2 This manual is not a standard or regulation and creates no new legal obligations. It is advisory in nature, informational in content, and is intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace for workers exposed to metalworking fluids through effective prevention programs adapted to the needs and resources of each place of employment.1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Although it is possible to observe and measure each of the several characteristics of a detector under different and unique conditions, it is the intent of this recommended practice that a complete set of detector specifications should be obtained at the same operating conditions, including geometry, flow rates, and temperatures. It should be noted that to specify a detector’s capability completely, its performance should be measured at several sets of conditions within the useful range of the detector. The terms and tests described in this recommended practice are sufficiently general so that they may be used at whatever conditions may be chosen for other reasons.4.2 The FID is generally only used with non-ionizable supercritical fluids as the mobile phase. Therefore, this standard does not include the use of modifiers in the supercritical fluid.4.3 Linearity and speed of response of the recording system or other data acquisition device used should be such that it does not distort or otherwise interfere with the performance of the detector. Effective recorder response, Bonsall (5) and McWilliam (6), in particular, should be sufficiently fast so that it can be neglected in sensitivity of measurements. If additional amplifiers are used between the detector and the final readout device, their characteristics should also first be established.1.1 This practice covers the testing of the performance of a flame ionization detector (FID) used as the detection component of a gas or supercritical fluid (SF) chromatographic system.1.2 This recommended practice is directly applicable to an FID that employs a hydrogen-air or hydrogen-oxygen flame burner and a dc biased electrode system.1.3 This recommended practice covers the performance of the detector itself, independently of the chromatographic column, the column-to-detector interface (if any), and other system components, in terms that the analyst can use to predict overall system performance when the detector is made part of a complete chromatographic system.1.4 For general gas chromatographic procedures, Practice E260 should be followed except where specific changes are recommended herein for the use of an FID. For definitions of gas chromatography and its various terms see recommended Practice E355.1.5 For general information concerning the principles, construction, and operation of an FID, see Refs (1, 2, 3, 4).21.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 5.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 High values may indicate contamination of the silicone with other materials, inadequate removal of volatile components by the producer, or the presence of a depolymerization catalyst.4.2 The outcome will be affected directly by the presence of any high vapor pressure material in the sample, such as solvents or low molecular weight silicones.4.3 A high volatile content could also indicate the presence of a depolymerization catalyst in the fluid. The time and temperature specified in this test method are ideal for detecting the effect of such a material, as the depolymerization takes place at a highly accelerated rate and the low molecular weight components are rapidly evaporated. The result is a very significant weight loss during the test period. The exact amount depends on the type and amount of catalyst present. The conditions specified in the method should not cause measureable depolymerization of silicone if such a catalyst is not present.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the volatile matter in silicone fluids used for electrical insulation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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