4.1 When waterborne inks and ink vehicles are shipped during cold weather, these materials may experience cycles of freezing and thawing. This can damage the material rendering it unusable.4.2 Cycles of freezing and thawing can cause more damage to waterborne inks or ink vehicles than when the inks or ink vehicles are subjected to steady freezing.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the properties of water-based inks and ink vehicles.1.2 This test is based on a similar standard test for coatings; Test Method D2243.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is the procedure of choice for determining volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset inks. This information is useful to the ink manufacturer and user and to environmental interests as part of the determination of the mass of volatile organic compounds emitted from the ink.NOTE 3: Since these inks do not contain water or any materials currently classified by US EPA as negligibly photochemically reactive (exempt solvents), volatile organic compound content is the same as volatile content. The volatile organic compounds in these inks are high boiling hydrocarbon oils which are, according to US EPA guidelines, 95 % retained in the printed substrate or oxidized into the ink film. Therefore, the mass of volatile organic compound emitted from the ink would be calculated as only 5 % of the volatile organic compound content of the ink as derived from the results of this test method.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determination of the weight percent volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset printing inks. Test specimens are heated at 110 °C ± 1 °C for 60 min.NOTE 1: Coldset web offset printing is often (also) referred to as non-heatset web offset printing.1.2 This test method is also applicable to sheet-fed and coldset web offset printing ink vehicles.NOTE 2: Vehicle is the liquid portion of the printing ink. Any substance that is dissolved in the liquid portion of the ink is a part of the vehicle.1.3 This test method is not applicable to ultra-violet (UV) or electron beam cured materials, which must be cured by exposure to UV light or an electron beam as part of the test for volatile content.1.4 This test method is based on Test Method D2369, in which the allowable ranges are ±0.1 g for specimen weight and ±5 °C for oven temperature. Interlaboratory studies have shown that specimen weight and oven temperature must both be more tightly controlled in order to improve the precision of test results for sheet-fed and coldset web-offset inks. Such inks typically contain a wide range of high-boiling hydrocarbons and often have a volatile content below 25 %.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement see 7.5.11.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended to direct the user to the appropriate existing standards and literature in order for the user to become knowledgeable of the operations that need to be done to effectively compare, detect and identify the odors of paints, inks, and related materials.4.2 This guide directs the user to specific standards and literature sources that allow the user to accomplish the primary steps to complete the following task:(1) Comparing products for their odor characteristics,(2) Determining the perception threshold of odors,(3) Isolating and identifying the chemical nature of the odor, and(4) Confirming the results.1.1 This guide is intended to provide direction in order to assist the producers and users of paints, inks, and related coatings, and others who may also be exposed, to detect, compare and identify the odors that may originate from these materials.1.2 This guide is intended to provide references for establishing guidelines to assist in identifying and verifying the sources of odors and other related issues. Further information may be found in DS-48A (1).21.3 This guide is intended to assist in establishing guidelines as follows:(1) Comparing products for their odor characteristics,(2) Determining the perception threshold of odors,(3) Isolating and identifying the chemical nature of the odor, and(4) Confirming the results.1.4 For hazard information and guidance, see the supplier's Material Safety Data Sheet.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Inadequate setting or drying of sheetfed inks, or both, can cause blocking of stacked prints with subsequent loss of product. “Setting” of an ink refers to the rapid rise in viscosity of the printed ink film, sometimes accompanied by surface drying, that prevents transference of the undried ink film to adjacent surfaces under light pressure. “Setting” is a property of the ink-substrate combination. Inadequate drying may be due to several factors, but the primary causes are: (1) omission of metallic driers from the ink, improper ink formulation (2) unusual ink-substrate interactions, and (3) use of a fountain solution that is too acidic. If the test prints are made on a standard laboratory proof press, where there is no application of fountain solution, then only the first three possible causes can be evaluated. If the prints have been made on a commercial production printing press or some other acceptable means of introducing the fountain solution into the ink agreed upon, then the effect of fountain solution can be determined. It will often be necessary to run several tests to isolate the specific cause of a drying problem.5.2 This test method is suitable for most combinations of oxidative drying inks and substrates. Because this test method relies on a visual assessment of the extent of drying, very light colors and clear varnishes may present difficulties in quantifying the extent of drying. In such cases, the supplier and the customer should agree upon an alternative method of assessing the drying properties of the ink.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the drying time of oxidative-drying printing inks (also referred to as “sheetfed inks”) by squalene resistance of printed ink films.1.2 This test method is applicable to all paste inks that dry primarily by oxidation regardless of the substrate on which they are printed. With appropriate changes in the test fluid, it may also be used with paste inks that dry by other mechanisms, such as heatset or ultraviolet light.1.3 This test method utilizes a modified rub tester and is intended to serve as a “referee” procedure when laboratories, using less rigorous test procedures (see Appendix X1), cannot agree on their results.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used as a manufacturing or laboratory process control tool by providing a visual comparison of the ability to resist solvent break-through against an established control. The test method is designed to indicate a potential problem caused by an undercured condition but does not identify what caused the condition.5.2 This test method does not duplicate the conditions on a printing press but does provide a means to determine whether the test sample meets specifications as agreed upon between supplier and customer.1.1 This test method describes the procedure for evaluating the relative cure of printed energy-cured (ultraviolet or electron beam) ink or coating by a mechanical solvent rub test using a motorized Crockmeter.1.2 This test method is applicable to laboratory and production prints on any flat substrate that is no thicker than 3 mm (0.125 in.), durable enough to withstand the test conditions, and for which a control (reference) sample is available.1.3 This test method applies to comparisons between energy-cured inks and coatings of the same chemistry and film weight and should not be used to compare different ink or coating chemistries or various applied film weights without first establishing process performance.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Tack of printing inks controls their high-speed transfer properties, as manifested by throughput in roll milling, picking of paper during printing, and wet trapping in multicolor printing. Although an apparent tack measurement does not completely predict the transfer performance of an ink or a vehicle, it provides a meaningful parameter for quality control, development, and research. A number of three-roller tackmeters are available that differ in design features such as roller weight, geometry, and composition of the distribution system. Instruments of different types do not give the same apparent tack readings. Instruments of the same type will only give apparent tack readings within tolerance, provided that they are maintained and calibrated properly and in the same manner.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the apparent tack of printing inks using a three-roller tackmeter. 1.2 This test method is applicable to all paste-type printing inks and vehicles that are essentially nonvolatile under ordinary room conditions, provided that any elastomer covered rollers in the tackmeter are resistant to attack by the particular ink or vehicle chemistry. Different elastomers may be required for different ink or vehicle chemistries. 1.3 This test method covers three-roller tackmeters of two different geometries, referred to as Geometry A and Geometry B. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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