4.1 GCLs must be properly manufactured in a manner consistent with a minimum level of quality control as determined by in-house testing of the final product. This practice suggests the types of tests, the methods of the testing, and the minimum testing frequencies.MD = machine direction.    CD = cross-machine direction.    Minimum = lowest result for the produced lot from which the supplied rolls were selected.    Maximum = highest result for the produced lot from which the supplied rolls were selected.    n/a = not applicable.(A) The tests on the bentonite are to be performed on the as-received material before fabrication into the GCL product.(B) Cert letter from component manufacturer or QA from GCL manufacturer, or both. Cert letters must arrive and be checked before the components are used for the GCL production.(C) If the moisture content from the bentonite added during production did not change, the mass per unit area and moisture content of the bentonite (evaluated according to 1.3 in Table 1) can be used to determine the values of the finished GCL product.(D) Components from finished GCL product should not be separated and tested, because the production process may alter the properties of the components.(E) MARV–minimum average roll value, only evaluated for a one-year production period with an average value minus 2 standard deviations. If the production period is less than one year, for example, for job-specific products, a MARV value may not be able to be evaluated, then the minimum value shall be reported.(F) Dried bentonite should be defined as 0 % moisture content.(G) Internal shear testing (Test Method D6243/D6243M) may be applicable to quality control of the bonding strength of non-needle-punched reinforced and stitch-bonded GCLs.(H) This test is not applicable for multi-component GCLs (for example, products with geomembrane backing(s), geofilm backing(s), or polymer backing(s)).4.2 It should be clearly recognized that manufacturers may perform additional tests or at greater frequency than required in this practice, or both. In this case, the manufacturer's quality control plan will then take precedence over this practice. The quoted tests and test methods in Table 1 must appear in the QC plan and the QC report.4.3 It should also be recognized that purchasers and installers of GCLs may require additional tests or greater frequencies than called for in this practice, or both. The organization(s) producing such project-specific specification or quality assurance plan should recognize that such requirements are beyond the current state of the practice. If such a request is made by purchasers or installers, they should clearly communicate the requirements to the manufacturer or supplier during the contract decisions in order that disputes do not arise at a subsequent time.1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing quality control of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), describing types of tests, the proper test methods, and the minimum testing frequencies.1.2 This practice is intended to aid manufacturers, suppliers, purchasers, and users of GCLs in establishing a minimum level of effort for manufacturing quality control.1.3 This practice does not address manufacturing quality assurance, product acceptance testing, or conformance testing. These are independent activities taken by organizations other than the GCL manufacturer.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Clay mineral is a major functional component of GCL systems that reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial, waste, or ground water through the liner.4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and affect the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test method evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to performance.1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of swelling properties of a clay mineral in reagent water for estimation of its usefulness in geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). This test method is not applicable for clays with polymers.1.2 It is adapted from United States Pharmacopeia (USP-NF-XVII) test method for bentonite.1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested after drying to constant weight at 105 ± 5 °C; granular clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 150-µm (No. 100) U.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 75-µm (No. 200) U.S. Standard Sieve. The bentonite passing the 150-µm U.S. Standard Sieve is used for testing after drying to constant weight at 105 ± 5 °C.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL that reduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste or ground water through the liner.4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and affect the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test method evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates to performance.1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral film deposited on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of clay mineral at 100-psi (kPa) pressure as a measure of its usefulness for permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction in geosynthetic clay liners (GCL). This test method is not applicable for clays with polymers.1.2 This test method is adapted from American Petroleum Institute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granular clay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product used for testing.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.21.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide provides information, requirements and recommendations for design professionals, fabricators, installers and end-users of FRP chimney liners. FRP is a cost-effective and appropriate material of construction for liners operating at moderate temperatures in a corrosive chemical environment.4.2 This guide provides uniformity and consistency to the design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) liners for concrete chimneys with coal-fired units. Other fossil fuels will require a thorough review of the operating and service conditions and the impact on material selection.4.3 This guide is limited specifically to FRP liners within a supporting concrete shell and is not applicable to other FRP cylindrical structures.1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user concerning available techniques and methods for design, material selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory testing, quality control and assurance.1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for the industry.1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment, each liner must be designed and detailed individually.1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements, composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are offered.1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed, procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority and responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps required to implement the quality-assurance program.1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development subjects to further support recommendations of this guide.1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when data or recommendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. The design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  SectionIntroduction and Background   and Objective 1Referenced Documents 2 ASTM Standards 2.1 ACI Standard 2.2 NFPA Standard 2.3 ASME Standards 2.4Terminology 3 ASTM Standard General Definitions 3.1 Applicable Definitions 3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3 Symbols 3.4 4Service and Operating Environments 5 Service Conditions 5.1 Environmental Severity 5.2 Chemical Environment 5.3 Erosion/Abrasion Environment 5.4 Operating Temperature Environment 5.5 Abnormal Environments 5.6 Other Operating and Service Environments 5.7 Static Electricity Build-Up 5.8 Flame Spread 5.9Materials 6 Raw Materials 6.1 Laminate Composition 6.2 Laminate Properties 6.3Design 7 Design 7.1 Assumptions 7.2 Dead Loads 7.3 Wind Loads 7.4 Earthquake Loads 7.5 Thermal Loads 7.6 Circumferential Pressure Loads 7.7 Load Factors 7.8 Resistance Factors 7.9 Loading Combinations 7.10 Allowable Longitudinal Stresses 7.11 Allowable Circumferential Stresses 7.12 Design Limits 7.13 Tolerances 7.14 Deflections 7.15 Critical Deign Considerations and Details 7.16Fabrication 8 Fabrication 8.1 Reponsibility of Fabricator 8.2 Fabrication Facility 8.3 General Construction 8.4 Fabrication Equipment 8.5 Resin Systems 8.6 Reinforcement 8.7 Fabrication Procedures 8.8 Handling and Transportation 8.9 Erection Appurtenances 8.10 Tolerances 8.11Erection of FRP Liners 9 Erection Scheme and Sequence 9.1 Handling and Storage on Site 9.2 Erection Appurtenances 9.3 Field Joints 9.4 Field Joints Lamination Procedure 9.5Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10.1 Quality-Assurance Program 10.2 Quality-Assurance Surveillance 10.3 Inspections 10.4 Submittals 10.5Operation Maintenance and Start-Up Procedures 11 Initial Start-Up 11.1 Operation and Maintenance 11.2Annex   Typical Inspection Checklist Annex A1Appendix   Commentary Appendix X1References  1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 History: 4.1.1 For many years, brick liners have been used with an excellent record of performance. For the most part, however, the design and construction of brick liners has been based on past industry practice due to the lack of available information and knowledge of the physical properties of the brick and mortar, the thermal and seismic behavior of brick liners, and many related characteristics that were not properly or accurately defined.4.1.2 The use of scrubbers, which lower gas temperatures and introduce highly corrosive condensates into the flue gas system, requires many new design considerations. The effect that scrubbers have on brick liners is an ongoing area of study, since a number of liners have experienced growth- and deflection-related problems which may be attributable, at least in part, to nonuniform temperature and moisture conditions within the liners.4.2 Purpose—The recommendations contained herein represent current industry practices and serve to define the pertinent considerations that should be followed in the design and construction of brick chimney liners.1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design, construction, and serviceability of brick liners for industrial chimneys. The structural design criteria are applicable to vertical masonry cantilever structures supported only at their base, either by a foundation, a concrete pedestal, or by some means from the outer concrete shell. Excluded from direct consideration are single-wythe, sectional brick linings that are supported on a series of corbels cast in the outer chimney shell.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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