定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The thermal expansion under load and the 20 to 50 h creep properties of a refractory are useful in characterizing the load-bearing capacity of a refractory that is uniformly heated. Directly applicable examples are blast furnace stoves and glass furnace checkers.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the linear change of refractory specimens that are subjected to compressive stress while being heated and while being held at elevated temperatures.1.2 This test method does not apply to materials whose strength depends on pitch or carbonaceous bonds unless appropriate atmospheric control is used (see 7.3).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers externally threaded bolts, studs, and cap screws called fasteners, capable of indicating clamping forces up to yield strength during the tightening process or post installation residual tension, or both. Load-indicating fasteners utilize mechanical, electronic, or ultrasonic means to indicate fastener tension. These fasteners provide a means to verify the desired clamp load in critical applications upon installation and in service. This specification covers the following four different types of load-indicating fasteners: mechanical dial type (MT); electronic type (ET); strain gauge type (ST); and ultrasonic type (UT). Tension test shall be performed to conform to the chemical and mechanical requirements specified.1.1 This specification covers externally threaded bolts, studs, and cap screws, herein called fasteners, capable of indicating clamping forces up to yield strength during the tightening process or post installation residual tension, or both. Load-indicating fasteners utilize a variety of sensor types to indicate fastener tension. This specification outlines the various types of load indication technologies available and defines their performance requirements.1.2 This specification covers fastener diameters 1/4 to 7 in. [M6 to M180] inclusive. Fasteners are manufactured from a variety of material types and grades. All fastener materials shall be defined by a governing engineering standard or specification for strength and performance values (see 6.1). Fasteners governed by this specification shall maintain traceability of material test records throughout the manufacturing process to verify conformance with the applicable fastener standards.1.3 These fasteners provide a means to verify the desired clamp load in critical applications upon installation and in service.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of the specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is intended to be used mainly as a means of comparing the performance of unitizing films. It can also be used to compare the effectiveness of different wrap cycles with the same wrapping materials. No direct correlation between these tests results and actual field performance has been established.5.2 This test method simulates the horizontal impact elements of the distribution environment. Horizontal impacts are encountered in rail car switching and pallet marshalling procedures, both in the warehouse and during the loading and unloading of transport vehicles.5.3 This test method leaves open to the discretion of the user the establishment of test levels and the number of impacts constituting the test so that one might tailor the test to simulate one’s particular distribution environment. The section entitled “Element H—Simulated Rail Switching” in Practice D4169 may provide some guidance in this regard.1.1 This test method is used to evaluate and compare the ability of stretch-wrap films to survive horizontal impacts in a laboratory simulation.1.2 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode of shipping and handling used for the unit load under test.1.3 The methodology of performing the controlled horizontal impacts is described in detail in Test Methods D4003. This test method will describe only sample preparation and evaluation in the special case of evaluating the performance of film for load unitizing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

3.1 The ability of refractory shapes to withstand prescribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of the high-temperature service potential of the material. By definition, refractory shapes must resist change due to high temperature, and the ability to withstand deformation or shape change when subjected to significant loading at elevated temperatures is clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected to this test method. The test method is normally run at a sufficiently high temperature to allow some liquids to form within the test brick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The result is usually a decrease in sample dimension parallel to the applied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicular to the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur. Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimensions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test method has been long used to determine refractory quality. The test method has often been used in the establishment of written specifications between producers and consumers.3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory materials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless means are provided to protect the specimens.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to deformation or shear of refractory shapes when subjected to a specified compressive load at a specified temperature for a specified time.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is intended to be used mainly as a means of comparing the performance of stretch-wrap films. It can also be used to compare the effectiveness of different wrap cycles with the same wrapping materials. No direct correlation between these test results and actual field performance has been established.4.2 This test method simulates the shipping of unitized loads by way of truck and rail, concentrating on the vibration element associated with these modes. Other elements of the distribution system, such as mechanical handling, are not addressed specifically in this test method.4.3 This test method establishes a method for rating the performance of films, but it leaves open to the discretion of the user the establishment of an acceptable rating for the specific end-use intended.1.1 This test method is used to evaluate and compare the ability of stretch-wrap films to contain unitized loads during shipping.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is intended to be used by parties involved in the testing of floors and roofs of structures either in the field or the laboratory. Tests are either proof tests or tests to failure, and are applicable to all construction materials. The practice is not intended for use in routine quality control testing of individual building elements or constructions.1.1 This practice covers static load testing of floors and low slope roofs (roofs having a slope of less than 1 in 12) under actual or simulated service conditions, and is applicable to typical elements or sections of structures fabricated for test or to actual existing building components. This practice is intended for use in determining the strength and stiffness of elements or sections of floors and roofs of buildings under gravity loads, as well as in checking the design, materials, connections, and the quality of the fabrication of such building constructions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 To show compliance with 14 CFR 23.1351, you must determine the electrical system capacity.4.2 14 CFR 23.1351(a)(2) states that:4.2.1 For normal, utility, and acrobatic category airplanes, by an electrical load analysis or by electrical measurements that account for the electrical loads applied to the electrical system in probable combinations and for probable durations; and4.2.2 For commuter category airplanes, by an electrical load analysis that accounts for the electrical loads applied to the electrical system in probable combinations and for probable durations.4.3 The primary purpose of the electrical load analysis (ELA) is to determine electrical system capacity (including generating sources, converters, contactors, bus bars, and so forth) needed to supply the worst-case combinations of electrical loads. This is achieved by evaluating the average demand and maximum demands under all applicable flight conditions. A summary can then be used to relate the ELA to the system capacity and can establish the adequacy of the power sources under normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions.NOTE 1: The ELA should be maintained throughout the life of the aircraft to record changes to the electrical system, which may add or remove electrical loads to the system.4.4 The ELA that is produced for aircraft-type certification should be used as the baseline document for any subsequent changes. When possible, the basic format of the original ELA should be followed to ensure consistency in the methodology and approach.4.5 The original ELA may be lacking in certain information, for instance, time available on emergency battery. It may be necessary to update the ELA using the guidance material contained in this guide.1.1 This guide covers how to prepare an electrical load analysis (ELA) to meet Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements.1.2 This guide is intended to address aircraft level electrical load analysis. Electric propulsive power load analysis was not considered in the development of this guide.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The grab method is applicable whenever it is desired to determine the “effective strength” of the fabric in use, that is, the strength of the material in a specific width, together with the additional strength contributed by adjacent material. There is no simple relationship between grab tests and strip tests since the amount of fabric assistance depends on the construction of the fabric. It is useful as a quality control or acceptance test.5.2 The procedure in Test Method D4632/D4632M for the determination of grab strength of geotextiles may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable.5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedures in Test Method D4632/D4632M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the manufacturer should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the manufacturer must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.5.3 Most geotextile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given fabric, depending upon its structure. Special adaptation may be necessary with strong fabrics, or fabrics made from glass fibers, to prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in the clamps, such as cushioning the clamp or boarding the specimen within the clamp.5.4 This test method is applicable for testing fabrics either dry or wet. It may be used with constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) or constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tension machines. However, there may be no overall correlation between the results obtained with the CRT machine and the CRE machine. Consequently, these two tension testers cannot be used interchangeably. In case of controversy, the CRE machine shall prevail.1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the breaking load (grab strength) and elongation (grab elongation) of geotextiles using the grab method. This test method is not suitable for knitted fabrics and alternate test methods should be used. While useful for quality control and acceptance testing for a specific fabric structure, the results can only be used comparatively between fabrics with very similar structures because each different fabric structure performs in a unique and characteristic manner in this test. The grab test method does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.1.2 Procedures for measuring the breaking load and elongation by the grab method in both the dry and wet state are included; however, testing is normally done in the dry condition unless specified otherwise in an agreement or specification.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Glass specimens to be tested shall be mounted in a standard test frame with four sides supported, or in a test frame designed to represent specific glazing conditions.5.2 Loads on glass in windows, curtain walls, and doors may vary greatly in magnitude, direction, and duration. Any design load (wind, snow, etc.) that can reasonably be applied to the test specimens or transformed into an equivalent uniform design load can be considered. Load transformation techniques are addressed in the literature (1, 2, 3).35.3 The strength of glass varies with many different factors including surface condition, load duration, geometry, relative humidity, and temperature (4). A thorough understanding of those strength variations is required to interpret results of this test method.1.1 This proof load test method is a procedure to determine, with a 90 % confidence level, if the probability of breakage under design loads for a given population of glass specimens is less than a selected value. It is not intended to be a design standard for determining the load resistance of glass. Practice E1300 shall be used for this purpose.1.2 This test method describes apparatus and procedures to select and apply a proof load to glass specimens, to determine the number of glass specimens to be tested, and to evaluate statistically the probability of breakage. This test method may be conducted using the standard test frame specified herein or a test frame of the user's design.1.3 Proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement and an understanding of recommended glazing practices.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车