5.1 The test method is used widely for specification purposes and is used to differentiate between greases having low, medium, or high levels of extreme pressure characteristics. The results may not correlate with results from service.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1, 7.2, and 9.4.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is known that contamination by water can affect the shear stability of some greases in service. This test method is widely used to determine the wet shear stability of greases in service. Many grease specifications require these procedures as a wet shear stability test. No accurate correlation is established between the test results and wet shear stability of grease in actual service.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the shear stability of lubricating grease in the presence of water (wet shear stability) by a full scale grease worker. This test method is also known as the water stability test.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a semiquantitative estimate of the acid number of lubricating oils obtained from laboratory oxidation tests using smaller amounts of sample than Test Methods D974, D664, or D3339. It has specific application in Test Method D943 and in Test Method D4871. This test method, therefore, provides a means of monitoring the relative oxidation of lubricating oils by measuring changes in acid number, at different time intervals and under various oxidizing test conditions.5.2 Since this test method is semiquantitative, each laboratory shall develop its own criteria for each oxidation test method for determining when to switch from this semiquantitative test method to a more precise test method for acid number.1.1 This test method is a semiquantitative micro method intended for monitoring the changes in acidic constituents occurring in lubricating oils during oxidation testing, when the acid number of such oils falls within the range from 0.02 mg to 1.0 mg of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample. It is applicable to such oils as turbine oils, hydraulic oils, and other circulating oils.NOTE 1: This test method is a micro version of Test Method D974 and it produces results similar to that method.1.2 This test method is designed for use where sample size is limited. It shall not be used as a replacement for higher precision methods such as Test Methods D974 or D664. It shall not be used to monitor oils in-service.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 When a lubricating grease separates oil, the remaining composition increases in consistency. This can affect the ability of the product to function as designed.5.2 It has been found that the results of this test correlate directly with the oil separation that occurs in 35 lb pails of grease during storage.5.3 This test method is not intended to predict oil separation tendencies of the grease under dynamic conditions.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of a lubricating grease to separate oil during storage in both normally filled and partially filled containers.1.2 This test method is not suitable for greases softer than NLGI No. 1 grade.FIG. 1 Pressure Bleeding Test Cell A1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard, except for the dimensions in Fig. 2 and Fig. 5, where inch-pound units are standard.FIG. 2 Detailed Drawing of Pressure Bleeding Test Cell ANOTE 1: All dimensions are in millimeters (inches).NOTE 2: Tolerances are ±0.51 mm (0.02 in.) for 2 place decimals, unless otherwise specified.NOTE 3: Tolerances are ±0.127 mm (0.005 in.) for 3 place decimals, unless otherwise specified.FIG. 3 Pressure Bleeding Test Cell BFIG. 4 Pressure Bleeding Test Cell CFIG. 5 Detailed Drawing of Pressure Bleeding Test Cell C—Strainer AssemblyNOTE 1: All dimensions are in millimeters (inches).NOTE 2: Tolerances are ±0.51 mm (0.02 in.) for 2 place decimals, unless otherwise specified.NOTE 3: Tolerances are ±0.127 mm (0.005 in.) for 3 place decimals, unless otherwise specified.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method differentiates the relative corrosion-preventive capabilities of lubricating greases under the conditions of the test.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosion preventive properties of greases using grease-lubricated tapered roller bearings stored under wet conditions. This test method is based on CRC Technique L 412 that shows correlations between laboratory results and service for grease lubricated aircraft wheel bearings.1.2 Apparatus Dimensions—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 All Other Values—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Corrosiveness of a fluid to a bimetallic couple is one of the properties used to evaluate hydraulic or lubricating fluids. It is an indicator of the compatibility of a fluid with a brass on steel galvanic couple at ambient temperature and 50 % relative humidity.1.1 This test method covers the corrosiveness of hydraulic and lubricating fluids to a bimetallic galvanic couple.NOTE 1: This test method replicates Fed-Std No. 791, Method 5322.2. It utilizes the same apparatus, test conditions, and evaluation criteria, but it describes test procedures more explicitly.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D1403 uses less precise 1/4 and 1/2-scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity is limited.5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are required to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specification purposes, such as in users' material specifications and suppliers' manufacturing specifications.1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre.NOTE 1: The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)3 classified greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked penetration. The classification system is as follows:NLGIConsistency Number Worked Penetration Range,25 °C (77 °F)000 445 to 475 00 400 to 430  0 355 to 385  1 310 to 340  2 265 to 295  3 220 to 250  4 175 to 205  5 130 to 160  6  85 to 1151.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test.1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre.1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration. Test Method D937 should be used for such products.1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in SI units as the primary unit of measure with equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not known, notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in parentheses are provided for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the property of lubricating greases to protect oscillating bearings from fretting wear. This method, used for specification purposes, differentiates among greases allowing low, medium, and high amounts of fretting wear under the prescribed test conditions. The test has been used to predict the fretting performance of greases in wheel bearings of passenger cars shipped long distances.5 Test results do not necessarily correlate with results from other types of service. It is the responsibility of the user to determine whether test results correlate with other types of service.1.1 This test method evaluates the fretting wear protection provided by lubricating greases.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.2.1 Exception—Other units are provided for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 9.2.

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5.1 This test method can be used to determine the relative wear preventive properties of lubricating fluids in sliding contact under the prescribed test conditions. No attempt has been made to correlate this test with balls in rolling contact. The user of this test method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for making a preliminary evaluation of the anti-wear properties of fluid lubricants in sliding contact by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine. Evaluation of lubricating grease using the same machine is detailed in Test Method D2266.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Because the equipment used in this test method is only available in kgf units, SI units in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers evaluation of the abrasive properties of graphites that are used for lubricating purposes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The evaporation loss is of particular importance in engine lubrication. Where high temperatures occur, portions of an oil can evaporate.5.2 Evaporation may contribute to oil consumption in an engine and can lead to a change in the properties of an oil.5.3 Many engine manufacturers specify a maximum allowable evaporation loss.5.4 Some engine manufacturers, when specifying a maximum allowable evaporation loss, quote this test method along with the specifications.5.5 The apparatuses used in Procedure C (see Annex A2) and Procedure D, also permit collection of the volatile oil vapors for determination of their physical and chemical properties. Elemental analysis of the collected volatiles may be helpful in identifying components such as phosphorous, which has been linked to premature degradation of the emission system catalyst.1.1 This test method covers four procedures for determining the evaporation loss of lubricating oils (particularly engine oils). The evaporation measured is reported as percent total loss. The test method relates to one set of operating conditions but may be readily adapted to other conditions as required.1.2 Procedure B and Procedure D that are in the main section of the test method provide equivalent results. Procedures A and C, which are in Annex A1 and Annex A2, have equivalent results. It has been determined that Procedures A and C show a slight bias when compared to Procedures B and D. Procedures B and D give slightly higher results versus Procedures A and C on formulated engine oils, while Procedures B and D give lower results versus Procedures A and C on basestocks. Thus, a correction factor is utilized to convert between the two sets of Procedures based on the fluid type.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The tendency of oils to foam can be a serious problem in systems such as high-speed gearing, high-volume pumping, and splash lubrication. Inadequate lubrication, cavitation, and overflow loss of lubricant can lead to mechanical failure. This test method is used in the evaluation of oils for such operating conditions.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the foaming characteristics of lubricating oils at 24 °C and 93.5 °C. Means of empirically rating the foaming tendency and the stability of the foam are described.1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 9.1.1.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Pentane insolubles can include oil-insoluble materials and some oil-insoluble resinous matter originating from oil or additive degradation, or both.5.2 Toluene insoluble materials can come from (1) external contamination, (2) fuel carbon and highly carbonized materials from degradation of fuel, oil, and additives, or (3) engine wear and corrosion materials.5.3 A significant change in pentane insolubles, toluene insolubles (with or without coagulant), and insoluble resins indicates a change in oil which could lead to lubrication system problems.5.4 Insolubles measured can also assist in evaluating the performance characteristics of a used oil or in determining the cause of equipment failure.1.1 This test method covers the determination of pentane and toluene insolubles in used lubricating oils.1.2 Procedure A  covers the determination of insolubles without the use of coagulant in the pentane. It provides an indication of the materials that can readily be separated from the oil-solvent mixtures by centrifuging.1.3 Procedure B  covers the determination of insolubles in oils containing detergents and employs a coagulant for both the pentane and toluene insolubles. In addition to the materials separated by using Procedure A, this coagulation procedure separates some finely divided materials that may be suspended in the oil.NOTE 1: Results obtained by Procedures A and B should not be compared since they usually give different values. The same procedure should be employed when comparing values obtained periodically on an oil in use or when comparing results determined by two or more laboratories.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7 and 9.1.1.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The loss of volatile materials from greases and oils can adversely affect the original performance characteristics of a lubricant and, therefore, could be a significant factor in evaluating a lubricant for a specific use. Such volatiles can also be considered contaminants in the environment in which the lubricant is to be used. Correlation between results from this test method and service performance has not been established.5.2 The test method can be used at any specified temperature between 93 °C and 316 °C (200 °F and 600 °F) that may be agreed upon by the user of the method. (Warning—This test method should not be used at temperatures which exceed the flash point of the base oil of the grease.)NOTE 1: The specified flow of air, 2.58 g/min ± 0.02 g/min, (2 L/min at standard temperature and pressure), assumes dry air. It is not known that the original work involved dry air but it has since been shown that this can be a factor in reproducibility and should be addressed. Air with a dew point of less than 10 °C at standard temperature and pressure will be satisfactory.1.1 This test method covers the determination of evaporation loss of lubricating greases at temperatures between 93 °C and 316 °C (200 °F and 600 °F). This test method is intended to augment Test Method D972, which is limited to 149 °C (300 °F).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see 5.2.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method, used for specification purposes, differentiates between lubricating greases having low, medium, and high level of extreme-pressure properties. The results do not necessarily correlate with results from service.45.2 It is noted that lubricating greases that have as their fluid component a silicone, halogenated silicone, or a mixture comprising silicone fluid and petroleum oil, are not applicable to this method of test.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating greases. Three determinations are made:1.1.1 Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load),1.1.2 Weld Point, by means of the Four-Ball Extreme-Pressure (EP) Tester, and1.1.3 Last nonseizure load (LNSL).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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