3.1 This test method is suitable for setting specifications for the pigment content of solvent-reducible paints as well as for monitoring manufacturing quality control.3.2 This test method provides the isolated pigment fraction from solvent-reducible paints that may be used for pigment analysis.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the quantitative separation of the vehicle from the pigment in solvent-reducible coatings.1.2 This test method has been proven to be applicable to the following types of paints: white linseed oil outside house paint, white soya and phthalic alkyd enamel, white linseed o-phthalic alkyd enamel, red lead primer, zinc chromate primer, flat white inside enamel, white epoxy enamel, white vinyl toluene modified alkyd, and white amino modified baking enamel. It is considered to be applicable to most solvent-reducible paints.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Separation of the vehicle from the pigment in solvent-reducible paints is required in order to characterize paint vehicles by chemical, spectroscopic, or chromatographic techniques. Characterization of vehicles is important since they play a major role in the performance of coatings.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the separation of the vehicle from the pigment in solvent-reducible paint.1.2 In the development of the practice the following materials were tested: white soya and white fish oil isophthalic alkyd semi-gloss enamels, white linseed oil paint, white soya and white linseed o-phthalic alkyd enamels. It is considered to be applicable to similar materials.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Laboratory hiding power measurements of architectural coatings generally employ blade-type applicators that lay down films of highly uniform thickness. But practical applicators, such as rollers, pads, and brushes, typically apply films that lack uniformity due to incomplete leveling, resulting in the practical hiding power of most paints being less than that measured on films applied with a drawdown blade. This test method simulates practical application procedures and conditions so as to provide an indication of the actual hiding performance obtainable when a paint is applied by an experienced worker. It is not intended to duplicate painting as done by the average consumer.5.2 Since the rheological characteristics of a paint and its interaction with the applicator are influencing factors, rank order correlation between this test and one done by drawdown might not be obtained.FIG. 1 Practical Opacity Chart in Accordance with Footnote 5 and Appendix X1FIG. 2 Loading the Roller1.1 This test method measures the ability of a paint to hide or obscure a surface to which it has been applied by a practical application procedure. This test method covers the use of a paint roller, but the concept is expected to work equally well when the application tool is a paint brush or paint pad.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Leveling can affect the hiding and appearance of applied architectural coatings, the presence of brushmarks and surface irregularities being more conspicuous with gloss and semi-gloss finishes than with flat finishes. Instrumental evaluations of leveling by this test method have been shown to correlate with those made by brush application.1.1 This test method2 covers the laboratory determination of the relative leveling of water and solvent-reducible architectural paints in white and light tints by comparing the ridges produced in a draw-down film to a series of plastic leveling standards.1.2 Unpigmented, texture, and deep-tint coatings cannot be readily evaluated with the shadowing produced by oblique lighting employed in this test method. Such coatings may be rated by comparing them with the plastic standards at various angles of reflection. For this purpose ordinary room lighting is satisfactory.1.3 Since other factors may influence the tendency of liquid paints to sag, this test method is not intended to measure sagging.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This is a precise instrumental method giving results having an absolute physical significance without reference to a comparison paint. It should be used when maximum precision and minimum subjectivity are required, as in testing specification coatings or evaluating the hiding efficiency of pigments.5.2 Hiding power Test Method D344 is visual instead of instrumental, and gives results that are relative to a material standard instead of absolute. It is less precise than Test Method D2805 but more closely aligned with practical painting procedures.1.1 This test method covers the determination, without reference to a material paint standard, of the hiding power of air dry coatings with Y tristimulus values greater than 15 %. With appropriate modification, it can also be used to test baking finishes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide is intended to assist the maintenance engineer in the preparation of a specification or work instruction for re-coating items that are presently coated with what is known within the nuclear power industry as an "unqualified coating."

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5.1 After waterborne traffic paints are applied to a road pavement, it is important that they be sufficiently coalesced or cured so they will not be removed by rain. This practice can be used to determine the relative water wash-off resistance of waterborne traffic paints when exposed to a water spray simulated rain.1.1 A newly applied traffic paint film may be exposed to rain of varying intensities shortly after application. Practice D7377 describes a practice for evaluating the water wash-off resistance of traffic paints to a hard rain using a steady stream of water from a faucet at a rate of approximately 5.7 L per min. Practice D7538 is a similar practice that describes the use of an adjustable nozzle atomizing spray device to deliver a spray of water that simulates rain rates from approximately 0.05 L to 0.5 L per min. This test can be used to compare conventional and fast-dry traffic paints for their relative ability to withstand rain soon after application on roadway surfaces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The drying rate of organic coatings varies with changes in temperature, air flow, and relative humidity. In particular, the drying rate of waterborne paints depends on the evaporation of water and thus is much more dependent on relative humidity than are solvent based paints or paints that are 100 % solids. Measurement of the rate of drying of waterborne paints under ambient conditions in laboratories cannot be adequately replicated without some control of the drying conditions. A test chamber will be described that provides a means of controlling relative humidity above ambient humidity and minimizing the effects of air flow variability at ambient room temperatures. If desired, the test chamber without water in it and with vents wide open can be placed in a temperature and humidity controlled room to test dry speed at various temperatures as well as humidity while using the chamber to minimize the effect of air flow.5.2 This practice is particularly useful for testing the drying rate of waterborne pavement marking (traffic) paints where fast dry at elevated ambient humidity is an important feature. For waterborne traffic paints, the test chamber can be used to evaluate dry to no-pick-up (Test Method D711) and water wash-off resistance (Practices D7377 and D7538) at elevated ambient humidity.1.1 Specification D3924 defines a standard environment of 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5 % relative humidity and free from drafts for normal conditioning and testing of paint, varnish, lacquer, and related materials. This practice describes a test chamber that allows for control of relative humidity above the ambient relative humidity and minimization of air flow for conditioning of test panels at elevated relative humidity and room temperatures.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Identification of specific acrylic polymers in emulsion paints is often difficult or impossible by infrared alone. This is particularly true when the acrylic is present in a small amount as a comonomer with vinyl acetate, or when blended with alkyds or other ester systems. If identification of an acrylic component is required in such a system, it may often be accomplished by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the pyrolyzed paint film. The presence of a number of other polymers may often also be confirmed by pyrolysis since they produce characteristic and reproducible pyrograms.5.2 The pyrograms obtained from unknown samples vary in complexity according to the sample composition. It is necessary to establish the presence or absence of as many components as possible from a study of the infrared spectra obtained in the first part of this practice. The gas-liquid chromatography results may then be used to help identify any unknown components present and to confirm identifications made by infrared.1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the qualitative identification in emulsion paints of most types of polymers present as major components of the paint vehicle. Limitations are discussed in Sections 5 and 10.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 By following this test method, the particle size, particle size distribution and particle shape of particulates in liquid paint and pigment dispersions can be measured.5.2 Particle size, particle size distribution and particle shape have a great effect on the color, opacity and gloss of paints. Reproducing these characteristics is critical to the quality and performance of the paint produced.5.3 The dynamic imaging instrument is useful during manufacturing to detect oversize particles as well as the required size distribution of particles in order to provide quality and consistency from batch to batch.1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution and particle shape of liquid paints and pigmented liquid coatings by Dynamic Image Analysis. This method includes the reporting of particles ≥1 µm in size and up to 300 µm in size.NOTE 1: Shape is used to classify particles, droplets and bubbles and is not a reporting requirement.NOTE 2: The term paint(s) as used in this document includes liquid paint and liquid pigmented coatings.1.1.1 Some paints may be too viscous to flow through the imaging instrument without dilution which may be used to help the paint flow as long as significant contamination is not introduced into the paint.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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