4.1 This practice describes the methods of preparation of hot-dip galvanized surfaces prior to the application of powder coating. The key to achieving proper adhesion between powder coatings and galvanized steel is surface preparation. The surface must be entirely free from visible metal oxides prior to powder coating. Any metal oxides that remain on the surface of the galvanized steel can potentially retain air or moisture. Upon heating during the curing stages of the powder application, the oxides may release water vapor or air, which can expand and penetrate the powder coating, causing blisters or voids.4.2 The zinc coating is constantly in a state of change. From the time the steel part is removed from the galvanizing kettle, the exposed zinc coating interacts with the environment to form, first zinc oxides and zinc hydroxides, and then zinc carbonates.5 The process of complete conversion of the outer layer of zinc carbonates can take up to two years of exposure to the environment, depending on the local weather and moisture conditions.4.3 The zinc surface after full weathering is very resistant to atmospheric corrosion because the tight patina that is formed (zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide and zinc carbonate) is dense and tenacious. However, during the formative stages of patina development, the oxide/hydroxide layer is poorly adhered and must be removed in order for the powder coating to adhere properly to the galvanized coating. The second is pinholing/blistering of the coating which can severely limit its potential performance, especially in aggressive chloride environments. Entrapped gasses developed during the galvanizing process escape the surface through the coating as it cures at high temperatures. If these volatile materials are not removed through an outgassing process prior to the baking of the powder, then pinholing or blistering can occur. The presence of pinholes gives chlorides and other corrosive agents access to the zinc substrate consequently producing zinc corrosion products which may leach out through the coatings. While the presence of these corrosion products may not result in associated delamination of the coating, unsightly white staining of the coating can occur. Blisters are defects that are not adhered to the surface and may easily be broken into or off during handling, which creates performance and aesthetic issues. The proper preparation of the galvanized coating surface can increase the adhesion and coverage necessary to overcome these problems and results in a satisfactory service life of the powder coating and the galvanized coating together.4.4 Variations in surface preparation produce end conditions that differ as far as surface roughness and zinc composition, hence they do not necessarily yield identical results when powder coatings are subsequently applied. The age of the zinc corrosion products on the galvanized coating will dictate the type of surface preparation to be selected.1.1 This practice describes methods of preparing surfaces of hot-dip galvanized iron and steel for powder coating and the application of powder coating materials.1.1.1 Powder coating is a dry finishing process which uses finely ground particles of pigment and resin, electrostatically charged, and sprayed onto a part to be coated. The parts are electrically grounded so that the charged particles projected at them adhere to the surface and are held there until melted and fused into a smooth coating in the curing oven.1.1.2 Hot-dip galvanized iron or steel is produced by the immersion of fabricated or un-fabricated products in a bath of molten zinc, as specified in Specification A123/A123M or A153/A153M. This practice covers surface preparation and thermal pretreatment of iron and steel products and hardware which have not been painted or powder coated previously (Practice D6386). Galvanized surfaces may have been treated with protective coatings to prevent the occurrence of wet storage stain. This practice neither applies to sheet galvanized steel products nor to the coil coating or continuous roller coating processes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification deals with powder metallurgy structural components fabricated from commercially pure titanium powder mixed with master alloy powder and elemental powders to yield combined material chemistries comparable to ingot metallurgy alloys Titanium 6A1-4V and Titanium 6A1-6V2Sn. The following are the materials covered: Type I and II, Grade 1 and 2, and Class A and B. The chemical composition shall conform to the required values of aluminum, vanadium, tin, iron, copper, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, sodium, chlorine, silicon, and titanium. Chemical analysis shall be made. Physical properties such as density shall be determined. Mechanical properties shall conform to the required tension properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and reduction of area.1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) structural components fabricated from commercially pure (CP) titanium powder mixed with master alloy powder and elemental powders in appropriate quantity to yield combined material chemical compositions comparable to ingot metallurgy (I/M) alloys Titanium 6A1-4V and Titanium 6A1-6V-2Sn.1.2 This specification covers the following materials:1.2.1 Two types depending on alloy composition as detailed in Table 1.1.2.1.1 Type I is comparable to I/M Ti-6A1-4V.1.2.1.2 Type II is comparable to I/M Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn.1.2.2 Two grades of each type that result from the specific titanium powder used are as follows:1.2.2.1 Grade 1 is made from sponge fines with residual levels of chlorine and sodium.1.2.2.2 Grade 2 is made from hydride/dehydride (HDH) or other process titanium with significantly lower chlorine and sodium content.1.2.3 Two classes as a function of density (see Table 2) are as follows:1.2.3.1 Class A density ratio is 94 % minimum.1.2.3.2 Class B density ratio is 99 % minimum. (Warning—CP titanium powder may be pyrophoric; its use may involve an explosion hazard.)1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.2.3.2.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification applies to plastic parts that are created using powder bed fusion processes, including unfilled formulations and formulations containing fillers, functional additives (for example, flame retardant), and reinforcements or combinations thereof. The requirements are intended for use by manufacturers of plastic parts using powder bed fusion and for customers procuring such parts. The specification covers process classification, ordering information, materials (material specification and virgin powder), fabrication of test specimens, and material processing. Dimensional tolerances, source inspection, retest and rejection of parts, material and process certification, certification for parts, and identification marking of product are also specified, together with part packaging and package marking. A figure presents the specifications for mechanical testing of powder bed fusion polymer parts.1.1 This specification describes a method for defining requirements and ensuring component integrity for plastic parts created using powder bed fusion processes. Materials include unfilled formulations and formulations containing fillers, functional additives (for example, flame retardant), and reinforcements or combinations thereof. Processes include all powder bed fusion processes as defined in Terminology F2792.1.2 This specification is intended for use by manufacturers of plastic parts using powder bed fusion and for customers procuring such parts.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The ability of PVC granules to accept a plasticizer and become a dry free-flowing powder is related to the internal pore structure of the resin, resin temperature, plasticizer temperature, and the plasticizer used. By choosing an applicable plasticizer and maintaining a uniform temperature for the resin and plasticizer, it is possible to classify resins by how rapidly they absorb plasticizer. Resin suitability for a specific intensive mixing operation can be ascertained using these test methods.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the powder-mix time of a general-purpose poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: ISO 4574-2019 is covering the primary subject of this ASTM method.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The presence of surface finger-oxide penetration and interparticle oxide networks are two of the properties used to evaluate powder forged steel parts for proper processing. Maximum acceptable depths of penetration of surface finger-oxide penetration and acceptable concentrations of subsurface interparticle oxide networks depend on the component and its service environment.5.2 Results of tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment.1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the maximum depth of surface finger-oxide penetration and the concentration of subsurface interparticle oxide networks in critical areas of powder forged steel parts.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Plutonium oxide powder is a component of MOX fuel. This test method can be used to determine whether the carbon and sulfur contents of the PuO2 powder meets the requirements of Specifications C757 and C753 or other requirements as defined by agreement between the nuclear and fuel supplier and the customer.5.2 MOX is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. To be used as a fuel, MOX materials must meet specifications on the impurity element contents in them. Examples of these requirements are given in Specification C833.5.3 This method is suitable for pure plutonium oxide powder.1.1 This test method is for the determination of the carbon and sulfur contents in plutonium oxide (PuO2) powder. The method utilizes an induction furnace purged with oxygen for combustion of the sample. Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide produced by the combustion are swept into absorption cells and quantified by infrared absorption spectrophotometers. This test method is an alternative to the methods for carbon and sulfur given in Test Method C697.1.2 Determination of the carbon and sulfur contents in nuclear-grade sintered mixed oxide (MOX) fuel pellets requires the use of larger samples and is addressed in Test Method C1853.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Units of measurement in parentheses are included for information only.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing specifications.5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) contrast ratio.NOTE 1: The measured parameters follow powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and D2805 and other hiding power test methods.NOTE 2: Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.NOTE 3: The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gage measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and to determine in advance the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification defines the physical and chemical requirements for zirconium oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes, either entirely or partially of zirconia, for use in a nuclear reactor core.1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

1 Scope This part of IEC 60079 contains the specific requirements for the construction, testing and marking of electrical apparatus, parts of electrical apparatus and Ex components in the type of protection powder filling "q", intended for use in poten

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions that are helpful in the interpretation and application of powder metallurgy terms.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers a variety of copper base powder metallurgy (PM) structural materials, including those used in applications where high electrical conductivity is required. It includes a classification system, or material designation code. With the classification system, this specification includes chemical composition and minimum tensile yield strength.NOTE 1: Paragraphs 6.1 and 8.1 govern material classification by the designation code. The classification system is explained in the Appendix.NOTE 2: Materials classified as C-0000 are expected to be used in applications where high electrical conductivity is required.1.2 Units—With the exception of density values, for which the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) unit is the industry standard, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车