4.1 The nondestructive wire-bond pull test provides a screen for evaluating wire-bond quality and is capable of detecting weak or nonadherent bonds. 4.2 The test is not destructive and does not damage acceptable wire bonds. 4.3 This practice provides a procedure for identifying a bonding situation that requires corrective action. 4.4 The purpose of this practice is to identify wire bonds that may fail during subsequent screening procedures or field operation. 4.5 The procedure is to be applied after bonding and before any further treatment. 1.1 This practice covers nondestructive testing of individual wire bonds made by either ultrasonic, thermal compression or thermosonic techniques. The test is intended to reveal (by breaking) nonacceptable wire bonds but is designed to avoid damage to acceptable wire bonds. Note 1: Common usage at the present time considers the term “wire bond” to include the entire interconnection: both welds and the intervening wire span. 1.2 The practice covers wire bonds made with small-diameter (from 0.0007 to 0.003-in. (18 to 76-μm)) wire such as the type used in integrated circuits and hybrid microcircuits, system in package, and so forth. 1.3 This practice can be used only when the loop height of the wire bond is large enough to allow a suitable hook for pulling to be placed under the wire. 1.4 While the procedure is applicable to wire of any composition and metallurgical state, criteria are given only for gold and aluminum wire. 1.5 A destructive pull test is used on wire bonds of the same type and geometry to provide the basis for the determination of the nondestructive pulling force to be used in this practice. This may only be used if the sample standard deviation, s, of the pulling forces required to destroy at least 25 of the same wire bonds tested by the destructive pull-test method is less than or equal to 0.25 of the sample average, x. If s > 0.25 x, this practice may not be used. Note 2: If s > 0.25 x, some aspect of the bonding process is out of control. Following corrective action, the destructive pull-test measurements should be repeated to determine if the s ≤ 0.25 x criterion is met. 1.6 The nondestructive wire-bond pull test is to be performed before any other treatment or screening following bonding and at the same point in processing as the accompanying destructive test. Preferably, this is done immediately after bonding. 1.7 The procedure does not ensure against wire-bond failure modes induced after the test has been performed. 1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Failure of microelectronic devices is often due to failure of an interconnection bond. A common type of interconnection bond is a wire bond. These methods can assist in maintaining control of the process of making wire bonds. They can be used to distinguish between weak, nonadherent wire bonds and acceptably strong wire bonds. The methods are destructive.5.2 These test methods are appropriate for on-line use for process control, for purchase specifications, and for research in support of improved yield or reliability. The referee method should be used for quantitative comparison of pull strengths of wire bonds.1.1 These test methods cover tests to determine the pull strength of a series of wire bonds. Instructions are provided to modify the methods for use as a referee method. The methods can be used for wire bonds made with wire having a diameter of from 0.0007 to 0.003 in. (18 to 76 μm).NOTE 1: Common usage at the present time considers the term “wire bond” to include the entire interconnection: both welds and the intervening wire span.1.2 These test methods can be used only when the loop height of the wire bond is large enough to allow a suitable hook for pulling (see Fig. 1) to be placed under the wire.FIG. 1 Suggested Configuration for a Pulling Hook1.3 The precision of these methods has been evaluated for aluminum ultra-sonic wedge bonds; however, these methods can be used for gold and copper wedge or ball bonds.21.4 These methods are destructive. They are appropriate for use in process development or, with a proper sampling plan, for process control or quality assurance.1.5 A nondestructive procedure is described in Practice F458.1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 When the test is performed on the repair or overlay material, the result is the bond strength to the concrete panel or the tensile strength of either the overlay or concrete panel, whichever is weaker.5.2 The measured strength is controlled by the failure mechanism requiring the least stress. Thus, it is not possible to know beforehand which strength will be measured by the test. For this reason, the failure mode has to be reported for each individual test result, and tests results are averaged only if the same failure mode occurs. Alternatively, one can infer that the bond strength is greater than the failure stress if the bond does not fail during the test.5.3 The method may also be used to evaluate the performance of bonding agents.5.4 This test method is designed to evaluate bond strengths in the laboratory and to standardize conditions that permit comparison of results between laboratories. It is not intended to determine bond strength for field applications as results obtained are only applicable to the standard substrate.1.1 This test method is suitable for laboratory use to determine one or more of the following:1.1.1 The bond strength of a repair or an overlay material to a specific concrete substrate.1.1.2 The tensile strength of a repair or overlay material after the material has been applied to the concrete substrate.1.1.3 The change in bond strength when applying a bonding agent or other bond modifying treatment to the concrete substrate.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.1.2.1 If required results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this test method, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.21.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)31.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The pull-off strength and mode of failure of a coating from a concrete substrate are important performance properties that are used in specifications. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing coated surfaces, and evaluating and reporting the results.5.2 Variations in strength results obtained using different instruments, different substrates, or different loading fixtures with the same coating are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the specific test instrument and loading fixture be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.5.3 It is recommended that the coating be sufficiently cured to ensure cohesive strength and adhesion. This required minimum cure time before testing should be provided by the coating manufacturer, and may require an extension due to atmospheric conditions on site (for example, low temperature, and low or high humidity).5.4 This test method may be adapted to determine surface strength of uncoated concrete (see X2.1). Test Method C1583 is also suitable for that determination.5.5 The objective of this method is to determine the adhesion of a coating to concrete (or adapted for surface strength as stated in 5.4) and will result in failure in the coating or near the substrate surface. If evaluating the cohesive strength of the substrate or cementitious surfacers is the purpose of the testing, or if the substrate or cementitious surfacers have low strength, then Test Method C1583 may be more suitable.1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the pull-off strength of a coating on concrete. Pull-Off strength of coatings for other rigid substrates is described in Test Method D4541. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that a surface area can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the loading fixture, glue, coating system, and substrate, and will be exposed by the fracture surface.1.2 This test method uses a class of apparatus known as portable pull-off adhesion testers.2 They are capable of applying a concentric load and counter load to a single surface so that coatings can be tested even though only one side is accessible. Measurements are limited by the strength of adhesion bonds between the loading fixture, coating system and the substrate or the cohesive strengths of the glue, coating layers, and substrate.1.3 This test method is suitable for both laboratory and field testing.1.4 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. There are different instruments used that comply with this test method. The specific instrument used should be identified when reporting results. This test is destructive and spot repairs may be necessary.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method determines the tensile strength of concrete near to the prepared surface, which can be used as an indicator of the adequacy of surface preparation before applying a repair or an overlay material.5.2 When the test is performed on the surface of a repair or an overlay material, it determines the bond strength to the substrate or the tensile strength of either the overlay or substrate, whichever is weaker.5.3 The method may also be used to evaluate the adhesive strength of bonding agents.5.4 When the test is performed on the surface of a material applied to the substrate, the measured strength is controlled by the failure mechanism requiring the least stress. Thus it is not possible to know beforehand which strength will be measured by the test. For this reason, the failure mode has to be reported for each individual test result, and tests results are averaged only if the same failure mode occurs.AbstractThis specification covers standard test method for tensile strength of concrete surfaces and the bond strength or tensile strength of concrete repair and overlay materials by direct tension (pull-off method). This test method is suitable for both field and laboratory use to determine one or more of the following: the near-surface tensile strength of the substrate as an indicator of the adequacy of surface preparation before application of a repair or overlay material; the bond strength of a repair or an overlay material to the substrate; and the tensile strength of a repair or overlay material, or an adhesive used in repairs, after the material has been applied to a surface. The following apparatus shall be utilized: core drill; core barrel; steel disk; tensile loading device; and a coupling device. This test shall be performed on the surface of a prepared concrete base before application of a concrete repair overlay material, or on the surface of a concrete repair overlay material after the material has been applied to the prepared concrete surface. The test specimen shall be formed by drilling a shallow core into and perpendicular to the surface of the substrate, and leaving the intact core attached to the concrete. A steel disk shall be bonded to the top surface of the test specimen. A tensile load shall be applied to the steel disk until failure occurs. The failure load and the failure mode shall be recorded and the nominal tensile stress at failure shall be calculated.1.1 This test method is suitable for both field and laboratory use to determine one or more of the following:1.1.1 The near-surface tensile strength of the substrate as an indicator of the adequacy of surface preparation before application of a repair or overlay material.1.1.2 The bond strength of a repair or an overlay material to the substrate.1.1.3 The tensile strength of a repair or overlay material, or an adhesive used in repairs, after the material has been applied to a surface.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The pull-off strength of a bonded FRP system is an important performance property that has been used in specifications, particularly those for assessing the quality of an application. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing bonded FRP systems, and evaluating and reporting the results.5.2 Variations in results obtained using different devices are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the type of adhesion test device (including manufacturer and model) be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.5.3 This test method is intended for use in both the field and the laboratory.5.4 The basic material properties obtained from this test method can be used in the control of the quality of adhesives and in the theoretical equations for designing FRP systems for external reinforcement to strengthen existing structures.1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating the pull-off strength of wet lay-up or pultruded (shop-fabricated) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminate systems adhesively bonded to a flat concrete substrate. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that an FRP system can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the test fixture, FRP laminate, adhesive, and substrate.1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and assessment of field repairs of structures using adhesive-applied composite materials.1.3 This test method is appropriate for use with FRP systems having any fiber orientation or combination of ply orientations comprising the FRP laminate.1.4 This test method is appropriate for use with flat concrete, concrete masonry, clay masonry, and stone masonry substrates.1.5 This test method is not appropriate for use as an “acceptance” or “proof” wherein the FRP system remaining intact at a prescribed force is an acceptable result.1.6 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. Different adhesion test devices and procedures will give different results and cannot be directly compared.1.7 This test method can be destructive. Spot repairs may be necessary. The test method will result in an exposed cut FRP section; repair methods must consider the potential for moisture uptake through this cut section.1.8 Prior to the installation of some adhesively bonded FRP systems, the substrate must be patched. This test method is not appropriate for determining the pull-off strength of the FRP from the patch material. An additional test method is required to determine the pull-off strength of the patch from the substrate.1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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