5.1 Electronic circuits used in space, military, and nuclear power systems may be exposed to various levels of ionizing radiation. It is essential for the design and fabrication of such circuits that test methods be available that can determine the vulnerability or hardness (measure of nonvulnerability) of components to be used in such systems.5.2 Some manufacturers currently are selling semiconductor parts with guaranteed hardness ratings. Use of this guide provides a basis for standardized qualification and acceptance testing.1.1 This guide presents background and guidelines for establishing an appropriate sequence of tests and data analysis procedures for determining the ionizing radiation (total dose) hardness of microelectronic devices for dose rates below 300 rd(SiO2)/s. These tests and analysis will be appropriate to assist in the determination of the ability of the devices under test to meet specific hardness requirements or to evaluate the parts for use in a range of radiation environments.1.2 The methods and guidelines presented will be applicable to characterization, qualification, and lot acceptance of silicon-based MOS and bipolar discrete devices and integrated circuits. They will be appropriate for treatment of the effects of electron and photon irradiation.1.3 This guide provides a framework for choosing a test sequence based on general characteristics of the parts to be tested and the radiation hardness requirements or goals for these parts.1.4 This guide provides for tradeoffs between minimizing the conservative nature of the testing method and minimizing the required testing effort.1.5 Determination of an effective and economical hardness test typically will require several kinds of decisions. A partial enumeration of the decisions that typically must be made is as follows:1.5.1 Determination of the Need to Perform Device Characterization—For some cases it may be more appropriate to adopt some kind of worst case testing scheme that does not require device characterization. For other cases it may be most effective to determine the effect of dose-rate on the radiation sensitivity of a device. As necessary, the appropriate level of detail of such a characterization also must be determined.1.5.2 Determination of an Effective Strategy for Minimizing the Effects of Irradiation Dose Rate on the Test Result—The results of radiation testing on some types of devices are relatively insensitive to the dose rate of the radiation applied in the test. In contrast, many MOS devices and some bipolar devices have a significant sensitivity to dose rate. Several different strategies for managing the dose rate sensitivity of test results will be discussed.1.5.3 Choice of an Effective Test Methodology—The selection of effective test methodologies will be discussed.1.6 Low Dose Requirements—Hardness testing of MOS and bipolar microelectronic devices for the purpose of qualification or lot acceptance is not necessary when the required hardness is 100 rd(SiO2) or lower.1.7 Sources—This guide will cover effects due to device testing using irradiation from photon sources, such as  60Co γ irradiators,   137Cs γ irradiators, and low energy (approximately 10 keV) X-ray sources. Other sources of test radiation such as linacs, Van de Graaff sources, Dymnamitrons, SEMs, and flash X-ray sources occasionally are used but are outside the scope of this guide.1.8 Displacement damage effects are outside the scope of this guide, as well.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The use of FXR or LINAC radiation sources for the determination of high dose-rate burnout in semiconductor devices is addressed in this guide. The goal of this guide is to provide a systematic approach to testing semiconductor devices for burnout or survivability.5.2 The different types of failure modes that are possible are defined and discussed in this guide. Specifically, failure can be defined by a change in device parameters, or by a catastrophic failure of the device.5.3 This guide can be used to determine if a device survives (that is, continues to operate and function within the specified performance parameters) when irradiated to a predetermined dose-rate level; or, the guide can be used to determine the dose-rate burnout failure level (that is, the minimum dose rate at which burnout failure occurs). However, since this latter test is destructive, the minimum dose-rate burnout failure level must be determined statistically.1.1 This guide defines the detailed requirements for testing semiconductor devices for short-pulse high dose-rate ionization-induced survivability and burnout failure. The test facility shall be capable of providing the necessary dose rates to perform the measurements. Typically, large flash X-ray (FXR) machines operated in the photon mode, or FXR e-beam facilities are utilized because of their high dose-rate capabilities. Electron Linear Accelerators (LINACs) may be used if the dose rate is sufficient. Two modes of test are described: (1) A survivability test, and (2) A burnout failure level test.1.2 The values stated in International System of Units (SI) are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method can be used to ensure absolute reproducibility of WSix film deposition systems over the course of many months. The time span of measurements is essentially the life of many process deposition systems.This test method can be used to qualify new WSix deposition systems to ensure duplicability of existing systems. This test method is essential for the coordination of global semiconductor fabrication operations using different analytical services. This test method allows samples from various deposition systems to be analyzed at different sites and times.This test method is the chosen calibration technique for a variety of analytical techniques, including, but not limited to:Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA or XPS),Auger electron spectroscopy (AES),Fourier transform infrared red spectroscopy (FTIR),Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), andElectron dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE).1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of tungsten and silicon concentrations in tungsten/silicon (WSix) semiconductor process films using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). (1) This test method also covers the detection and quantification of impurities in the mass range from phosphorus Å (31 atomic mass units (amu) to antimony (122 amu).1.2 This test method can be used for tungsten silicide films prepared by any deposition or annealing processes, or both. The film must be a uniform film with an areal coverage greater than the incident ion beam (∼2.5 mm).1.3 This test method accurately measures the following film properties: silicon/tungsten ratio and variations with depth, tungsten depth profile throughout film, WSix film thickness, argon concentrations (if present), presence of oxide on surface of WSix films, and transition metal impurities to detection limits of 1×1014 atoms/cm2.1.4 This test method can detect absolute differences in silicon and tungsten concentrations of ±3 and ±1 atomic percent, respectively, measured from different samples in separate analyses. Relative variations in the tungsten concentration in depth can be detected to ±0.2 atomic percent with a depth resolution of ±70Å.1.5 This test method supports and assists in qualifying WSix films by electrical resistivity techniques.1.6 This test method can be performed for WSix films deposited on conducting or insulating substrates.1.7 This test method is useful for WSix films between 20 and 400 nm with an areal coverage of greater than 1 by 1 mm2.1.8 This test method is non-destructive to the film to the extent of sputtering.1.9 A statistical process control (SPC) of WSix films has been monitored since 1993 with reproducibility to ±4 %.1.10 This test method produces accurate film thicknesses by modeling the film density of the WSix film as WSi2 (hexagonal) plus excess elemental Si2. The measured film thickness is a lower limit to the actual film thickness with an accuracy less than 10 % compared to SEM cross-section measurements (see 13.4).1.11 This test method can be used to analyze films on whole wafers up to 300 mm without breaking the wafers. The sites that can be analyzed may be restricted to concentric rings near the wafer edges for 200-mm and 300-mm wafers, depending on system capabilities.1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The reader is referenced to Section 8 of this test method for references to some of the regulatory, radiation, and safety considerations involved with accelerator operation.

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