This practice provides guidance for making adequate thermal balance tests of spacecraft and components where solar simulation has been determined to be the applicable method. Careful adherence to this practice should ensure the adequate simulation of the radiation environment of space for thermal tests of space vehicles. This practice also provides the proper test environment for systems-integration tests of space vehicles. However, there is no discussion herein of the extensive electronic equipment and procedures required to support such tests. This practice does not apply to or provide incomplete coverage of the following types of tests: launch phase or atmospheric reentry of space vehicles; landers on planet surfaces; degradation of thermal coatings; increased friction in space of mechanical devices, sometimes called "cold welding"; sun sensors; man in space; energy conversion devices; and tests of components for leaks, outgassing, radiation damage, or bulk thermal properties.1.1 Purpose: 1.1.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to provide guidance for making adequate thermal balance tests of spacecraft and components where solar simulation has been determined to be the applicable method. Careful adherence to this practice should ensure the adequate simulation of the radiation environment of space for thermal tests of space vehicles.1.1.2 A corollary purpose is to provide the proper test environment for systems-integration tests of space vehicles. An accurate space-simulation test for thermal balance generally will provide a good environment for operating all electrical and mechanical systems in their various mission modes to determine interferences within the complete system. Although adherence to this practice will provide the correct thermal environment for this type of test, there is no discussion of the extensive electronic equipment and procedures required to support systems-integration testing.1.2 Nonapplicability—This practice does not apply to or provide incomplete coverage of the following types of tests:1.2.1 Launch phase or atmospheric reentry of space vehicles,1.2.2 Landers on planet surfaces,1.2.3 Degradation of thermal coatings,1.2.4 Increased friction in space of mechanical devices, sometimes called “cold welding,”1.2.5 Sun sensors,1.2.6 Man in space,1.2.7 Energy conversion devices, and1.2.8 Tests of components for leaks, outgassing, radiation damage, or bulk thermal properties.1.3 Range of Application: 1.3.1 The extreme diversification of space-craft, design philosophies, and analytical effort makes the preparation of a brief, concise document impossible. Because of this, various spacecraft parameters are classified and related to the important characteristic of space simulators in a chart in 7.6.1.3.2 The ultimate result of the thermal balance test is to prove the thermal design to the satisfaction of the thermal designers. Flexibility must be provided to them to trade off additional analytical effort for simulator shortcomings. The combination of a comprehensive thermal-analytical model, modern computers, and a competent team of analysts greatly reduces the requirements for accuracy of space simulation.1.4 Utility—This practice will be useful during space vehicle test phases from the development through flight acceptance test. It should provide guidance for space simulation testing early in the design phase of thermal control models of subsystems and spacecraft. Flight spacecraft frequently are tested before launch. Occasionally, tests are made in a space chamber after a sister spacecraft is launched as an aid in analyzing anomalies that occur in space.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

2.1 In many geographic areas there is concern about the effect of falling hail upon solar collector covers. This practice may be used to determine the ability of flat-plate solar collector covers to withstand the impact forces of hailstones. In this practice, the ability of a solar collector cover plate to withstand hail impact is related to its tested ability to withstand impact from ice balls. The effects of the impact on the material are highly variable and dependent upon the material.2.2 This practice describes a standard procedure for mounting the test specimen, conducting the impact test, and reporting the effects.2.2.1 The procedures for mounting cover plate materials and collectors are provided to ensure that they are tested in a configuration that relates to their use in a solar collector.2.2.2 The corner locations of the four impacts are chosen to represent vulnerable sites on the cover plate. Impacts near corner supports are more critical than impacts elsewhere. Only a single impact is specified at each of the impact locations. For test control purposes, multiple impacts in a single location are not permitted because a subcritical impact may still cause damage that would alter the response to subsequent impacts.2.2.3 Resultant velocity is used to simulate the velocity that may be reached by hail accompanied by wind. The resultant velocity used in this practice is determined by vector addition of a 20 m/s (45 mph) horizontal velocity to the vertical terminal velocity.2.2.4 Ice balls are used in this practice to simulate hailstones because natural hailstones are not readily available to use, and ice balls closely approximate hailstones. However, no direct relationship has been established between the effect of impact of ice balls and hailstones. Hailstones are highly variable in properties such as shape, density, and frangibility.2 These properties affect factors such as the kinetic energy delivered to the cover plate, the period during which energy is delivered, and the area over which the energy is distributed. Ice balls, with a density, frangibility, and terminal velocity near the range of hailstones, are the nearest hailstone approximation known at this time. Perhaps the major difference between ice balls and hailstones is that hailstones are much more variable than ice balls. However, ice balls can be uniformly and repeatedly manufactured to ensure a projectile with known properties.2.2.5 A wide range of observable effects may be produced by impacting the various types of cover plate materials. The effects may vary from no effect to total destruction. Some changes in the cover material may be visible when there is no apparent functional impairment of the cover plate material. All effects of each impact must be described in the report so that an estimate of their significance can be made.2.3 Data generated using this practice may be used: (1) to evaluate impact resistance of a single material or collector, (2) to compare the impact resistance of several materials or collectors, (3) to provide a common basis for selection of cover materials or collectors for use in various geographic areas, or (4) to evaluate changes in impact resistance due to environmental factors such as weather.2.4 This practice does not state the size(s) of ice ball(s) to be used in making the impact. Either the person requesting the test or the person performing the test must determine ice ball size to be used in the testing. Choice of ice ball size may relate to the intent of the testing.2.4.1 If the testing is being performed to evaluate impact resistance of a single material or collector, or several materials or collectors, it may be desirable to repeat the test using several sizes of ice balls. In this manner the different effects of various sizes of ice balls may be determined.2.4.2 The size and frequency of hail varies significantly among various geographic areas. If testing is being performed to evaluate materials or collectors intended for use in a specific geographic area, the ice ball size should correspond to the level of hail impact resistance required for that area. Information on hail size and frequency may be available from local historical weather records or may be determined from the publications listed in Appendix X1.2.5 The hail impact resistance of materials may change as the materials are exposed to various environmental factors. This practice may be used to generate data to evaluate degradation by comparison of hail impact resistance data measured before and after exposure to such aging.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the ability of cover plates for flat-plate solar collectors to withstand impact forces of falling hail. Propelled ice balls are used to simulate falling hailstones. This practice is not intended to apply to photovoltaic cells or arrays.1.2 This practice defines two types of test specimens, describes methods for mounting specimens, specifies impact locations on each test specimen, provides an equation for determining the velocity of any size ice ball, provides a method for impacting the test specimens with ice balls, and specifies parameters that must be recorded and reported.1.3 This practice does not establish pass or fail levels. The determination of acceptable or unacceptable levels of ice-ball impact resistance is beyond the scope of this practice.1.4 The size of ice ball to be used in conducting this test is not specified in this practice. This practice can be used with various sizes of ice balls.1.5 The categories of solar collector cover plate materials to which this practice may be applied cover the range of:1.5.1 Brittle sheet, such as glass,1.5.2 Semirigid sheet, such as plastic, and1.5.3 Flexible membrane, such as plastic film.1.6 Solar collector cover materials should be tested as:1.6.1 Part of an assembled collector (Type 1 specimen), or1.6.2 Mounted on a separate test frame cover plate holder (Type 2 specimen).1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1. Scope 1.1 This Standard specifies a set of technical requirements and test methods for solar collectors and covers component materials, materials performance, operating performance, and marking requirements. 1.2 This Standard applies to solar co

定价： 501元 / 折扣价： 426 元

1. Scope 1.1 This Standard is concerned with the performance, durability, and safety of packaged solar domestic hot water systems (SDHWS) designed for use in small buildings. It may be used to evaluate solar domestic hot water systems that are base

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

1. Scope 1.1 This Standard is concerned with the performance, durability, and safety of packaged seasonal solar domestic hot water (SSDHW) systems designed to provide hot water for small residential buildings. In these systems freeze protection is ac

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

1. Scope 1.1 This Code covers the minimum requirements for the installation of solar domestic hot water systems. 1.2 This Code applies to the installation of packaged solar domestic hot water systems supplied for year-round or seasonal heating of

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

Exposure in a nonoperational mode provides for conditioning and assessment of the physical appearance of a solar collector resulting from moderately severe solar irradiation, ambient temperature, and effects of moisture on the various materials or construction.This practice describes actual exposure conditions that have a high probability of occurring sometime during the installation of a solar collector, or during operation, or malfunction of a solar energy system.This practice shall be considered to be a limited aging test in that it does not address those aging effects resulting from fluid-to-collector interfaces.This practice applies to all solar thermal collector types.1.1 This practice defines the procedure to expose a solar thermal collector to an outdoor or simulated outdoor environment in a nonoperational model. The procedure provides for periodic inspections and a post-exposure disassembly and inspection of the collector.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

1.1 This terminology pertains to the conversion of solar energy into other forms of energy by various means, including thermal absorption (i.e., solar thermal) and the photovoltaic effect (i.e., photovoltaics).1.2 This terminology also pertains to instrumentation used to measure solar radiation.1.3 This terminology also pertains to glass for solar energy applications.1.4 Fundamental terms associated with electromagnetic radiation that are indicates as derived units in Standard IEEE/ASTM SI 10 are not repeated in this terminology.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 As with any accelerated test, the increase in rate of weathering compared to in-service exposure is material dependent. Therefore, no single acceleration factor can be used to relate two different types of outdoor weathering exposures. The weather resistance rankings of coatings provided by these two procedures may not agree when coatings differing in composition are compared. These two procedures should not be used interchangeably.5.2 The procedures described in this practice are designed to provide greater degradation rates of coatings than those provided by fixed-angle, open-rack, outdoor exposure racks. For many products, fixed angle exposures will produce higher degradation rates than the normal end use of the material.5.2.1 The use of Procedure A (Black Box) instead of an open-rack direct exposure is a more realistic test for materials with higher temperature end use service conditions. For many coatings, this procedure provides greater rates of degradation than those provided by 5°, equator-facing, open-rack exposures because the black box produces higher specimen temperatures during irradiation by daylight and longer time of specimen wetness. The black box specimen temperatures are comparable to those encountered on the hoods, roofs, and deck lids of automobiles parked in sunlight. The relative rates of gloss loss and color change produced in some automotive coatings by exposures in accordance with Procedure A are given in ASTM STP 781.45.2.2 The acceleration of degradation by weathering as described in Procedure C is produced by reflecting sunlight from ten mirrors onto an air-cooled specimen area. Approximately 1400 MJ/m2 of ultraviolet radiant exposure (295 to 385 nm) is received over a typical one-year period when samples are exposed on these devices in a central Arizona climate. This compares with approximately 333 MJ/m2 of ultraviolet radiant exposure from a central Arizona at-latitude exposure and 280 MJ/m2 of ultraviolet radiant exposure from a southern Florida at-latitude exposure over an equivalent time period. However, the test described by Procedure C reflects only direct beam radiation onto test specimens. The reflected direct beam of sunlight contains a lower percentage of short wavelength ultraviolet radiation than global daylight because short wavelength ultraviolet is more easily scattered by the atmosphere, and because mirrors are typically less efficient at shorter ultraviolet wavelengths. Ultraviolet radiant exposure levels should not be used to compute acceleration factors since acceleration is material dependent.5.3 The weather resistance of coatings in outdoor use can be very different depending on the geographic location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative weather resistance in a different location. Exposures in several locations with different climates that represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended to determine weathering resistance and/or service life.5.4 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades.NOTE 3: Three or more years of repeat exposures, starting at various times of the year, are typically needed to get an “average” test result for a given location.5.4.1 The degradation profile for many coatings is not a linear function of exposure time or radiant exposure. When short exposures are used as indications of weather resistance, the results obtained may not be representative of those from longer exposures.NOTE 4: Guide G141 provides information for addressing variability in exposure testing of nonmetallic materials. Guide G169 provides information for applying statistics to exposure test results.5.5 It is recommended that at least one control material be part of any exposure evaluation. Control materials are used for comparing the performance of the test materials relative to the controls when materials are not being ranked against one another. The control material used should be of similar composition and construction to the test materials and be of known weather resistance. It is preferable to use two control materials, one with relatively good weather resistance and one with poor weather resistance.1.1 This practice covers two accelerated outdoor exposure procedures for evaluating the exterior weather resistance of coatings applied to substrates.1.2 The two procedures are as follows:1.2.1 Procedure A—Black Box Exposure.1.2.2 Procedure C—Fresnel Reflector Rack Exposure.NOTE 1: Procedure B described a Heated Black Box procedure that is no longer in common use and has been removed as of the 2014 revision of this standard.1.3 This standard does not cover all the procedures that are available to the user for accelerating the outdoor exposure of coatings. Other procedures have been used in order to provide a particular effect; however, the two procedures described here are widely used.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the general requirements for materials used in rubber seals of flat-plate solar collectors, except vertically mounted passive collectors. Particular applications may necessitate other requirements that would take precedence over these requirements when specified. The rubber seals are classified into types, grades, and classes: type C - intended for use in cold climates, and type W - intended for use in warm climates; grades 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 that differ in hardness properties; class PS - preformed rubber seal, and class SC - sealing compound. Seals shall be rubber vulcanizates conforming to the requirements prescribed. The adhesion, volatiles lost, and volatiles condensable shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for materials used in rubber seals of flat-plate solar collectors, except vertically mounted passive collectors. Particular applications may necessitate other requirements that would take precedence over these requirements when specified.1.2 The design requirement pertains only to permissible deflections of the rubber during thermal expansion or contraction of the seal in use and the tolerances in dimensions of molded and extruded seals.1.3 This specification does not include requirements pertaining to the fabrication or installation of the seals.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to Section 9, Test Methods, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车