This specification describes the required properties and the procedures to be followed for testing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) yarns intended for use in medical devices or components of medical devices, such as sutures and ligament fixations. UHMWPE filament and yarn requirements cover compositional requirements, physical requirements, mechanical requirements, and biocompatibility requirements. Residual production liquids shall be determined by gas chromatography or other suitable, validated analytical methods for the specific materials used to produce the yarn.1.1 This specification covers ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) yarns intended for use in medical devices or components of medical devices, such as sutures and ligament fixations. This specification covers natural (non-colored) and pigmented (colored) yarns.1.2 This standard is intended to describe the requirements and the procedures to be followed for testing UHMWPE yarns as a component for medical devices prior to manufacturing processes of the medical device such as fabric formation, assembling, and sterilization. This specification does not purport to address the requirements for the finished medical devices or the testing that is needed for medical devices that are fabricated from the components specified herein.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The impact resistance of thermoplastic pipe and fittings relates to suitability for service and to quality of processing. Impact resistance may also provide a relative measure of a material's resistance to breakage during handling and installation and, for non-buried applications, to in-service breakage. See Appendix X5 for guidelines for selecting testing combinations.4.2 Results obtained by use of this practice can be used in three ways:4.2.1 As the basis for establishing impact test requirements in product standards,4.2.2 To measure the effect of changes in materials or processing, and4.2.3 To measure the effect of the environment.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the impact resistance of thermoplastic pipe and fittings under specified conditions of impact by means of a tup (falling weight). Three interchangeable striking noses are used on the tup, differing in geometrical configuration. Two specimen holders are described.NOTE 1: Appendix X1 shows the procedure to determine impact strength.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is designed to produce data indicative of the degree of crosslinking in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene that has been crosslinked chemically or by ionizing radiation.5.2 The results are sensitive to the test temperature, solvent, and method used. For the comparison of data between institutions, care must be taken to have the same test conditions and reagents.5.3 The data can be used for dose uniformity analysis, fundamental research, and quality assurance testing.1.1 This test method describes how the crosslink density, molecular weight between crosslinks, and number of repeat units between crosslinks in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) crosslinked by ionizing radiation or by chemical means can be determined by measuring the swelling ratio of samples immersed in o-xylene. Examples of experimental techniques used to make these measurements are discussed herein.1.2 The test method reported here measures the change in height of a sample specimen while it is immersed in the solvent. Volumetric swell ratios assume that the sample is crosslinked isotropically, and that the change in dimension will be uniform in all directions. This technique avoids uncertainty induced by solvent evaporation or temperature change.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Coating weight is an indicator of certain functional characteristics of coated substrates (for example, sealability, peelability, appearance). The methodology described in this practice is a means of determining coat weight.5.2 This practice does not address acceptability criteria. These need to be jointly determined by the user and producer of the product.5.3 The methodology described in this practice includes operator assessment of effective coating removal. This is a subjective assessment and requires operator training for consistent results.5.4 This practice is applicable to coated substrates in which only the coating is soluble in the chosen solvent. The solvent used is critical to the success of the coating removal process. The coated substrate manufacturer must provide guidance in choice of solvent.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the amount of coating applied to a substrate, (for example, film, paper, nonwoven). The amount of coating is expressed as a weight per given area, (for example, g/m2, lb/ream).1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The procedure described in this practice is designed to provide a method by which the coating weight of chromium treatments on metal substrates may be determined.3.2 This procedure is applicable for determination of the total coating weight and the chromium coating weight of a chromium-containing treatment.1.1 This practice covers the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques for determination of the coating weight of chromium treatments on metal substrates. These techniques are applicable for determination of the coating weight as chromium or total coating weight of a chromium-containing treatment, or both, on a variety of metal substrates.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is the procedure of choice for determining the volatile content in aerosol coatings under specified test conditions modeled after Method 35.4 The inverse value, nonvolatile, is used to determine the weight percent solids content. This information is useful to the paint producer, user, and to environmental interests for determining the grams of volatile organic compounds per gram of solids emitted from aerosol cans.1.1 This test method is for the determination of the weight percent volatile organic compounds of solvent-borne paints in aerosol cans. It offers a unique way to obtain paint specimens from aerosol cans.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method covers the determination of pavement surface deflections as a result of the application of an impulse load to the pavement surface. The resulting deflections are measured at the center of the applied load and at various distances away from the load. Deflections may be either correlated directly to pavement performance or used to determine the in-situ material characteristics of the pavement layers. Some uses of data include structural evaluation of load carrying capacity and determination of overlay thickness requirements for highway and airfield pavements.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of deflections of paved and unpaved surfaces with a falling-weight-type impulse load device. These devices are commonly referred to as falling-weight deflectometers or FWDs.1.2 This test method describes the measurement of vertical deflection response of the surface to an impulse load applied to the pavement surface. Vertical deflections are measured on the load axis and at points spaced radially outward from the load axis.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides the user with a procedure to calculate the density of freshly mixed CLSM for determination of compliance with specifications, for determining mass/volume relationships or conversions such as those found in purchase agreements, and also for quality control purposes.5.2 This test method is intended to assist the user for quality control purposes and when specified to determine compliance for air content, yield, and cement content of freshly mixed CLSM.5.3 This test method is not meant to predict the air content of hardened CLSM, which may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method.5.4 This test is one of a series of quality control tests that can be performed on CLSM during construction to monitor compliance with specification requirements. The other tests that can be used during construction control are Test Methods D4832, D6024/D6024M, and D6103.NOTE 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/ and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.1.1 This test method explains determination of the density (Note 1) of freshly mixed Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and the air content of the CLSM. This test method is based on Test Method C138/C138M for Concrete.NOTE 1: Unit Weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.2.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.1.3.1 The converted inch-pound units use the gravitational system of units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The converted slug is not given, unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.1.3.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate system of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.4 CLSM is also known as flowable fill, controlled density fill, soil-cement slurry, soil-cement grout, unshrinkable fill, “K-Krete,” and other similar names.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)

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5.1 The significance of this test is to determine the thermoplastic pavement marking material’s resistance to impact over a simulated pavement substrate, under laboratory conditions, and is expressed as pass/fail or numerically. The test result can be used as a quality test or to differentiate marking materials.5.2 Anyone attempting to perform this test should initially review Test Methods D5420 and D2794, specifically the equipment setup.5.3 Sample preparation and equipment set-up should be followed precisely to minimize variability in the test result.1.1 This test method covers the sample preparation over a road-type substrate and test methodology of thermoplastic pavement marking materials similar to the “Gardner Impact” method as listed in Test Method D5420.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method can be used to determine the appearance of propagating fractures in plain carbon or low-alloy pipe steels (yield strengths less than 825 MPa) over the temperature range where the fracture mode changes from brittle (cleavage or flat) to ductile (shear or oblique).4.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:4.2.1 For research and development, to study the effect of metallurgical variables such as composition or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as welding or forming on the mode of fracture propagation.4.2.2 For evaluation of materials for service to indicate the suitability of a material for specific applications by indicating fracture propagation behavior at the service temperature(s).4.2.3 For information or specification purposes, to provide a manufacturing quality control only when suitable correlations have been established with service behavior.1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT) on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18 mm and 19.1 mm.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powder and fabricated forms for use in surgical implants. UHMWPE powder shall be of virgin polymer manufactured from a homopolymer of ethylene, while the fabricated forms shall be manufactured from the same UHMWPE powder without any stabilizers or processing aids. Tests for viscosity number, elongation stress, ash content, extraneous matter, and trace elements shall be performed for UHMWPE powders, while tests for density, ash content, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and impact strength shall be performed for fabricated forms. All tests shall conform to the requirements specified.1.1 This specification covers ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene powder (UHMWPE) and fabricated forms intended for use in surgical implants.1.2 The requirements of this specification apply to UHMWPE in two forms. One is virgin polymer powder (Section 4). The second is any form fabricated from this powder from which a finished product is subsequently produced (Section 5). This specification addresses material characteristics and does not apply to the packaged and sterilized finished implant.1.3 The requirements of this specification do not apply to UHMWPE virgin powder or fabricated forms intentionally crosslinked or blended with other additives, for example, antioxidants.1.4 The biological response to polyethylene in soft tissue and bone has been well characterized by a history of clinical use (1-3)2 and by laboratory studies (4-6).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Compaction tests on soils performed in accordance with Test Methods D698, D1557, D4253, and D7382 place limitations on the maximum size of particles that may be used in the test. If a soil contains cobbles or gravel, or both, test options may be selected which result in particles retained on a specific sieve being discarded (for example the 4.75-mm [No. 4], the 19-mm [3/4-in.] or other appropriate size) and the test performed on the finer fraction. The unit weight-water content relations determined by the tests reflect the characteristics of the actual material tested, and not the characteristics of the total soil material from which the test specimen was obtained.4.2 It is common engineering practice to use laboratory compaction tests for the design, specification, and construction control of soils used in earth construction. If a soil used in construction contains large particles, and only the finer fraction is used for laboratory tests, some method of correcting the laboratory test results to reflect the characteristics of the total soil is needed. This practice provides a mathematical equation for correcting the unit weight and water content of the finer fraction of a soil, tested to determine the unit weight and water content of the total soil.4.3 Similarly, as utilized in Test Methods D1556/D1556M, D2167, D6938, D7698, and D7830/D7830M, this practice provides a means for correcting the unit weight and water content of field compacted samples of the total soil, so that values can be compared with those for a laboratory compacted finer fraction.NOTE 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.NOTE 3: When this practice is used for construction control, the using agency should specify whether the maximum unit weight value used for reference is the unit weight including oversize fraction or the unit weight of the finer fraction. Calculated values of percent compaction based on this correction practice will vary depending on which unit weight value is used for reference.1.1 This practice presents a procedure for calculating the unit weights and water contents of soils containing oversize particles when the data are known for the soil fraction with the oversize particles removed.1.2 This practice also can be used to calculate the unit weights and water contents of soil fractions when the data are known for the total soil sample containing oversize particles.1.3 This practice is based on tests performed on soils and soil-rock mixtures in which the portion considered oversize is that fraction of the material retained on the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve. Based on these tests, this practice is applicable to soils and soil-rock mixtures in which up to 40 % of the material is retained on the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve. The practice also is considered valid when the oversize fraction is that portion retained on some other sieve, but the limiting percentage of oversize particles for which the correction is valid may be lower. However, the practice is considered valid for materials having up to 30 % oversize particles when the oversize fraction is that portion retained on the 19-mm [3/4-in.] sieve.1.4 The factor controlling the maximum permissible percentage of oversize particles is whether interference between the oversize particles affects the unit weight of the finer fraction. For some gradations, this interference may begin to occur at lower percentages of oversize particles, so the limiting percentage must be lower for these materials to avoid inaccuracies in the computed correction. The person or agency using this practice shall determine whether a lower percentage is to be used.1.5 This practice may be applied to soils with any percentage of oversize particles subject to the limitations given in 1.3 and 1.4. However, the correction may not be of practical significance for soils with only small percentages of oversize particles. The person or agency specifying this practice shall specify a minimum percentage of oversize particles below which the practice need not be applied. If a minimum percentage is not specified, 5 % shall be used.1.6 This practice may not be applicable to soil-rock mixtures which degrade under field compaction.1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7.1 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and a force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. This standard has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as a non conformance with this standard.NOTE 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in brackets is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.1.8 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.8.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user‘s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.9 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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