5.1 Harmful biological or particulate contaminants may enter the package through incomplete seals or imperfections such as pinholes or cracks in the trays.5.2 After initial instrument set-up and calibration, the operations of individual tests and test results do not need operator interpretation. The non-destructive nature of the test may be important when testing high value added products.5.3 Leak test results that exceed the permissible threshold setting are indicated by audible or visual signal responses, or both, or by other means.5.4 This non-destructive test method may be performed in either laboratory or production environments. This testing may be undertaken on either a 100 % or a statistical sampling basis. This test method, in single instrument use and current implementation, may not be fast enough to work on a production packaging line, but is well suited for statistical testing as well as package developmental design work.1.1 This non-destructive test method detects leaks in non-porous rigid thermoformed trays, as well as the seal between the porous lid and the tray. The test method detects channel leaks in packages as small as 100 μm (0.004 in.) diameter in the seal as well as 50 μm (0.002 in.) diameter pinholes, or equivalently sized cracks in the tray, subject to trace gas concentration in the package, package design and manufacturing tolerances.NOTE 1: This test method does not claim to challenge the porous (breathable) lidding material. Any defects that may exist in the porous portion of the package will not be detected by this test method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Many coating properties are markedly affected by the film thickness of the dry film such as adhesion, flexibility, and harness. To be able to compare results obtained by different operators, it is essential to measure film thickness carefully.5.2 Most protective and high performance coatings are applied to meet a requirement or a specification for the dry-film thickness of each coat, or for the complete system, or both. Coatings must be applied within a certain minimum and maximum thickness tolerances in order that they can fulfill their intended function.1.1 This practice describes the measurement of dry film thickness of coating films by microscopic observation of precision angular cuts in the coating film. Use of these procedures may require repair of the coating film. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers' instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, and the advantages and limitations of the instruments.1.2 Three procedures are provided for measuring dry film thickness of protective coating systems:1.2.1 Procedure A—Using groove cutting instruments.1.2.2 Procedure B—Using grinding instruments.1.2.3 Procedure C—Using drill bit instruments.1.3 These procedures are not applicable for soft or ductile substrates that may deform under the test gage cutting tip. The substrate should be sufficiently rigid to prevent deformation of the coating during the cutting process. The surface may be flat or moderately curved. Pipes as small as 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter may be measured in the axial direction.1.4 Individual coats in a multicoat system where there is a discernible visual difference between coats or the overall thickness of a coating system can be measured by these procedures.1.5 The range of thickness measurement is typically 2 to 2000 microns (0.1 to 80 mils) and depends upon the cutting angle of the blade.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is useful for quantifying fissile (for example, 233U, 235U,  239Pu and 241Pu) and spontaneously-fissioning nuclei (for example, 238Pu, 240Pu,  242Pu, 244Cm,248Cm, and  252Cf) in waste and scrap drums. Total elemental mass of the radioactive materials can be calculated if the relative abundances of each radionuclide are known.5.1.1 Typically, this test method is used to measure one fissile isotope (for example, 235U or  239Pu).5.2 This test method can be used to segregate low level and transuranic waste at the 100 nCi/g concentration level currently required to meet the DOE Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) waste acceptance criterion (5, 8, 9).5.3 This test method can be used for waste characterization to demonstrate compliance with the radioactivity levels specified in waste, disposal, and environmental regulations (See NRC regulatory guides, DOE Order 435.1, 10 CFR Part 71, 40 CFR Part 191, and DOE /WIPP-069).5.3.1 In the active mode, the DDT system can measure the 235U content in the range from <0.02 to >100 g and the 239Pu content, nominally between <0.01 and >20 g.5.3.2 In the passive mode, the DDT system is capable of assaying spontaneously-fissioning nuclei, over a nominal range from 0.05 to 15 g of 240Pu, or equivalent (5, 10, 11, 12, 13).5.4 This test method should be used in conjunction with a waste management plan that segregates the contents of assay items into material categories according to some or all of the following criteria: bulk density of the waste, chemical forms of the plutonium or uranium and matrix, (α, n) neutron intensity, hydrogen (moderator) and absorber content, thickness of fissile mass(es), and the assay item container size and composition. Each matrix may require a different set of calibration standards and may have different mass calibration limits. The effect on the quality of the assay (that is, minimizing precision and bias) can significantly depend on the degree of adherence to this waste management plan.5.5 The bias of the measurement results is related to the fill height, the homogeneity and composition of the matrix, the quantity and distribution of the nuclear material, and the item size. The precision of the measurement results is related to the quantity of the nuclear material, the background, and the count time of the measurement.5.5.1 For both matrix-specific and wide-range calibrations, this test method assumes the calibration material matches the items to be measured with respect to homogeneity and composition of the matrix, the neutron moderator and absorber content, and the quantity, distribution, and form of nuclear material, to the extent they affect the measurement.5.5.2 The algorithms for this test method assume homogeneity. Heterogeneity in the distribution of nuclear material, neutron moderators, and neutron absorbers has the potential to cause biased results (14).5.5.3 This test method assumes that the distribution of the contributing radioisotopes is uniform throughout the container and that lumps of nuclear material are not present.5.6 Reliable results from the application of this test method require waste to be packaged so the conditions of Section 5.5 can be met. In some cases, site-specific requirements will dictate the packaging requirements with possible detrimental effects to the measurement results.5.7 Both the active mode and the passive mode provide assay values for plutonium. During the calibration process, the operator should determine the applicable mass ranges for both modes of operation.1.1 This test method covers a system that performs nondestructive assay (NDA) of uranium or plutonium, or both, using the active, differential die-away technique (DDT), and passive neutron coincidence counting. Results from the active and passive measurements are combined to determine the total amount of fissile and spontaneously-fissioning material in drums of scrap or waste. Corrections are made to the measurements for the effects of neutron moderation and absorption, assuming that the effects are averaged over the volume of the drum and that no significant lumps of nuclear material are present. These systems are most widely used to assay low-level and transuranic waste, but may also be used for the measurement of scrap materials. The examples given within this test method are specific to the second-generation Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) passive-active neutron assay system.1.1.1 In the active mode, the system measures fissile isotopes such as 235U and 239Pu. The neutrons from a pulsed, 14-MeV neutron generator are thermalized to induce fission in the assay item. Between generator pulses, the system detects prompt-fission neutrons emitted from the fissile material. The number of detected neutrons between pulses is proportional to the mass of fissile material. This method is called the differential die-away technique.1.1.2 In the passive mode, the system detects time-coincident neutrons emitted from spontaneously fissioning isotopes. The primary isotopes measured are 238Pu, 240 Pu, and 242Pu; however, the system may be adapted for use on other spontaneously-fissioning isotopes as well, such as kilogram quantities of 238U. The number of coincident neutrons detected is proportional to the mass of spontaneously-fissioning material.1.2 The active mode is used to assay fissile material in the following ranges.1.2.1 For uranium-only bearing items, the DDT can measure the 235U content in the range from about 0.02 to over 100 g. Small mass uranium-bearing items are typically measured using the active mode and only large mass items are measured in passive mode.1.2.2 For plutonium-only bearing items, the DDT method measures the 239Pu content in the range between about 0.01 and 20 g.1.3 The passive mode is capable of assaying spontaneously-fissioning nuclei, over a nominal range from 0.05 to 15 g 240Pu equivalent.1.4 This test method requires knowledge of the relative abundances of the plutonium or uranium isotopes to determine the total plutonium or uranium mass.1.5 This test method will give biased results when the waste form does not meet the calibration specifications and the measurement assumptions presented in this test method regarding the requirements for a homogeneous matrix, uniform source distribution, and the absence of nuclear material lumps, to the extent that they effect the measurement.1.6 The complete active and passive assay of a 208 L drum is nominally 10 min or less but either mode can be extended to meet data quality objectives.1.7 Some improvements to this test method have been reported (1, 2, 3, 4).2 Discussions of these improvements are not included in this test method although improvements continue to occur.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Destructive and non-destructive tests characteristics must be evaluated to ensure the membrane switch will operate and survive the application it was designed for. It is not feasible for all tests to be performed on each membrane of a production lot. However, there are some non-destructive tests that must be performed on each switch assembly to ensure 100 % functionality and checking each i/o point for unwanted electrical continuity to any other i/o point is one of these characteristics.1.1 This standard establishes a test method for detecting unwanted electrical shorts in a membrane switch.1.2 Since this is a non-destructive test, it can be performed on a membrane switch that is going to be mounted and used in its intended environment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The strength and performance of heat-strengthened and fully-tempered glass is greatly affected by the surface and edge stress induced during the heat-treating process.5.2 The edge and surface stress levels are specified in Specification C1048, in the Engineering Standards Manual3 of GANA Tempering Division and in foreign specifications.5.3 This test method offers a direct and convenient way to non-destructively determine the residual state of stress on the surface and at the edge of annealed and heat-treated glass.1.1 This test method covers the determination of edge stresses and surface stresses in annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered flat glass products.1.2 This test method is non-destructive.1.3 This test method uses transmitted light and is, therefore, applicable to light-transmitting glasses.1.4 The test method is not applicable to chemically-tempered glass.1.5 Using the procedure described, surface stresses can be measured only on the “tin” side of float glass.1.6 Surface-stress measuring instruments are designed for a specific range of surface index of refraction.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Failure of microelectronic devices is often due to the failure of an interconnection bond. The most common type of interconnection bond is the thermosonic gold or copper wire bond. A very important element of this interconnection is the first bond or ball bond. These test methods can assist in maintaining control of the process for making ball bonds. They can be used to distinguish between weak and nonadherent ball bonds, of both, and bonds that are acceptably strong.5.2 These test methods are appropriate for on-line use in process control, for process development, for purchase specifications, and for research in support of improved yield and reliability. Since the ball shearing method tests only the first bond in a microelectronic wire bond interconnection system, it must be used in a complementary fashion5 ,6 with the wire bond pull test.31.1 These test methods cover tests to determine the shear strength of a series of ball bonds made by either thermosonic or thermal compression techniques using either gold or copper wires.NOTE 1: Common usage at the present time considers the term “ball bond'' to include the enlarged spheriodal or nailhead portion of the wire, (produced by the flameoff/spark [EFO] and first bonding operation in the thermosonic [or thermal compression] process), and the ball bond-bonding pad interfacial-attachment area or weld interface.1.2 These test methods cover ball bonds made with small diameter (from 18 to 76-μm (0.0007 to 0.003-in.)) gold or copper wire of the type used in integrated circuits and hybrid microelectronic assemblies, system on a chip, and so forth.1.3 These test methods can be used only when the ball height and diameter are large enough and adjacent interfering structures are far enough away to allow suitable placement and clearance (above the bonding pad and between adjacent bonds) of the shear test ram.1.4 These test methods are destructive. They are appropriate for use in process development or, with a proper sampling plan, for process control or quality assurance.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Coating film thickness plays a critical role in the performance of the final product. This includes physical properties (abrasion/scratch resistance, color, gloss), chemical properties (solvent resistance), corrosion resistance, and long-term durability (color change, chalk, fade).4.2 The non-destructive measurement system based on ruggedized optical interference transforms signal outputs in coating film thickness using digital formulas (or “recipes”) which are reproducible from one instrument to another.4.3 The ROI measurement unit takes a significant number of measurements which can be read in a determined period of time and each of these data points is recorded and reportable.4.4 Due to the number of variables that can affect film thickness during application and the number of variables that must be set in the measurement unit while determining a recipe, it is important for the producer and the user to agree upon recipe settings depending on the coating system.1.1 This test method encompasses measuring the film thickness of a coil coated organic coating layer. Operators can use this method in process during the coating application or in a laboratory setting.1.2 This test method does not specify the expected film thickness/test results for a coating, nor the specific “recipe” file needed to measure a coating.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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