5.1 The chemical analysis of sediments, collected from such locations as streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans can provide information of environmental significance.5.2 These practices can be used with either suspended sediment (material actively transported by water) or bed sediment (material temporarily at rest on the bed of a water body).5.3 Standardized practices for digesting sediments, for subsequent chemical analysis, will facilitate inter- and intra-areal comparisons as well as comparison of data generated by different groups. The use of total digestions also eliminates the ambiguities and interpretational difficulties associated with partial digestions and the operational definitions that accompany them.1.1 This practice covers two procedures for the total digestion of sediments for subsequent determination of metals by such techniques as flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, etc.1.2 This practice is applicable in the subsequent determination of volatile, semivolatile, and nonvolatile metals of sediments.1.3 Actual metal quantitation can be accomplished by following the various test methods outlined under other appropriate ASTM standards for the metal(s) of interest. Before selecting either of the digestion techniques outlined in this practice, the user should consult the appropriate quantitation standard(s) for any special analytical considerations, and Practice D3976 for any special preparatory considerations.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 15.5.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is useful for preparation of difficult-to-digest, primarily oils and oily wastes, specimens for trace element determinations of up to 28 elements by atomic absorption or plasma emission techniques. Specimen preparation by high-pressure ashing is primarily applicable to specimens whose preparation by EPA SW-846 protocols is either not applicable or not defined. This sample preparation practice is applicable for the trace element characterization of mixed oily wastes for use by waste treatment facilities such as incinerators or waste stabilization facilities.1.1 This practice covers a high-pressure, high-temperature digestion technique using the high-pressure asher (HPA) for preparation of oils and oily waste specimens for determination of up to 28 different elements by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission plasma spectroscopy (ICP-AES), cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS), and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS), and radiochemical methods. Oily and high-percentage organic waste streams from nuclear and non-nuclear manufacturing processes can be successfully prepared for trace element determinations by ICP-AES, CVAAS, and GFAAS. This practice is applicable to the determination of total trace elements in these mixed wastes. Specimens prepared by this practice can be used to characterize organic mixed waste streams received by hazardous waste treatment incinerators and for total element characterization of the waste streams.1.2 This practice is applicable only to organic waste streams that contain radioactivity levels that do not require special personnel or environmental protection from radioactivity or other acute hazards.1.3 A list of elements determined in oily waste streams is found in Table 1.1.4 This practice has been used successfully to completely digest a large variety of oils and oily mixed waste streams from nuclear processing facilities. While the practice has been used to report data on up to 28 trace elements, its success should not be expected for all analytes in every specimen. The overall nature of these oily wastes tends to be heterogeneous that can affect the results. Homogeneity of the prepared sample is critical to the precision and quality of the results.1.5 This practice is designed to be applicable to samples whose preparation practices are not defined, or not suitable, by other regulatory procedures or requirements, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) SW-846 and EPA-600/4-79-020 documents. This digestion practice is designed to provide a high level of accuracy and precision, but does not replace or override any regulatory requirements for sample preparation.1.6 This practice uses hazardous materials, operations, and equipment at high pressure (90 bars to 110 bars, 89 atm to 108 atm, or 1305 lb/in.2 to 1595 lb/in.2) and high temperatures, up to 320 °C, and therefore poses significant hazards if not operated properly.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7.1 Exception—Pressure measurements are given in lb/in. units.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 10.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Beryllium is an important analyte in industrial hygiene because of the risk of exposed workers developing Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD). CBD is a granulomatous lung disease that is caused by the body’s immune system response to inhaled dust or fumes containing beryllium, a human carcinogen (2). Surface wipe samples and air filter samples are collected to monitor the workplace. This practice addresses the problem of spurious results caused by the presence of interfering elements in the solution analyzed. The practice has been evaluated for all elements having emission spectra near the 313.042 and 313.107 nm beryllium lines, as well as elements of general concern including aluminum, calcium, iron and lead. Below is a table listing each possible spectrally interfering element:Cerium Chromium Hafnium MolybdenumNiobium Thorium Titanium ThuliumUranium Vanadium Uranium   Measurement of beryllium on the order of 1 ppb (0.003 µg Be/100 cm2 wipe sample) has been successfully accomplished in the presence of spectrally interfering elements on the order of hundreds of ppm. This method has been validated on matrices containing 10 mg of each of the above elements. In some cases including interferents such as chromium and calcium, the single 2 mL beryllium extraction chromatography resin can handle >100 mg of total dissolved solids and still deliver >90 % beryllium yield. Should the matrix contain greater amounts of contaminants, additional resin may be used or, more likely, a combination of different resins may be used. (3,4).1.1 This practice covers the separation of beryllium from other metals and metalloids in acid solutions, by extraction chromatography, for subsequent determination of beryllium by atomic spectroscopy techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).1.2 This practice is applicable to samples of settled dust that have been collected in accordance with Practices D6966 or D7296.1.3 This practice is compatible with a wide variety of acid digestion techniques used in digesting settled dust samples, such as those described in Test Method D7035.1.4 This practice is appropriate for the preparation of settled dust samples where an unacceptable bias is suspected or known because of spectral interferences caused by other metals or metalloids present in the sample. This practice may also be appropriate for the analysis of other types of samples.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This practice is intended for the digestion of lead in dust wipe samples collected during various lead hazard activities performed in and around buildings and related structures.5.2 This practice is also intended for the digestion of lead in dust wipe samples collected during and after building renovations.5.3 This practice is applicable to the digestion of dust wipe samples that have or have not been collected in accordance with Practice E1728/E1728M using wipes that may or may not conform to Specification E1792.5.4 This practice is applicable to the digestion of dust wipe samples that were placed in either hard-walled, rigid containers such as 50-mL centrifuge tubes or flexible plastic bags.NOTE 2: Due to the difficulty in performing quantitative transfers of some samples from plastic bags, hard-walled rigid containers such as 50-mL plastic centrifuge tubes are recommended in Practice E1728/E1728M for sample collection.5.5 Digestates prepared according to this practice are intended to be analyzed for lead concentration using spectrometric techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) (see Test Methods E1613, E3193, and E3203), or using electrochemical techniques such as anodic stripping voltammetry (see Practice E2051).5.6 This practice is not capable of determining lead bound within matrices, such as silica, that are not soluble in nitric acid.5.7 This practice is capable of determining lead bound within paint.1.1 This practice covers the acid digestion of surface dust samples (collected using wipe sampling practices) and associated quality control (QC) samples for the determination of lead.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 Exception—Informational inch-pound units are provided in Note 3.1.3 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The analysis of many types of water for metals using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry, direct current plasma emission spectrophotometry, or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitates the use of a digestion practice in order to ensure the proper statistical recovery of the metals from the sample matrix. The use of closed vessel microwave techniques will speed the complete recovery of metals from the water matrices and eliminate sample contamination from external sources.1.1 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample digestion for total metals in water using closed vessel microwave heating technique. This practice is applicable to surface, saline, domestic, and industrial wastewater.1.2 Because of the differences among various makes and models of satisfactory instruments, no detailed operating instructions can be provided. Instead, the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument.1.3 This practice can be used with the following ASTM standards, providing the user determines precision and bias based on this digestion practice: Test Method D857, Test Methods D858, Test Methods D1068, Test Methods D1687, Test Methods D1688, Test Methods D1691, Test Methods D1886, Test Method D1976, Practices D3370, Test Methods D3557, Test Methods D3559, Practice D3919, Test Method D4190, Practice D4453, Practice D4691, and Test Method D5673.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversion to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Paint in buildings and related structures needs to be monitored for lead content in order to determine the potential lead hazard. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of paint samples that may contain lead.5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of paint samples that are collected during various lead-hazard control and risk assessment activities associated with lead abatement in and around buildings and related structures. This practice is also suitable for the digestion of paint samples collected from locations such as commercial buildings.5.3 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been obtained in order to ensure compliance with laws that govern lead content in paints.5.4 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been collected for risk assessment purposes.5.5 This practice is intended for use with paint samples that are prepared for subsequent analysis by quantitative analytical methods.1.1 This practice covers the sample preparation procedures for paint samples that are collected during the assessment, management or control of lead hazards.1.2 This practice describes the digestion procedures using a hot plate or microwave oven or apparatus for paint samples that are to be analyzed for lead content.1.3 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample extraction for total recoverable lead in dried paint samples (either bulk paint or paint powder) using hot plate or microwave heating techniques, or both.1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.1.5 This practice is based on NIOSH Methods 7082 and 7105, and on an EPA standard operating procedure for lead in paint.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.2, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 6.3.2.4, 8.2.1, and 8.2.2.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The determination of metals in water often requires the measurement of total (suspended and dissolved) metals as well as soluble (dissolved) metals. In such cases, consistent and dependable digestion procedures must be used so that data derived for the total metals content is reliable.4.2 The practices given are applicable to a wide variety of sample types for the purpose of preparing a sample for metals analyses by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or plasma emission spectroscopy (see Test Method D1976, Practice D3919, Practice D4691, and Test Method D4190) or plasma-mass spectrometry (see Test Method D5673) and have been shown to give good recovery in the following matrices: industrial effluents; waste water treatment plant influents, sludges, dewatered sludges, and effluents; river and lake waters; and plant and animal tissues. Elements which have shown good recovery include: copper, nickel, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron, manganese, magnesium, and calcium.4.2.1 Good recovery for the indicated sample types and metals may not be achieved at all times due to each sample's unique characteristics. Users must always validate the practice for their particular samples.4.3 The analytical results achieved after applying these practices cannot necessarily be deemed as a measure of bioavailable or environmentally available elements.4.4 These three practices may not give the same recovery when applied to the same sample, nor will they necessarily give the same results as achieved using other digestion techniques. An alternate digestion technique is Practice D4309.1.1 Most atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy, and plasma-mass spectrometric test methods require that the metals of interest be dissolved in a liquid phase before being introduced into the spectrophotometer. These practices describe digestion or dissolution procedures whereby analyte metals associated with the solid fraction of a sample can be brought into solution for subsequent analysis. The following practices are included:  SectionsPractice A—Digestion with Mineral Acids and Elevated Pressure  8 through 13Practice B—Digestion with Mineral Acids and Heating at Atmospheric Pressure 14 through 19Practice C—In-Bottle Digestion with Mineral Acids 20 through 251.2 These practices have been demonstrated to be applicable to a wide variety of sample types and sample matrices, and in many cases, will give complete dissolution of the analyte metals of interest. They are by no means the only digestion procedures available.1.3 The user of these practices should be cautioned that these practices may not completely dissolve all portions of a sample's solid phase and may not give complete recovery of the desired analyte metals. In these cases, other digestion techniques are available that will effect complete dissolution of a sample. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of these practices for use on their particular sample matrix, for their metals of interest.1.4 This practice assumes that the criteria established in Guide D3856 can be met.1.5 These digestion procedures have been selected for their wide application, low cost, and ease of use.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversion to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is intended for the digestion of metals and metalloids in airborne dust and dust wipe samples collected during various activities performed in and around workplaces, buildings and related structures.5.2 This practice is applicable to the digestion of airborne dust and dust wipe samples collected in accordance with Test Method D4532, Guide D6062, Practice D7144 or Guide E1370 for airborne dust, and Practices D6966, D7296, D7822, or E1728 using wipes that may or may not conform to Specifications D7707 or E1792.5.2.1 This practice is applicable to the digestion of airborne dust sample filters that have been removed from their sampling cassettes which have been wiped to collect all dust adhering to the side walls and included in the hard-walled containers as part of the collected samples.5.2.2 This practice is applicable to the digestion of airborne dust samples that use acid-soluble cellulosic air sampling capsules with the entire contents of the cassettes transferred to hard-walled containers.5.2.3 This practice is applicable to the digestion of settled dust samples collected using wipe materials in hard-walled containers.5.3 Digestates prepared according to this practice are intended to be analyzed for metal and metalloid concentrations using spectrometric techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (see Test Methods D4185, D6785, D7035, D7439, E1613, E3193, and E3203), or for lead using electrochemical techniques such as anodic stripping voltammetry (see Practice E2051), or for beryllium using optical fluorescence detection (see Test Method D7202).5.4 Laboratories developing in-house test methods using this procedure shall determine precision and bias in accordance with the principles laid down by their accrediting agency.1.1 This practice covers the digestion of airborne and surface dust samples (collected using air and wipe sampling practices) and associated quality control (QC) samples for the determination of metals and metalloids by means of a mixture of dilute ammonium bifluoride and nitric acid.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are highly toxic. Regulations have been established to require the monitoring of cyanide in industrial and domestic wastewaters and surface waters.45.2 This test method is applicable for natural water, saline waters, and wastewater effluent.5.3 This test method may be used for process control in wastewater treatment facilities.5.4 The spot test outlined in Test Methods D2036, Annex A1, can be used to detect cyanide and thiocyanate in water or wastewater, and to approximate its concentration.1.1 This test method is used for determining total cyanide in drinking and surface waters, as well as domestic and industrial wastes. Cyanide ion (CN–), hydrogen cyanide in water (HCN(aq)), and the cyano-complexes of zinc, copper, cadmium, mercury, nickel, silver, and iron may be determined by this test method. Cyanide ions from Au(I), Co(III), Pd(II), and Ru(II) complexes are only partially determined.1.2 The method detection limit (MDL) is 1.0 μg/L cyanide and the minimum level (ML) is 3 μg/L. The applicable range of the method is 3 to 500 μg/L cyanide using a 200-μL sample loop. Extend the range to analyze higher concentrations by sample dilution or changing the sample loop volume.1.3 This test method can be used by analysts experienced with equipment using segmented flow analysis (SFA) and flow injection analysis (FIA) or working under the close supervision of such qualified persons.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.5 and Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 There is a need to monitor the content of metals and metalloids in order to determine the presence of potential hazards. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of soil samples for determination of metals and metalloids present therein.5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of soil samples that are collected during various construction and renovation and hazard survey activities in and around buildings and related structures. The practice is also suitable for the digestion of soil samples for metal and metalloid analyses collected from other locations, such as near roads and steel structures. For some other extraction procedures, see Practices D3974.5.3 This practice is intended to be used to prepare samples that have been collected for hazard assessment purposes but may be used for other applications such as, for example, monitoring the effectiveness of remediation activities.5.4 This practice may be capable of determining metals and metalloids bound within matrices, such as silica, that are not soluble in nitric acid alone.5.5 This practice includes drying and homogenization steps to help assure that reported results are representative of the sample and are independent of potential differences in soil moisture levels among different sampling locations or changing weather conditions.1.1 This practice covers drying, homogenization, and ammonium bifluoride-nitric acid digestion of soil samples and associated quality control (QC) samples for the determination of metals and metalloids using laboratory atomic spectrometry analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). For ammonium bifluoride-nitric acid digestion of airborne dust and dust-wipe samples for the determination of metals and metalloids, see Practice D8344.1.2 This practice is based on U.S. EPA SW 846, Test Method 3050, Test Method D7202, and Practice D8344.1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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