5.1 Different combinations of varnishes and film-insulated magnet wire behave differently when exposed to elevated temperatures. This includes different varnishes tested with the same film-insulated magnet wire and a single varnish tested with different film-insulated magnet wire.5.2 This test method is used to determine the effect on the electrical properties of a varnish applied to film-insulated magnet wire when the combination is exposed to prescribed elevated temperatures.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal endurance characteristics of electrical insulating varnishes and film-insulated magnet wire in combination.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This test method is equivalent to IEC 60172.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.NOTE 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).NOTE 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Values obtained by flexural tests can provide information with regard to the bond strength of the particular varnish, in combination with a particular wire, when measured under conditions described in this test method.1.1 This test method covers determination of the bond strength of an electrical insulating varnish when applied to a helical coil. The helical coil can be made from bare aluminum or copper wire or from film or fiber-insulated magnet wire. Helical coils made from bare aluminum or bare copper wire will yield values of bond strength for the varnish when applied to bare metal conductors. The use of film or fiber-insulated magnet wire will show values for that particular combination of insulation and varnish.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers electrically insulating, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard used as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and other similar apparatus. The materials may also be used as turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. This specification does not include tissue for manufacture of capacitors. Other commonly used terms for the materials include soft coil wrap, dense coil wrap, kraft coil insulation, dry-finished kraft, and water-finished kraft. The materials covered in this specification are classified into four types according to density range and nominal thickness and should conform to the required values of ash content, alcohol-soluble material content, aqueous extract conductivity, water-soluble chloride content, fiber composition, moisture content, hydrogen ion concentration, pH, tensile strength, dielectric breakdown voltage, and conducting paths.1.1 This specification covers electrical grade unsized, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard for use as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and similar apparatus. Other applications include, but are not limited to, turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. Tissue for the manufacture of capacitors is not included in this specification. Other commonly used designations include:1.1.1 Soft Coil Wrap,1.1.2 Dense Coil Wrap,1.1.3 Kraft Coil Insulation,1.1.4 Dry-Finished Kraft, and1.1.5 Water-Finished Kraft.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 Design calculations for such components as transmission lines, antennas, radomes, resonators, phase shifters, etc., require knowledge of values of complex permittivity at operating frequencies. The related microwave measurements substitute distributed field techniques for low-frequency lumped-circuit impedance techniques.4.2 Further information on the significance of permittivity is contained in Test Methods D150.4.3 These test methods are useful for specification acceptance, service evaluation, manufacturing control, and research and development of ceramics, glasses, and organic dielectric materials.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of relative (Note 1) complex permittivity (dielectric constant and dissipation factor) of nonmagnetic solid dielectric materials.NOTE 1: The word “relative” is often omitted.1.1.1 Test Method A is for specimens precisely formed to the inside dimension of a waveguide.1.1.2 Test Method B is for specimens of specified geometry that occupy a very small portion of the space inside a resonant cavity.1.1.3 Test Method C uses a resonant cavity with fewer restrictions on specimen size, geometry, and placement than Test Methods A and B.1.2 Although these test methods are used over the microwave frequency spectrum from around 0.5 to 50.0 GHz, each octave increase usually requires a different generator and a smaller test waveguide or resonant cavity.1.3 Tests at elevated temperatures are made using special high-temperature waveguide and resonant cavities.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This classification establishes categories of insulating coatings based on their chemical nature, relative insulating ability, and typical applications. These categories describe general physical and chemical characteristics of the coatings that are useful in making broad estimates of their insulating ability and suitability for various applications.1.1 This document classifies insulating coatings for electrical steels according to their composition, relative insulating ability, and functionality. The purpose of this classification is to assist users of insulating coatings by providing general information about the chemical nature and use of the coatings, as well as to provide important data concerning limits to their use, that is, relative insulating ability, punchability, temperature stability, weldability, and fabricability. Specific surface insulation resistivity values for each coating are not included in this classification. The user is referred to the flat-rolled electrical steel specifications noted in 1.2 should more detailed information concerning surface insulation resistivity values be required.1.2 This classification is to be used in conjunction with the various specifications for flat-rolled electrical steels under the jurisdiction of Committee A06, including Specifications A345, A677, A683, A726, A840, A876, and A1086. However, in those instances in which the coating descriptions and characteristics differ between this classification and any of the specifications, this classification shall supersede the specification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

The content of dissolved decay products in insulating oils is made up of a variety of compounds, such as peroxides, aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. Each of them is partially adsorbed on the large surface of paper insulation leading to the premature aging of power transformers. The relative assessment of byproduct formation, therefore, can be used as an indicator of the aging of the mineral oil.1.1 This test method characterizes by spectrophotometry the relative level of dissolved decay products in mineral insulating oils of petroleum origin. While new oil is almost transparent to a monochromatic beam of light in the visible spectrum, the increasing concentration of dissolved decay products shift the absorbance curve to longer wavelengths.1.2 This test method is applicable to compare the extent of dissolved decay products for oils in service. It can assess the effectiveness of used or stored oil purification during the reclamation process, as well.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Flexural properties as determined by this test method are especially useful for quality control and specification purposes. They include:5.1.1 Flexural Stress (σf)—When a homogeneous elastic material is tested in flexure as a simple beam supported at two points and loaded at the midpoint, the maximum stress in the outer surface of the test specimen occurs at the midpoint. Flexural stress is calculated for any point on the load-deflection curve using equation (Eq 3) in Section 12 (see Notes 5 and 6).NOTE 5: Eq 3 applies strictly to materials for which stress is linearly proportional to strain up to the point of rupture and for which the strains are small. Since this is not always the case, a slight error will be introduced if Eq 3 is used to calculate stress for materials that are not true Hookean materials. The equation is valid for obtaining comparison data and for specification purposes, but only up to a maximum fiber strain of 5 % in the outer surface of the test specimen for specimens tested by the procedures described herein.NOTE 6: When testing highly orthotropic laminates, the maximum stress may not always occur in the outer surface of the test specimen.4 Laminated beam theory must be applied to determine the maximum tensile stress at failure. If Eq 3 is used to calculate stress, it will yield an apparent strength based on homogeneous beam theory. This apparent strength is highly dependent on the ply-stacking sequence of highly orthotropic laminates.5.1.2 Flexural Stress for Beams Tested at Large Support Spans (σf)—If support span-to-depth ratios greater than 16 to 1 are used such that deflections in excess of 10 % of the support span occur, the stress in the outer surface of the specimen for a simple beam is reasonably approximated using equation (Eq 4) in 12.3 (see Note 7).NOTE 7: When large support span-to-depth ratios are used, significant end forces are developed at the support noses which will affect the moment in a simple supported beam. Eq 4 includes additional terms that are an approximate correction factor for the influence of these end forces in large support span-to-depth ratio beams where relatively large deflections exist.5.1.3 Flexural Strength (σfM)—Maximum flexural stress sustained by the test specimen (see Note 6) during a bending test. It is calculated according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials that do not break at strains of up to 5 % give a load deflection curve that shows a point at which the load does not increase with an increase in strain, that is, a yield point (Fig. 1, Curve b), Y. The flexural strength is calculated for these materials by letting P (in Eq 3 or Eq 4) equal this point, Y.FIG. 1 Typical Curves of Flexural Stress (σf) Versus Flexural Strain (εf)NOTE 1: Curve a: Specimen that breaks before yielding.Curve b: Specimen that yields and then breaks before the 5 % strain limit.Curve c: Specimen that neither yields nor breaks before the 5 % strain limit.5.1.4 Flexural Offset Yield Strength—Offset yield strength is the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates by a given strain (offset) from the tangent to the initial straight line portion of the stress-strain curve. The value of the offset must be given whenever this property is calculated.NOTE 8: Flexural Offset Yield Strength may differ from flexural strength defined in 5.1.3. Both methods of calculation are described in the annex to Test Method D638.5.1.5 Flexural Stress at Break (σfB)—Flexural stress at break of the test specimen during a bending test. It is calculated according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials give a load deflection curve that shows a break point, B, without a yield point (Fig. 1, Curve a) in which case σfB = σfM. Other materials give a yield deflection curve with both a yield and a break point, B (Fig. 1, Curve b). The flexural stress at break is calculated for these materials by letting P (in Eq 3 or Eq 4) equal this point, B.5.1.6 Stress at a Given Strain—The stress in the outer surface of a test specimen at a given strain is calculated in accordance with Eq 3 or Eq 4 by letting P equal the load read from the load-deflection curve at the deflection corresponding to the desired strain (for highly orthotropic laminates, see Note 6).5.1.7 Flexural Strain, ɛf—Nominal fractional change in the length of an element of the outer surface of the test specimen at midspan, where the maximum strain occurs. Flexural strain is calculated for any deflection using Eq 5 in 12.4.5.1.8 Modulus of Elasticity: 5.1.8.1 Tangent Modulus of Elasticity—The tangent modulus of elasticity, often called the “modulus of elasticity,” is the ratio, within the elastic limit, of stress to corresponding strain. It is calculated by drawing a tangent to the steepest initial straight-line portion of the load-deflection curve and using Eq 6 in 12.5.1 (for highly anisotropic composites, see Note 9).NOTE 9: Shear deflections can seriously reduce the apparent modulus of highly anisotropic composites when they are tested at low span-to-depth ratios.4 For this reason, a span-to-depth ratio of 60 to 1 is recommended for flexural modulus determinations on these composites. Flexural strength should be determined on a separate set of replicate specimens at a lower span-to-depth ratio that induces tensile failure in the outer fibers of the beam along its lower face. Since the flexural modulus of highly anisotropic laminates is a critical function of ply-stacking sequence, it will not necessarily correlate with tensile modulus, which is not stacking-sequence dependent.5.1.8.2 Secant Modulus—The secant modulus is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain at any selected point on the stress-strain curve, that is, the slope of the straight line that joins the origin and a selected point on the actual stress-strain curve. It shall be expressed in megapascals (pounds per square inch). The selected point is chosen at a pre-specified stress or strain in accordance with the appropriate material specification or by customer contract. It is calculated in accordance with Eq 6 by letting m equal the slope of the secant to the load-deflection curve. The chosen stress or strain point used for the determination of the secant shall be reported.5.1.8.3 Chord Modulus (Ef)—The chord modulus is calculated from two discrete points on the load deflection curve. The selected points are to be chosen at two pre-specified stress or strain points in accordance with the appropriate material specification or by customer contract. The chosen stress or strain points used for the determination of the chord modulus shall be reported. Calculate the chord modulus, Ef using Eq 7 in 12.5.2.5.2 Experience has shown that flexural properties vary with specimen depth, temperature, atmospheric conditions, and strain rate as specified in Procedures A and B.5.3 Before proceeding with these test methods, refer to the ASTM specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the ASTM material specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. Table 1 in Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM material specifications that currently exist for plastics.1.1 These test methods are used to determine the flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including high modulus composites and electrical insulating materials utilizing a three-point loading system to apply a load to a simply supported beam (specimen). The method is generally applicable to both rigid and semi-rigid materials, but flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break or yield in the outer surface of the test specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit.1.2 Test specimens of rectangular cross section are injection molded or, cut from molded or extruded sheets or plates, or cut from molded or extruded shapes. Specimens must be solid and uniformly rectangular. The specimen rests on two supports and is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the supports.1.3 Measure deflection in one of two ways; using crosshead position or a deflectometer. Please note that studies have shown that deflection data obtained with a deflectometer will differ from data obtained using crosshead position. The method of deflection measurement shall be reported.NOTE 1: Requirements for quality control in production environments are usually met by measuring deflection using crosshead position. However, more accurate measurement may be obtained by using an deflection indicator such as a deflectometer.NOTE 2: Materials that do not rupture by the maximum strain allowed under this test method may be more suited to a 4-point bend test. The basic difference between the two test methods is in the location of the maximum bending moment and maximum axial fiber stresses. The maximum axial fiber stresses occur on a line under the loading nose in 3-point bending and over the area between the loading noses in 4-point bending. A four-point loading system method can be found in Test Method D6272.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parentheses are for information only.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 3: This standard and ISO 178 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 These methods cover determination of the following properties of structural insulating roof deck. In all structural tests the specimens are loaded as beams with the finished (ceiling) face in tension. SectionsEquivalent Uniform Load 8-12Concentrated Load 13-16Sustained Uniform Load (Sag) 18-20Impact Load 21-24Resistance to Cyclic Exposure 25-29Thermal Conductance (Test Method C177) 30-32Water Vapor Permeance (Test Method C355) 33-371.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1. Scope 1.1 This Standard specifies the requirements for mineral oil of petroleum origin for use in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical equipment (excluding high-voltage cables) requiring a liquid insulating and cooling medium.

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Oil and oil-immersed electrical insulation materials may decompose under the influence of thermal and electrical stresses, and in doing so, generate gaseous decomposition products of varying composition which dissolve in the oil. The nature and amount of the individual component gases that may be recovered and analyzed may be indicative of the type and degree of the abnormality responsible for the gas generation. The rate of gas generation and changes in concentration of specific gases over time are also used to evaluate the condition of the electric apparatus.NOTE 1: Guidelines for the interpretation of gas-in-oil data are given in IEEE C57.104.1.1 This test method covers three procedures for extraction and measurement of gases dissolved in electrical insulating oil having a viscosity of 20 cSt (100 SUS) or less at 40°C (104°F), and the identification and determination of the individual component gases extracted. Other methods have been used to perform this analysis.1.2 The individual component gases that may be identified and determined include:  Hydrogen—H2  Oxygen—O2  Nitrogen—N2  Carbon monoxide—CO  Carbon dioxide—CO2  Methane—CH4  Ethane—C2H6  Ethylene—C2H4  Acetylene—C2H2  Propane—C3H8  Propylene—C3H61.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see 6.1.8, 30.2.2 and 30.3.1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

1.1 This test method covers procedures for the use of oxygen analyzers to measure the percentage of oxygen in an insulating glass unit where normal atmospheric air has been replaced with other gases such as argon, krypton, xenon, or sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The procedure shows how to convert the measured percentage of oxygen in an insulating glass unit to the percentage of air in the unit, and subtracts the air percentage from 100 % to calculate the percentage of fill gas in the unit.1.2 This test method does not determine the type of fill gas. It only measures the percentage of oxygen in the gas in the space between the lites of an insulating glass unit.1.3 This test method is not applicable to insulating glass units containing open capillary/breather tubes.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This practice covers sampling electrical insulating liquids having a viscosity less than 650 cSt at 40oC from apparatus for analysis of their gas content or for measurement of water content, or both. Guide D117, Test Methods D1533, and Test Methods D3612 provide detailed information regarding gas and water testing. Definitions of terms used in this practice may be found in Terminology D2864. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 and 7.

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1. Scope This Standard applies to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) insulating tape for use at a maximum temperature of 60, 80, 90 or 105°C, for insulating joints and splices in wires and cables having voltage ratings up to 1000 V, in accordance with the Canadi

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元