This specification covers bearings, which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both. The bearings are furnished in four types as follows: plain elastomeric bearing pad; plain elastomeric sandwich bearing; steel-laminated elastomeric bearing; and steel-laminated elastomeric bearing with external load plate. The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in two types: Type CR and Type NR. The elastomer for the manufacture of the bearing is furnished in four grades of low-temperature properties: Grade 0; Grade 2; Grade 3; and Grade 5. The elastomeric compound used in the construction of a bearing shall contain only either natural rubber or chloroprene rubber as the raw polymer. Internal steel laminates shall be of rolled mild steel. Plain bearing pads shall be molded individually, or cut from previously molded strips or slabs, or extruded and cut to length. A steel-laminated bearing or a plain sandwich bearing shall be molded as a single unit under pressure and heat. All bonding of elastomer to steel laminates and to external load plates shall be carried out during molding. Bearing compression tests, compression stiffness, visual inspection, quality control properties, shear modulus, ozone resistance, and low-temperature grade tests shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.1.1 This specification covers bearings which consist of all elastomer or of alternate laminates of elastomer and steel, when the function of the bearings is to transfer loads or accommodate relative movement between a bridge superstructure and its supporting structure, or both.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.NOTE 1: The words “elastomer” or “elastomeric” will be used interchangeably with the word “rubber” in this specification.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Glass is a brittle material with different time and temperature-dependent properties than other solid materials used as walkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is an important consideration in the design and construction of glass treads and glass landings constructed with laminated glass.4.2 Post-breakage glass retention is an important consideration in the design of a glass walkway system as a means of minimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-through or fallout of the glass.4.3 The structural design shall be confirmed by calculations by a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.4.4 If testing is required (see 4.4.1 – 4.4.3) to verify post-glass breakage behavior of the glass walkway, the testing shall be in accordance with Section 6.4.4.1 For laminates with two glass plies, verification testing is required.4.4.2 For laminates with more than two glass plies, verification testing is not required provided that calculations completed in accordance with 4.3 demonstrate that the glass assembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design load with any one glass ply broken.4.4.3 When verifying post-breakage behavior by calculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration in accordance with Table 1 shall be used for all load cases.4.5 The manufacturer or designer of glass walkway systems shall provide installation directions and fabrication and installation tolerances of their systems.4.6 The structural integrity of the glass walkway system after glass breakage shall be sufficient to support the design loads after any one glass ply is broken. If damage of any kind occurs, the walkway shall be cordoned off and the installation shall be inspected to ensure structural integrity and pedestrian safety of the system.1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass landings constructed with laminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristics unique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existing referenced standards.1.2 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glass tiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The test is suitable for check testing properly selected samples from regular production or for determining the suitability of adhesives and bonding techniques for the production of joints for exterior service.4.2 Vary the number of specimens taken from each member and the number of members selected for test depending on the total number of members involved and the purpose of the tests. It is advisable, however, to include at least three specimens in the test, with the specimens selected to represent the probable range of quality of the adhesive joints.4.3 Adhesive joints at knots and knotty areas in general are not dependable under severe exposures. Disregard development of delamination at knots and do not include in the measurements or calculations.1.1 These test methods cover an accelerated means of measuring the resistance to delamination of structural laminated wood members intended for exterior service.1.2 These test methods are not intended as substitutes or replacements for the more severe test of resistance to delamination in Specification D2559.1.3 Two test methods are included. Choice of test method depends on purpose of the test and available time to complete.1.3.1 Test Method A—This test requires 3 days to complete and is a method for determining the suitability of adhesives and manufacturing techniques and equipment for production of joints adequate for exterior service.1.3.2 Test Method B—This test requires approximately 121/2 h. (If excessive delamination occurs, the cycle is repeated). It is a quality-control type test for examining adhesive joint quality.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method for the determination of bond strength of bonded, fused, or laminated apparel fabrics, is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of bonded and laminated apparel fabrics.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing. Randomly assign specimens in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data and a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers procedures for characterizing the bond strength of bonded, fused, and laminated apparel fabrics before or after drycleaning and laundering.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in parentheses are provided as information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.1.1 for a specific warning.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The procedures in this standard can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of coated and laminated fabrics for architectural use since these test methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Caution is advised, however, when testing adhesion of coating to fabric and breaking strength after crease fold because between laboratory precision is known to be poor (see 24.2). For these cases, comparative tests conducted, as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Methods D4851 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration of the known bias.5.2 The uses and significance of specific properties are discussed in the appropriate sections of specific test methods.1.1 These test methods cover the testing of coated and laminated fabrics made primarily for use in fabric roof systems. These coated and laminated fabrics are generally in either an air supported or tension supported construction of fabric roof systems.1.2 These methods can be used for most fiber-based, coated and laminated architectural fabrics.1.3 This standard includes the following sections that provide test procedures for coated and laminated architectural fabrics:  SectionFabric Count  8Mass per Unit Area  9Fabric Thickness 10Fabric Width 11Fabric Length 12Fabric Bow 13Adhesion of Coating to Fabric 14Uniaxial Elongation Under Static Load 15Fabric Breaking Force 16Breaking Strength After Crease Fold 17Elongation at Break 18Fabric Trapezoid Tear Force 19Resistance to Accelerated Weathering 20Solar Optical Properties 21Fabric Flame Resistance 22Noise Reduction Coefficient 231.4 These test methods include only testing procedures and do not include specifications or tolerances. They are intended as a guide for specifications. Any of these methods may be used in material specifications to evaluate requirements for a specific end use as related to a particular job.1.5 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 14.1, A1.3.3.1, A2.3.3.1, and A3.3.3.1.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers requirements for performance properties of bonded, fused, and laminated apparel fabrics. The fabrics shall be classified according to shrinkage limits: Class I; Class II; and Class III. Puckering, crack marks, bubbles, blisters, pilling, and color change tests shall be performed to determine its properties in accordance to the specified requirements.1.1 This specification covers requirements for performance properties of bonded, fused, and laminated apparel fabrics.

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4.1 This test method is designed to compare related materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain a given compressive stress as a function of time. A portion of the torque loss on the bolted flange is a result of creep relaxation. Torque loss can also be caused by elongation of the bolts, distortion of the flanges, and vibration; therefore, the results obtained should be correlated with field results. This test method may be used as a routine test when agreed upon between the user and the producer.1.1 This test method provides a means of measuring the amount of creep relaxation of a laminated composite gasket material at a predetermined time after a compressive stress has been applied.1.2 Creep relaxation is measured by means of a calibrated bolt with dial indicator.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This classification is intended to encourage uniformity in reporting properties; to provide a common language for communications between producers and users; to guide engineers and designers in the use, construction, and properties of commercially available materials; and to be versatile enough to cover new materials and test methods as they are introduced.1.1 This classification covers a means for specifying or describing pertinent properties of commercial laminate composite gasket materials (LCGM). These structures are composed of two or more chemically different layers of material. These materials may be organic or inorganic, or combinations with various binders or impregnants. Gasket coatings are not covered since details thereof are intended to be given on engineering drawings, or as separate specifications. Commercial materials designated as enveloped gaskets are excluded from this classification; they are covered in Practice F336. This classification system does not cover multilayer steel (MLS) gaskets currently used for some automotive exhaust and head gaskets. MLS gaskets are classified under Classification F2325.1.2 Since all of the properties that contribute to gasket performance are not included, use of this classification as a basis for selecting LCGM is limited.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A discussion of the issues and limitations associated with the measurement of strength properties of adhesive bonds in shear by compression loading is found in Test Method D905.4.2 While various combinations of test temperature and heat exposure duration can be used, the provisions specified in 7.2.4 shall be based on the understanding that the objective of this test method is to evaluate adhesive bond performance just before wood begins to burn and the elevated temperature is selected to be slightly below the unpiloted ignition temperature for wood when taken into account the specific product and its end-use applications.4.3 When using this test method, consideration shall be given to the unique production conditions, such as wood moisture content, applied spread rate, press pressure, and curing temperature of the adhesive.1.1 This standard describes a test method for evaluating the comparative shear strength of a planar adhesive bond at both ambient and elevated temperatures relative to the performance of solid wood under the same conditions. The test method is based on the breaking load after the specimen is exposed to either ambient or a constant elevated temperature for a specified duration as described in Section 7. This standard does not preclude the development and implementation of other methods that provide equivalent performance meeting the intent of this method.1.2 This test method is intended for the evaluation of adhesives that can be used to assemble test specimens in accordance with Test Method D905. The evaluation of other types of adhesives, such as the binder systems used for strand-based products, is beyond the scope of this test method, except as noted in 1.4.1.3 This test method is intended for the evaluation of adhesives as a component of laminated wood products at elevated temperatures. The evaluation of fire performance on fire-rated laminated wood products or assemblies is beyond the scope of this test method.1.4 This test method may be used for the evaluation of heat durability for binder adhesives used in strand-based structural wood composites, such as oriented strand lumber (OSL) and laminated strand lumber (LSL), by substituting strand-based composite specimens for the bonded specimens.1.5 The formulation of adhesive supplied to the manufacturer of laminated wood products shall be evaluated. Modifications to the adhesive formulation require a separate evaluation unless approved by the manufacturer of the laminated wood product, qualified agency, and code evaluation agency.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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7.1 This test method is designed to provide data for the control and specification of materials and for characterization purposes in research and development of new materials. It is possible that the tensile properties will vary with the size of specimens and the speed of testing. Consequently, these factors along with others noted herein must be controlled where precise comparative results are desired.1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for testing rigid round rods used in electrical insulation. These round rods include many types made from fibrous sheets of basic materials, such as cellulose, glass, or nylon in the form of paper, woven fabrics, or mats, bonded together by natural or synthetic resins, or by adhesives. Such round rods include vulcanized fiber and thermosetting laminates as well as round rods made from cast, molded, or extruded natural or synthetic resins, with or without fillers or reinforcing materials.1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:  SectionCompressive strength (axial) 20 – 25Density 28 – 30Dielectric strength 31 – 39Flexural strength 13 – 19Tensile strength  7 – 12Water absorption 26-271.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement see 36.2.

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