5.1 This practice allows the collection of a representative sample of LPG that may contain trace volatile dissolved components such as methane, ethane, and nitrogen. Sampling by Practice D1265 can result in a small, but predictable, loss of these lighter components. Practice D1265 is suitable for collecting samples for routine specification testing, as the small loss of light components is not significant under Specification D1835 specification requirements. Practice D3700 is recommended whenever highly accurate determination of light components is required. For example, compositions determined on samples collected according to Practice D3700 may be used to establish the product value of NGL mixtures (see Appendix X1).1.1 This practice covers the equipment and procedures for obtaining a representative sample of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), such as specified in ASTM Specification D1835, GPA 2140, and comparable international standards. It may also be used for other natural gas liquid (NGL) products that are normally single phase (for example, NGL mix, field butane, and so forth), defined in other industry specifications or contractual agreements, and for volatile (higher vapor pressure) crude oils.NOTE 1: Some floating piston cylinders have such tight piston seals that the vapor pressure of some high vapor pressure crude oils may not be sufficient to allow sampling without a handle to move the piston. An alternative sampling practice for UN Class 3 liquids (under 300 kPa at 52 °C) is Practice D8009, which utilizes a Manual Piston Cylinder (MPC) sampler.1.2 This practice is not intended for non-specification products that contain significant quantities of undissolved gases (N2, CO2), free water or other separated phases, such as raw or unprocessed gas/liquids mixtures and related materials. The same equipment can be used for these purposes, but additional precautions are generally needed to obtain representative samples of multi-phase products (see Appendix X1).1.3 This practice includes recommendations for the location of a sample point in a line or vessel. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the sampling point is located so as to obtain a representative sample.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The bispectral or two-monochromator method is the definitive method for the determination of the general (illuminant-independent) radiation-transfer properties of fluorescent specimens (2). The Donaldson radiance factor is an instrument- and illuminant-independent photometric property of the specimen, and can be used to calculate its color for any desired illuminant and observer. The advantage of this method is that it provides a comprehensive characterization of the specimen’s radiation-transfer properties, without the inaccuracies associated with source simulation and various methods of approximation.5.2 This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of bispectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.1.1 This practice addresses the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed for obtaining precise bispectral photometric data for computing the colors of fluorescent specimens.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when bispectral photometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.1.3 This practice applies specifically to bispectrometers, which produce photometrically quantitative bispectral data as output, useful for the characterization of appearance, as opposed to spectrofluorimeters, which produce instrument-dependent bispectral photometric data as output, useful for the purpose of chemical analysis.1.4 The scope of this practice is limited to the discussion of object-color measurement under reflection geometries; it does not include provisions for the analogous characterization of specimens under transmission geometries.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Sonic velocity measurements are useful for comparing materials with similar elastic properties, dimensions, and microstructure.5.2 Eq 1 provides an accurate value of Young’s modulus only for isotropic, non-attenuative, and non-dispersive materials of infinite dimensions. For non-isotropic graphite, Eq 1 can be modified to take into account the Poisson’s ratios in all directions. As graphite is a strongly attenuative material, the value of Young’s modulus obtained with Eq 1 will be dependent on specimen length. If the specimen lateral dimensions are not large compared to the wavelength of the propagated pulse, then the value of Young’s modulus obtained with Eq 1 will be dependent on the specimen lateral dimensions. The accuracy of the Young's modulus calculated from Eq 1 will also depend upon the uncertainty in Poisson's ratio and its impact on the evaluation of the Poisson's factor in Eq 2. However, a value for Young's modulus can be obtained for many applications, which is often in good agreement with the value obtained by other more accurate methods, such as in Test Method C747. The technical issues and typical values of corresponding uncertainties are discussed in detail in STP 1578.55.3 If the grain size of the carbon or graphite is greater than or about equal to the wavelength of the sonic pulse, the method may not be providing a value of Young’s modulus representative of the bulk material. Therefore, it would be recommended to test a lower frequency (longer wavelength) to demonstrate that the range of obtained velocity values are within an acceptable level of accuracy. Significant signal attenuation should be expected when the grain size of the material is greater than or about equal to the wavelength of the transmitted sonic pulse or the material is more porous than would be expected for an as-manufactured graphite.NOTE 1: Due to frequency dependent attenuation in graphite, the wavelength of the sonic pulse through the test specimen is not necessarily the same as the wavelength of the transmitting transducer.5.4 If the sample is only a few grains thick, the acceptability of the method’s application should be demonstrated by initially performing measurements on a series of tests covering a range of sample lengths between the proposed test length and a test length incorporating sufficient grains to adequately represent the bulk material.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the sonic velocity in manufactured carbon and graphite which can be used to obtain an approximate value of Young's modulus.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The purpose of this practice is to prepare specimens of chemically grouted soils for testing in unconfined or triaxial compression.Note 3—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This practice covers the laboratory preparation of chemically grouted soil specimens for use in laboratory tests to determine engineering parameters.Note 1—This practice may not be applicable to grout mixtures with gel times shorter than the time required to saturate the specimen with grout.1.2 The specimens are intended for both strength and modulus determination in unconfined and confined compression testing.Note 2—Preparation methods for specimens to be used for other purposes are described in Test Methods D4219 and D5202.1.3 This practice requires the injection of grout into soil specimens already fabricated to a desired density.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

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5.1 The most fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of visual display units (VDUs) is by the use of spectroradiometric data. (See CIE No. 18 and 63.) These data are used by summation together with numerical values representing the 1931 CIE Standard Observer and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function.5.2 The special requirements for characterizing VDUs possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the requirements of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.1.1 This test method prescribes the instrumental measurements required for characterizing the color and brightness of VDUs.1.2 This test method is specific in scope rather than general as to type of instrument and object.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Sonic velocity measurements are useful for comparing materials with similar elastic properties, dimensions, and microstructure.5.2 Eq 1 provides an accurate value of Young’s modulus only for isotropic, non-attenuative, non-dispersive materials of infinite dimensions. For non-isotropic graphite Eq 1 can be modified to take into account the Poisson’s ratios in all directions. As graphite is a strongly attenuative material, the value of Young’s modulus obtained with Eq 1 will be dependent on specimen length. If the specimen lateral dimensions are not large compared with the wavelength of the propagated pulse, then the value of Young’s modulus obtained with Eq 1 will be dependent on the specimen lateral dimensions. The accuracy of the Young’s modulus calculated from Eq 1 will also depend upon uncertainty in Poisson’s ratio and its impact on the evaluation of the Poisson’s factor in Eq 2. However, a value for Young’s modulus Eq 1 or Eq 7) can be obtained for many applications, which is often in good agreement with the value obtained by other more accurate methods, such as in Test Method C747. The technical issues and typical values of corresponding uncertainties are discussed in detail in STP 1578.65.3 If the grain size of the carbon or graphite is greater than or about equal to the wavelength of the sonic pulse, the method may not provide a value of the Young’s modulus representative of the bulk material. Therefore it would be desirable to test a lower frequency (longer wavelength) to demonstrate that the range of obtained velocity values are within acceptable levels of accuracy. Significant signal attenuation should be expected when grain size of the material is greater than or about equal to the wavelength of the transmitted sonic pulse or the material is more porous than would be expected for as-manufactured graphite.NOTE 1: Due to frequency dependent attenuation in graphite, the wavelength of the sonic pulse through the test specimen is not necessarily the same wavelength of the transmitting transducer.5.4 If the sample is only a few grains thick, the acceptability of the method’s application should be demonstrated by initially performing measurements on a series of dummy specimens covering a range of lengths between the proposed test specimen’s length and a specimen length incorporating sufficient grains to adequately represent the bulk material.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the longitudinal and transverse (shear) sonic velocities in manufactured carbon and graphite which can be used to obtain approximate values for the elastic constants: Young’s modulus (E), the shear modulus (G), and Poisson’s ratio (v).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of radiant sources is by the use of spectroradiometric measurements. These measurements are used by summation together with numerical values representing the CIE 1931 Standard Observer (CIE Publication 015:2004) and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function, with a value of 683 lm/W.5.2 This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of spectroradiometers used for providing the desired precision spectroradiometric data, for their calibration, and for the physical standards required for calibration.5.3 Special requirements for characterizing sources of light possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the procedures of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, object, or material.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method is used to determine the compressive strength of hardened lightweight insulating concrete using samples taken from the field. The test results can be used to determine specification compliance when results of tests on specimens molded at the time of construction are not available or are defective, and to establish the strength properties of existing construction.1.1 This test method covers obtaining, preparing, and testing specimens of hardened, lightweight, insulating concrete made with either lightweight aggregate conforming to Specification C332 or using preformed foam made from a foaming agent conforming to Specification C869/C869M and having an oven-dry density not exceeding 800 kg/m3 [50 lb/ft3].1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A large number of industrial processes involve transfer and feeding of bulk solids, and the ability of such materials to flow in a controlled manner during these operations is critical to product quality.5.2 Direct shear cells are among the most important methods for measuring the flow properties of bulk solids in industrial applications for bulk solids handling.5.3 Direct shear cells have many advantages over simpler methods of measuring bulk solids flow properties, but their operation is more complex and the procedures for their use must be carefully controlled to produce accurate and reproducible data.5.4 The three most popular direct shear cell types are: Translational (D6128), Annular (D6773), and Rotational (D6682 and D7891).5.5 From shear cell data, a wide variety of parameters can be obtained, including the yield locus representing the shear stress to normal stress relationship at incipient flow, angle of internal friction, unconfined yield strength, cohesion, and a variety of related parameters such as the flow function.5.6 In addition, these three direct shear cells can be set up with wall coupons to measure wall friction.5.7 When the shear cell data are combined with unconfined yield strength, wall friction data, and bulk density data, they can be used for bin and hopper evaluation and design.1.1 This guide covers theory and principles for obtaining reliable and accurate bulk solids flow data using a direct shear cell. It includes characteristics and limitations of the three most popular direct shear cell types: Translational (D6128), Annular (D6773), and Rotational (D6682 and D7891).1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method provides standardized procedures for obtaining cored specimens to determine the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of shotcrete during pre-construction, during construction, and from older shotcrete structures.4.2 Generally, test specimens are obtained in situ when doubt exists about the in-place shotcrete quality due either to low strength test results during construction or signs of distress in the structure. Other uses of this method are to provide specimens for acceptance testing, construction control and to assess the condition, quality and uniformity of the shotcrete in accordance with Practice C823/C823M (see Note 1).4.3 Specimens obtained by this method are used to verify the thickness of shotcrete and aid in the visual assessment of the shotcrete quality, workmanship, defects, shotcrete-to-substrate bond and the condition of any reinforcement used in the shotcrete.44.4 Shotcrete strength is affected by the location of the shotcrete in a structure. Vertical, sub-horizontal and overhead elements of the shotcrete structure may show variability. Core strength is affected by core orientation relative to direction of shotcrete application. These factors shall be considered in planning the locations for obtaining shotcrete samples and in interpreting strength test results.4.5 Shotcrete is applied in single or multiple layers, as plain shotcrete, reinforced shotcrete, or fiber-reinforced shotcrete. Core samples containing wire-mesh and reinforcing bars shall not be used for compressive strength testing.4.6 The strength of shotcrete is affected by moisture content, the specified moisture conditioning procedure for cores is intended to provide test specimens with reproducible moisture contents that minimize within-laboratory and between-laboratory variations.4.7 Sample acquisition may require a combination of core-drilling, sawing, and grinding that may have the potential to adversely affect the sample condition if care is not taken during sampling and testing.4.8 A sampling plan shall be established that indicates the number of samples and their locations (see Note 1). The acceptance criteria for shotcrete core strengths shall be established by the specifier of tests (see Note 2).NOTE 1: Practice C823/C823M provides guidance on the development of a sampling plan for concrete in constructions. A number of methods that supplement the examination of hardened shotcrete by means of representative core samples and testing are discussed in ACI 506.4R.NOTE 2: The core strength acceptance criteria cited in ACI 318 are based on a comparison of molded cylinder specimens and cores. Shotcrete strengths are always based on core specimens, therefore the 85 % factor used in core to cylinder comparisons is not relevant to the evaluation of shotcrete core strengths. A typical shotcrete specification reflecting standard industry practice is contained in ACI 506.2.1.1 This test method covers obtaining, preparing, and testing cores drilled from shotcrete for length, compressive strength, or splitting tensile strength determinations.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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