5.1 This test method is useful for determining the quantity of fibers in a peat or organic soil specimen. Fiber content is one parameter used to classify the peat as determined in Classification D4427. It is also a significant parameter in predicting or defining the many end uses of these materials. In this regard, fiber content has been related to agricultural and horticultural end uses (such as mulching and soil enrichment), geotechnical measurements (such as strength, compressibility, and permeability), industrial chemical uses (such as production of waxes, activated carbon, and medicines), and energy uses (such as direct combustion, methanol production, and gas yields).NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the fiber content of peat and organic soils by dry mass. Classification D4427 provides the methodology to classify peat as it is used in this standard.1.2 Pieces of plant material such as roots or wood, larger than 20 mm in smallest dimension are not considered fibers.1.3 Because this test method is simple and does not need sophisticated equipment in order to be performed, it is especially recommended for routine reconnaissance work where large numbers of samples need to be tested and mineral contents are low.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Alternate sieve designations in parentheses are as provided in Specification E11.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The coulometric technique is especially suited for determining low concentrations of water in organic liquids that would yield small titers by the Karl Fischer volumetric procedure. The precision and accuracy of the coulometric technique decreases for concentrations of water much greater than 2.0 % because of the difficulty in measuring the small size of sample required. The test method assumes 100 % efficiency of coulombs in iodine production. Provision is made for verifying this efficiency. (See Table 1 and Note 5.)1.1 This test method covers the determination of water from 0 % to 2.0 % mass in most liquid organic chemicals, with Karl Fischer reagent, using an automated coulometric titration procedure. Use of this test method is not applicable for liquefied gas products such as Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Butane, Propane, Liquid Natural Gas (LNG), etc.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first-aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Old coatings, such as paint or related coatings, may have to be removed from a surface before successful recoating can occur. This practice can be used to test the coatings removal efficiency of products designed for such use.1.1 The practice evaluates the effectiveness of coatings removers used on clear or pigmented coatings as applied to wood and metal.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Coatings that chemically change during the curing process, such as epoxies, vinyl esters, polyesters, alkyds and urethanes, become more resistant to solvents as they cure. These coatings should reach specific levels of solvent resistance prior to being topcoated and prior to placing in service; the levels of solvent resistance necessary vary with the type of coating and the intended service. Rubbing with a cloth saturated with the appropriate solvent is one way to determine when a specific level of solvent resistance is reached. However, the level of solvent resistance by itself does not indicate full cure and some coatings become solvent resistant before they become sufficiently cured for service.4.2 The time required to reach a specific level of solvent resistance can be influenced by temperature, film thickness, air movement and, for water-borne or water-reactive coatings, humidity.4.3 The test solvent’s effect upon the coating varies with coating type and solvent used. The coating manufacturer may specify the solvent, the number of double rubs, and the specific test results needed.1.1 This practice describes a solvent rub technique for assessing the solvent resistance of an organic coating that chemically changes during the curing process. This technique can be used in the laboratory, in the field, or in the fabricating shop. Test Method D4752 is the preferred method for ethyl silicate zinc-rich primers.1.2 This practice does not specify the solvent, number of double rubs, or expected test results.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Consult the supplier’s Safety Data Sheet for specific hazard information relating to the solvent used.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of joints of nonbituminous membranes is their ability to remain bonded over the membrane's expected service life. Time-to-failure tests provide a means of characterizing the behavior of joints under constant load over time.5.2 Creep is a sensitive index of rheological properties that depend on material, load, temperature, and time. Time-to-failure data that are obtained over a relatively short time period can evaluate one factor affecting a joint's ability to withstand static loading over a relatively long time period.5.3 Time-to-failure data for joints of nonbituminous organic roof membrane specimens can be used for the following: (1) to provide a measure of the load-carrying ability of the joint as a function of time at various levels of load, temperature, and relative humidity; (2) to characterize the joint with regard to factors affecting performance, such as surface preparation of the adherend, solvent-based adhesive thickness and open time, environment during adhesive application and cure, and temperature of thermal welding processes; and (3) to compare the effects of different bonding processes or adhesive bonding materials on joint performance.5.4 While it is considered that the results obtained by this laboratory test may afford a measure of the performance of seams in service, provided that load, temperature, and humidity conditions are known, no direct correlation has been established.1.1 This test method covers laboratory determination of the time-to-failure (creep-rupture) of joints fabricated from nonbituminous organic roof membrane material. The test method covers both T-peel and lap-shear joints subjected to constant tensile load under controlled environmental conditions. The joints, made from either unreinforced or fabric-reinforced membrane material, are prepared in the laboratory or sampled from roofs in service.1.2 Sheet materials from which the joints are fabricated include vulcanized rubbers, nonvulcanized polymeric sheets, and thermoplastics. The bonding methods for joint formation include the use of liquid-based adhesives, preformed tapes, and thermal and solvent weld processes.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Coated wood panel products must be stacked face to face or face to back during warehousing, packaging, and transportation without the coated finish sticking (blocking) and becoming damaged. This test method describes a laboratory means of evaluating conditions of blocking using factors of pressure, heat, time and moisture.4.2 Degrees of hardness or degrees of cure of organic coatings, or both, can be evaluated using a blocking test.4.3 The rate of volatile loss (drying speed) of organic coatings can be evaluated using a blocking test.4.4 The effectiveness of protective packaging materials (slip sheets) for organic coatings on wood substrates can be evaluated using a blocking test.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the block resistance of organic coatings on wood and wood-based panel substrates. Block resistance is the ability of a coating to resist sticking to another surface and to resist any change in appearance when it is pressed against that surface for a prolonged period of time.1.2 General methods for determining block resistance are outlined in Sections 6 and 7. Variations inherent in user materials and procedures, however, may dictate adjustments to the general method to improve accuracy. Paragraphs 7.3 and 7.4 provide guidelines for tailoring the general procedure to a user's specific application. Paragraph 7.5 offers a rating methodology.1.3 Test Method D2091 should be used for the determination of print resistance or pressure mottling of organic coatings, particularly lacquers, applied to wood-based case goods such as furniture.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Coatings attached to substrates are subjected to damaging impacts during the manufacture of articles and their use in service. In its use over many years, this test method for impact resistance has been found to be useful in predicting the performance of organic coatings for their ability to resist cracking caused by impacts.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rapidly deforming by impact a coating film and its substrate and for evaluating the effect of such deformation.1.2 This test method should be restricted to testing in only one laboratory when numerical values are used because of the poor reproducibility of the method. Interlaboratory agreement is improved when ranking is used in place of numerical values.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment.5.2 Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right.5.3 Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (5).5.4 Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds.NOTE 1: While workplace air monitoring has traditionally been carried out using disposable sorbent tubes, typically packed with charcoal and extracted using chemical desorption (solvent extraction) prior to GC analysis – for example following NIOSH and OSHA reference methods – routine thermal desorption (TD) technology was originally developed specifically for this application area. TD overcomes the inherent analyte dilution limitation of solvent extraction improving method detection limits by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude and making methods easier to automate. Relevant international standard methods include ISO 16017-1 and ISO 16017-2. For a detailed history of the development of analytical thermal desorption and a comparison with solvent extraction methods see Ref (6).5.5 In order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in particular, it is often necessary to take measurements of air quality and assess them in relation to mandatory requirements.5.6 The choices of sorbents, sampling method, and analytical methodology affect the efficiency of sorption, recovery, and quantification of individual VOCs. This practice is potentially effective for any GC-compatible vapor-phase organic compound found in air, over a wide range of volatilities and concentration levels. However, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the sampling, recovery, analysis, and overall quality control of each measurement are within acceptable limits for each specific VOC of interest. Guidance for this evaluation is part of the scope of this practice.1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1),2 indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 °C to 400 °C (v.p. 15 kPa to 0.01 kPa at 25 °C).1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide concentration range.1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m3 to 1 g/m3, for individual organic compounds in 1 L to 10 L air samples. Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated procedures with appropriate quality control measures.1.5.2 With axial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of volatile organic compounds in a concentration range of approximately 100 µg/m3 to 100 mg/m3 for individual organic compounds for an exposure time of 8 h or 1 µg/m3 to 1 mg/m3 for individual organic compounds for an exposure time of four weeks.1.5.3 With radial diffusive sampling, this practice is valid for the measurement of airborne vapors of volatile organic compounds in a concentration range of approximately 5 µg/m3 to 5 mg/m3 for individual organic compounds for exposure times of one to six hours.1.5.4 The upper limit of the useful range is almost always set by the linear dynamic range of the gas chromatograph column and detector, or by the sample splitting capability of the analytical instrumentation used.1.5.5 The lower limit of the useful range depends on the noise level of the detector and on blank levels of analyte or interfering artifacts (or both) on the sorbent tubes.1.6 This procedure can be used for personal and fixed location sampling. It cannot be used to measure instantaneous or short-term fluctuations in concentration. Alternative ‘grab sampling’ procedures using canister air samplers (for example, Test Method D5466) may be suitable for monitoring instantaneous or short term fluctuations in air concentration. Alternatives for on-site measurement include, but are not limited to, gas chromatography, real-time mass spectrometry detectors and infrared spectrometry.1.7 The sampling method gives a time-weighted average result.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Many regulators, industrial processes, and other stakeholders require determination of NMOC in atmospheres.5.2 Accurate measurements of ambient NMOC concentrations are critical in devising air pollution control strategies and in assessing control effectiveness because NMOCs are primary precursors of atmospheric ozone and other oxidants (7, 8).5.2.1 The NMOC concentrations typically found at urban sites may range up to 1 ppm C to 3 ppm C or higher. In order to determine transport of precursors into an area monitoring site, measurement of NMOC upwind of the site may be necessary. Rural NMOC concentrations originating from areas free from NMOC sources are likely to be less than a few tenths of 1 ppm C.5.3 Conventional test methods based upon gas chromatography and qualitative and quantitative species evaluation are relatively time consuming, sometimes difficult and expensive in staff time and resources, and are not needed when only a measurement of NMOC is desired. The test method described requires only a simple, cryogenic pre-concentration procedure followed by direct detection with an FID. This test method provides a sensitive and accurate measurement of ambient total NMOC concentrations where speciated data are not required. Typical uses of this standard test method are as follows.5.4 An application of the test method is the monitoring of the cleanliness of canisters.5.5 Another use of the test method is the screening of canister samples prior to analysis.5.6 Collection of ambient air samples in pressurized canisters provides the following advantages:5.6.1 Convenient collection of integrated ambient samples over a specific time period,5.6.2 Capability of remote sampling with subsequent central laboratory analysis,5.6.3 Ability to ship and store samples, if necessary,5.6.4 Unattended sample collection,5.6.5 Analysis of samples from multiple sites with one analytical system,5.6.6 Collection of replicate samples for assessment of measurement precision, and5.6.7 Specific hydrocarbon analysis can be performed with the same sample system.1.1 This test method2 presents a procedure for sampling and determination of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) in ambient, indoor, or workplace atmospheres.1.2 This test method describes the collection of integrated whole air samples in silanized or other passivated stainless steel canisters, and their subsequent laboratory analysis.1.2.1 This test method describes a procedure for sampling in canisters at final pressures above atmospheric pressure (pressurized sampling).1.3 This test method employs a cryogenic trapping procedure for concentration of the NMOC prior to analysis.1.4 This test method describes the determination of the NMOC by the flame ionization detection (FID), without the use of gas chromatographic columns and other procedures necessary for species separation.1.5 The range of this test method is from 20 ppb C to 10 000 ppb C (1, 2).31.6 This test method has a larger uncertainty for some halogenated or oxygenated hydrocarbons than for simple hydrocarbons or aromatic compounds. This is especially true if there are high concentrations of chlorocarbons or chlorofluorocarbons present.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Coating on substrates can be damaged by abrasion during its service life. This test method has been useful in evaluating the abrasion resistance of coatings. Ratings produced by this test method have correlated well with ratings produced by the falling abrasive values in Test Method D968.5.2 For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taber Abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing. Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the adhesion of debris generated during the test and must be resurfaced at more frequent intervals as agreed upon by the interested parties. To determine if more frequent resurfacing is required, plot the total weight loss every 50 cycles. If a significant negative change in slope is observed prior to 500 cycles, the point at which the slope changes determines the resurfacing frequency.5.3 When evaluating resistance to abrasion of two or more coatings, other factors may need to be considered for an accurate comparison. Flexible coatings that include air entrainment bubbles could alter the mass loss during comparison tests. Coatings that include dense fillers may result in greater mass loss but have less change in coating thickness. Coatings that include silica, metal oxides or other extremely dense particulates, may wear the abrasive wheel. Wear debris that includes extremely dense particulates may cause three-body abrasion that contributes to the break-down of the coating if not removed by the vacuum suction system. Coatings that have a hardness value or coefficient of friction greater than the abrasive wheel may cause the abrasive wheel to break down faster. Coatings that have different coefficient of friction ratings, must be taken into consideration during comparison tests. Examples of coatings that may be impacted include, but are not limited to; epoxies, polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), polyurethane-methacrylate (PUMA), methyl-methacrylate (MMA), and carbon resin.NOTE 1: Example—A urethane coating of 20 mil thickness, embedded with 1.2 µm titanium particles resulted in a 2.1 mil loss in coating thickness and 110 mg mass loss. A similar urethane coating without titanium particles, resulted in a 2.9 mil to 3.1 mil loss in coating thickness and 44 mg mass loss.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of organic coatings to abrasion produced by the Taber Abraser on coatings applied to a plane, rigid surface, such as a metal panel.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, with the exception of mils when determining coating thickness.1.3 This standard is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 7784–2.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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