1.1 These test methods cover the electrical performance of photovoltaic modules and arrays under natural or simulated sunlight using a calibrated reference cell. 1.2 Measurements under a variety of conditions are allowed; results are reported under a select set of reporting conditions (RC) to facilitate comparison of results. 1.3 These test methods apply only to nonconcentrator terrestrial modules and arrays. 1.4 The performance parameters determined by these test methods apply only at the time of the test, and imply no past or future performance level. 1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 With the rapid growth of the use of photovoltaic systems in buildings, roof mounted arrays continue to be one of the most prevalent forms of installations. These roof mounted arrays typically feature penetrations into the roof system, which can result in water leakage issues if not properly flashed or applied to the roof system.4.2 Structural integrity and durability of the application of the roof mounted array to the roof system must be adequate per applicable codes and regulations. This applies to both the photovoltaic module-to-array mounting structure interface and the array mounting structure-to-roof interface.4.3 The installation of roof mounted arrays presents certain hazards that must be addressed, which include fall protection, carrying loads up ladders, wind and rain exposure during installation, and electrical exposure during connections.4.4 The topics covered in 4.1 through 4.3 are potentially a significant barrier to broad acceptance of roof mounted photovoltaic systems if not adequately addressed.1.1 This practice details minimum requirements for the installation of roof mounted photovoltaic arrays on steep-sloped roofs with water-shedding roof coverings. These requirements include proper water-shedding integration with the roof system, material properties, flashing of roof penetrations, and sufficient anchoring per regional design load requirements.1.1.1 This practice does not apply to building-integrated or adhesively attached photovoltaic systems that are applied as roof-covering components.1.2 This practice does not cover the electrical aspects of installation.1.3 Installation considerations are divided into two distinct aspects: the interface between the photovoltaic module and the array mounting structure, and the interface between the array mounting structure and the roof or roof structure.1.4 Safety and hazard considerations unique to this application, such as worker fall protection, electrical exposure, accessibility of modules, and roof clearance around the perimeter of the array are addressed by other codes, standards, or authorities having jurisdiction.1.5 This practice is intended to provide recommended installation practices for use by installers, specifiers, inspectors, or for specification by photovoltaic module manufacturers.1.6 This practice provides minimum guidelines and should be used in conjunction with module and mounting system manufacturers’ instructions. This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM Standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This practice is not intended to replace or supersede any other applicable local codes, standards or Licensed Design Professional instructions for a given installation.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 8.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is the intent of these test methods to provide a recognized procedure for calibrating, characterizing, and reporting the calibration data for non-primary photovoltaic reference cells that are used during photovoltaic device performance measurements.5.2 The electrical output of photovoltaic devices is dependent on the spectral content of the source illumination and its intensity. To make accurate measurements of the performance of photovoltaic devices under a variety of light sources, it is necessary to account for the error in the short-circuit current that occurs if the relative spectral response of the reference cell is not identical to the spectral response of the device under test. A similar error occurs if the spectral irradiance distribution of the test light source is not identical to the desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. These errors are quantified with the spectral mismatch parameter M (Test Method E973).5.2.1 Test Method E973 requires four quantities for spectral mismatch calculations:5.2.1.1 The quantum efficiency of the reference cell to be calibrated (see 7.1.1),5.2.1.2 The quantum efficiency of the calibration source device (required as part of its calibration),NOTE 1: See 10.10 of Test Method E1021 for the identity that converts spectral responsivity to quantum efficiency.5.2.1.3 The spectral irradiance of the light source (measured with the spectral irradiance measurement equipment), and,5.2.1.4 The reference spectral irradiance distribution to which the calibration source device was calibrated (see G173).5.2.2 Temperature Corrections—Test Method E973 provides means for temperature corrections to short-circuit current using the partial derivative of quantum efficiency with respect to temperature.5.3 A non-primary reference cell is calibrated in accordance with these test methods is with respect to the same reference spectral irradiance distribution as that of the calibration source device. Primary reference cells may be calibrated by use of Test Method E1125.NOTE 2: No ASTM standards for calibration of primary reference cells to the extraterrestrial spectral irradiance distribution presently exist.5.4 A non-primary reference cell should be recalibrated yearly, or every six months if the cell is in continuous use outdoors.5.5 Recommended physical characteristics of reference cells are provided in Specification E1040.5.6 Because silicon solar cells made on p-type substrates are susceptible to a loss of Isc upon initial exposure to light, it is required that newly manufactured reference cells be light soaked, see 4.8.5.7 The choice of natural sunlight versus solar simulation for the test light source involves tradeoffs between the advantages and disadvantages of either source. Natural sunlight provides excellent spatial uniformity over the test plane but the total and spectral irradiances vary with the apparent motion of the sun and changes of atmospheric conditions such as clouds. Calibrations in a solar simulator can be done at any time and provide a stable spectral irradiance. Disadvantages of solar simulators include spatial non-uniformity and short-time variations in total irradiance. The procedures in these test methods have been designed to overcome these disadvantages.1.1 These test methods cover calibration and characterization of non-primary terrestrial photovoltaic reference cells to a desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. The recommended physical requirements for these reference cells are described in Specification E1040. Reference cells are principally used in the determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic device.1.2 Non-primary reference cells are calibrated indoors using simulated sunlight or outdoors in natural sunlight by reference to a previously calibrated reference cell, which is referred to as the calibration source device.1.2.1 The non-primary calibration will be with respect to the same reference spectral irradiance distribution as that of the calibration source device.1.2.2 The calibration source device may be a primary reference cell calibrated in accordance with Test Method E1125, or a non-primary reference cell calibrated in accordance with these test methods.1.2.3 For the special case in which the calibration source device is a primary reference cell, the resulting non-primary reference cell is also referred to as a secondary reference cell.1.3 Non-primary reference cells calibrated according to these test methods will have the same radiometric traceability as that of the calibration source device. Therefore, if the calibration source device is traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR, see Test Method E816), the resulting secondary reference cell will also be traceable to the WRR.1.4 These test methods apply only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that demonstrates a linear short-circuit current versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E1143.1.5 These test methods apply only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single photovoltaic junction.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The calculated error in the photovoltaic device current determined from the spectral mismatch parameter can be used to determine if a measurement will be within specified limits before the actual measurement is performed.5.2 The spectral mismatch parameter also provides a means of correcting the error in the measured device current due to spectral mismatch.5.2.1 The spectral mismatch parameter is formulated as the fractional error in the short-circuit current due to spectral and temperature differences.5.2.2 Error due to spectral mismatch is corrected by multiplying a reference cell’s measured short-circuit current by M , a technique used in Test Methods E948 and E1036.5.3 Because all spectral quantities appear in both the numerator and the denominator in the calculation of the spectral mismatch parameter (see 8.1), multiplicative calibration errors cancel, and therefore only relative quantities are needed (although absolute spectral quantities may be used if available).5.4 Temperature-dependent spectral mismatch is a more accurate method to correct photovoltaic current measurements compared with fixed-value temperature coefficients.31.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determination of a spectral mismatch parameter used in performance testing of photovoltaic devices.1.2 The spectral mismatch parameter is a measure of the error introduced in the testing of a photovoltaic device that is caused by the photovoltaic device under test and the photovoltaic reference cell having non-identical quantum efficiencies, as well as mismatch between the test light source and the reference spectral irradiance distribution to which the photovoltaic reference cell was calibrated.1.2.1 Examples of reference spectral irradiance distributions are Tables E490 or G173.1.3 The spectral mismatch parameter can be used to correct photovoltaic performance data for spectral mismatch error.1.4 Temperature-dependent quantum efficiencies are used to quantify the effects of temperature differences between test conditions and reporting conditions.1.5 This test method is intended for use with linear photovoltaic devices in which short-circuit is directly proportional to incident irradiance.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of a spectral mismatch parameter used in the testing of photovoltaic devices. 1.2 The spectral mismatch parameter is a measure of the error, introduced in the testing of a photovoltaic device, caused by mismatch between the spectral responses of the photovoltaic device and the photovoltaic reference cell, as well as mismatch between the test light source and the reference spectral irradiance distribution to which the photovoltaic reference cell was calibrated. Examples of reference spectral irradiance distributions are Tables E 490, E 891, or E 892. 1.3 The spectral mismatch parameter can be used to correct photovoltaic performance data for spectral mismatch error. 1.4 This test method is intended for use with linear photovoltaic devices. 1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

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5.1 It is the intent of this test method to provide a recognized procedure for testing and reporting the electrical performance of a photovoltaic concentrator module or system.5.2 If an inverter is used as part of the system, this test method can provide a dc or ac rating or both. The dc or ac rating depends on whether the inverter input or output is monitored.5.3 The test results may be used for comparison among a group of modules or systems from a single source. They also may be used to compare diverse designs, such as products from different manufacturers. Repeated measurements of the same module or system may be used for the study of changes in device performance over a long period of time or as a result of stress testing.5.4 The test method is limited to modules and systems where the concentrated irradiance on the component cells is greater than 5000 Wm-2 at Eo. This limitation is necessary because the total irradiance is measured with a radiometer with a field of view less than 6° and because the correlation between the direct irradiance and the power produced decreases with increasing concentrator field of view.5.5 This test method assumes that the regression equation accurately predicts the concentrator performance as a function of total irradiance with a fixed spectral irradiance, wind speed, and air temperature. The spectral distribution will be seasonal and site specific because of optical air mass, water vapor, aerosols, and other meteorological variables.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical performance of photovoltaic concentrator modules and systems under natural sunlight using a normal incidence pyrheliometer.1.2 The test method is limited to module assemblies and systems where the geometric concentration ratio specified by the manufacturer is greater than 5.1.3 This test method applies to concentrators that use passive cooling where the cell temperature is related to the air temperature.1.4 Measurements under a variety of conditions are allowed; results are reported under a select set of concentrator reporting conditions to facilitate comparison of results.1.5 This test method applies only to concentrator terrestrial modules and systems.1.6 This test method assumes that the module or system electrical performance characteristics do not change during the period of test.1.7 The performance rating determined by this test method applies only at the period of the test, and implies no past or future performance level.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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