定价： 78元 / 折扣价： 67 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or imparting unique properties to the surface of a substrate, it must adhere to the substrate for the expected service life. Because surface preparation (or lack of it) has a drastic effect on adhesion of coatings, a test method for evaluating adhesion to different surface treatments or of different coatings to the same treatment is of considerable use to the industry.4.2 The limitations of all adhesion methods, and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see 1.3) should be recognized before using it. These test methods are mechanized adaptations of Test Methods D3359; therefore, the intra- and interlaboratory precision of these test methods are similar to Test Methods D3359 and to other widely-accepted tests for coated substrates, for example, Test Method D2370, but this is partly the result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in adhesion. The pass-fail scale of 0 to 5 for Method B1 and B2 was selected deliberately to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.1.1 These test methods describe procedures for assessing the adhesion of metallic and inorganic coatings and other thin films to metallic and nonmetallic substrates. Assessment is made by applying pressure-sensitive tape to a coated surface and then utilizing a mechanical device to remove the tape at a regulated, uniform rate and constant angle while simultaneously recording the removal force.1.2 Four methods are described. Methods A1 and A2 are intended primarily for use on parts. Methods B1 and B2 are intended primarily for use in laboratory evaluations. Methods B1 and B2 are not recommended for testing coatings and films on polymer substrates.1.3 These test methods may be used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate is within a required range (between a quantified low and a quantified high level). Determination of actual adhesive forces requires more sophisticated methods of measurement. In multilayer systems adhesion failure may occur between intermediate coating layers so that the adhesion of the total coating system to the substrate may not necessarily be determined.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

3.1 Most coating specifications specify the thickness of the coating because coating thickness is often an important factor in the performance of the coating in service.3.2 The methods included in this guide are suitable for acceptance testing and are to be found in ASTM standards.3.3 Each method has its own limitations with respect to the kind of coating and its thickness.1.1 This guide covers the methods for measuring the thickness of many metallic and inorganic coatings including electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, vacuum deposited, anodic oxide, and chemical conversion coatings.1.2 This guide is limited to tests considered in ASTM standards and does not cover certain tests that are employed for special applications.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers corrosion-resistant coating consisting of an inorganic aluminum particle-filled basecoat and an organic or inorganic topcoat. The basecoat is a water-dilutable slurry containing aluminum particles dispersed in a liquid binder of chromate/phosphate compounds. The organic topcoats consist of polymer resins and dispersed pigments. The inorganic topcoats consist of ceramic oxide pigments dispersed in a liquid binder of chromate/phosphate compounds. These coatings are applied by conventional dip/spin, dip/drain, or spray methods. The coating systems defined by this specification can be applied to ferrous alloy steels, aluminum, and ferritic and austenitic stainless steels. The inorganic aluminum particle-filled basecoat and the subsequent topcoats are classified into three groups, with subsequent subgroups. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to specified values of appearance, adhesion, corrosion, thread-fit, weathering, coating thickness, and humidity.1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for a corrosion-resistant coating consisting of an inorganic aluminum particle-filled basecoat and an organic or inorganic topcoat, depending on the specific requirements.1.2 The coating may be specified with basecoat only, or with the top coated with compatible organic polymer or inorganic topcoats, depending on the specific requirements.1.3 The basecoat is a water-dilutable slurry containing aluminum particles dispersed in a liquid binder of chromate/phosphate compounds.1.4 The organic topcoats consist of polymer resins and dispersed pigments and are for service where temperatures do not exceed 230 °C (450 °F).1.5 The inorganic topcoats consist of ceramic oxide pigments dispersed in a liquid binder of chromate/phosphate compounds and are for service where temperatures do not exceed 645 °C (1200 °F).1.6 These coatings are applied by conventional dip/spin, dip/drain, or spray methods.1.7 The coating process does not normally induce hydrogen embrittlement, provided that the parts to be coated have not been subjected to an acid cleaner or pretreatment (see Note 1).NOTE 1: Although this coating material contains water, it has a relatively low susceptibility to inducing hydrogen embrittlement in steel parts of tensile strengths equal to or greater than 1000 MPa (approximately RC31). Normal precautions for preparing, descaling, and cleaning steels of these tensile strengths must be observed. An initial stress relief treatment should be considered prior to any chemical treatment or cleaning operation. Acids or other treatments that evolve hydrogen should be avoided. Mechanical cleaning methods may be considered. Some steels are more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement than others and may also require hydrogen embrittlement relief baking after cleaning but before coating. Since no process can completely guarantee freedom from embrittlement, careful consideration must be given to the entire coating process and the specific steel alloy employed.1.8 The coating systems defined by this specification can be applied to ferrous alloy steels, aluminum, and ferritic and austenitic stainless steels.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.10 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 General—CCPs can have chemical and mineralogical compositions that are conducive to use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent with or without addition of other materials.NOTE 1: In the United States, S/S is considered the BDAT for the disposal of some wastes that contain metals since they cannot be destroyed by other means (2).4.1.1 Advantages of Using CCPs—Advantages of using CCPs for waste stabilization include their availability in high volumes, and generally good product consistency from a single source. In addition, in some instances certain CCPs can partly or entirely replace other expensive stabilization materials such as Portland cement. CCPs vary depending on the combustion or emission control process and the coal or sorbents used, or both, and CCPs contain trace elements, although usually at very low concentrations. CCPs are generally an environmentally suitable materials option for waste stabilization, but the compatibility of a specific CCP must be evaluated with individual wastes or wastewater through laboratory-scale tests followed by full-scale demonstration and verification. CCPs suitable for the chemical stabilization have the ability to incorporate large amounts of free water via hydration reactions. These same hydration reactions frequently result in the formation of mineral phases that stabilize or chemically immobilize the trace elements of concern. CCPs that exhibit high pHs (>11.5) offer advantages in stabilizing trace elements that exist as oxyanions in nature (such as arsenic, boron, chromium, molybdenum, selenium, and vanadium) and trace elements that form oxyhydroxides, carbonates or other low-solubility precipitates at high pH (such as cadmium, barium, nickel, and zinc).4.2 Chemical/Mineralogical Composition—Since many CCPs are generated at higher temperature, reactions with water during contact with aqueous solutions can be expected. Mineral formation may contribute to the chemical stabilization and/or solidification achieved in the waste treatment process. One example of this type of chemical stabilization is achieved by ettringite formation. Reduced leachability of several trace elements has been correlated with ettringite formation in hydrated high-calcium CCPs typically from U.S. lignite and subbituminous coal, and dry FGD materials. These materials worthy candidates for use in this chemical stabilization process. Lower-calcium CCPs in presence of sulfate sources, may also be effective with the addition of a calcium source that maintains the pH above 11.5. Ettringite forms as a result of hydration of many high-calcium CCPs in presence of sulfate sources, so adequate water must be available for the reaction to occur. The mineral and amorphous phases of CCPs contribute soluble elements required for ettringite formation, and the ettringite formation rate can vary based on the mineral and amorphous phase compositions.4.3 Regulatory Framework: 4.3.1 Waste Management Framework—Waste stabilization activities most often occur within a regulatory waste management framework. This regulatory framework will generally establish minimum waste sampling and characterization requirements as well as establish documentation, qualification, and performance criteria for waste management activities. The framework may also prescribe or prohibit certain waste management practices. The applicable requirements of the regulatory framework may be formalized in a permit. This guide is intended to be applied within the context of a regulatory waste management framework.NOTE 2: The U. S. regulatory framework is briefly described in Stabilization/Solidification of CERCLA and RCRA Wastes: Physical Tests, Chemical Testing Procedures, Technology Screening, and Field Activities (2).4.3.2 Beneficial Use Framework—Beneficial use activities often occur within a regulatory framework. In some locations, new beneficial uses require prior regulatory approval as part of a beneficial use determination. Beneficial use determinations may require specific characterization of the material and the beneficial use. Jurisdictions that require approval of beneficial use may also maintain exemptions or predeterminations for certain materials or beneficial uses.1.1 This guide covers methods for selection and application of coal combustion products (CCPs) for use in the chemical stabilization of trace elements in wastes and wastewater. These elements include, but are not limited to, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. Chemical stabilization may be accompanied by solidification of the waste treated. Solidification is not a requirement for the stabilization of many trace elements, but does offer advantages in waste handling and in reduced permeability of the stabilized waste.1.1.1 Solidification is an important factor in treatment of wastes and especially wastewaters. Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technology is often used to treat wastes containing free liquids. This guide addresses the use of CCPs as a stabilizing agent (with or without the addition of other materials. Stabilization may be achieved by using combinations of CCPs and other products such as lime, lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, cement, and others. CCPs used alone or in combination with other reagents promote stabilization of many inorganic constituents through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include precipitation as hydrates, carbonates, silicates, sulfates, and so forth; microencapsulation of the waste particles through pozzolanic reactions; formation of metal precipitates; and formation of hydrated phases (1-4).2 Long-term performance of the stabilized waste is an issue that must be addressed in considering any S/S technology. In this guide, several tests are recommended to aid in evaluating the long-term performance of the stabilized wastes.1.2 The CCPs that are suited for this application include fly ash, dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material, and and fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) ash.1.3 The wastes or wastewater, or both, containing the inorganic species may be highly variable, so the chemical characteristics of the waste or wastewater to be treated must be determined and considered in the selection and application of any stabilizing agent, including CCPs. In any waste stabilization process, laboratory-scale tests for compatibility between the candidate waste or wastewater for stabilization with one or more selected CCPs and final waste stability are recommended prior to pilot-scale and full-scale application of the stabilizing agent.1.4 This guide does not intend to recommend pilot-scale or full-scale processes or procedures for waste stabilization. Full-scale processes should be designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers, and environmental professionals. It is recommended that stabilized materials generated at the full-scale stabilization site be subjected to testing to verify laboratory test results.1.5 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component of a pollution prevention program. Utilization of CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.1.6 This guide applies only to CCPs produced primarily from the combustion of coal. It does not apply to ash or other combustion products derived from the burning of waste; coal coking byproducts; municipal, industrial, or commercial garbage; sewage sludge or other refuse, or both; derived fuels; wood waste products; rice hulls; agricultural waste; or other noncoal fuels.1.7 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by nation, state and locality. The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine and comply with applicable regulations.1.8 It is recommended that work performed under this guide be designed and carried out by qualified scientists, engineers, and environmental professionals.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

The presence of inorganic chlorides and sulfates in oil in contact with metal surfaces in electrical equipment can result in corrosion of transformer components. The deterioration of metal surfaces is dependent upon the quantity of the corrosive agent and the operating environment. Although not quantitative, this test method is a means for recognizing the potential for such a hazard.1.1 This test method describes the qualitative determination of inorganic chlorides and sulfates in electrical insulating oils. Note 1 - It should be pointed out that if the strong acids, hydrochloric and sulfuric, are present, they will give positive results for chlorides and sulfates, respectively.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is used for determination of the carbon content of water from a variety of natural, domestic, and industrial sources. In its most common form, this test method is used to measure organic carbon as a means of monitoring organic impurities in high purity process water used in industries such as nuclear power, pharmaceutical, and electronics. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), and total organic carbon (TOC) in water in the range from 10 to 1000 μg/L of carbon. This method is for laboratory or grab sample applications and has been subjected to an interlaboratory study under the guidelines of D2777. Test Method D5997 can be used for on-line determinations. The test method utilizes persulfate or ultraviolet oxidation of organic carbon, or both coupled with a CO2 selective membrane to recover the CO2 into deionized water. The change in conductivity of the deionized water is measured and related to carbon concentration in the oxidized sample. Inorganic carbon is determined in a similar manner without the oxidation step. In both cases, the sample is acidified to facilitate CO2 recovery through the membrane. The relationship between the conductivity measurement and carbon concentration is described by a set of chemometric equations for the chemical equilibrium of CO2, HCO3– , and H+, and the relationship between the ionic concentrations and the conductivity. The chemometric model includes the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants and the specific conductances resulting in linear response of the method over the stated range of TOC. See Test Method D4519 for a discussion of the measurement of CO2 by conductivity. 1.2 This test method has the advantage of a very high sensitivity detector that allows very low detection levels on relatively small volumes of sample. Also, use of two measurement channels allows determination of CO2 in the sample independently of organic carbon. Isolation of the conductivity detector from the sample by the CO2 selective membrane results in a very stable calibration, with minimal interferences. 1.3 This test method was used successfully with reagent water spiked with various organic materials. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices. 1.4 In addition to laboratory analyses, this test method may be adapted to on line monitoring. See Test Method D5997. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车