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定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元 加购物车

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4.1 Each year many thousands of water samples are collected and the chemical components are determined from natural and human-influenced groundwater sources.4.2 The objective interpretation of the origin, composition, and interrelationships of water can be simplified by displaying the distribution of the constituents and related parameters on areal maps (1,2).44.2.1 The origin of the chemical composition of the water may be postulated by the amount and the distribution of the constituents as shown on the maps.4.2.2 The chemical composition of the water can be scrutinized for distinct characteristics and anomalies by use of the maps.4.2.3 The interrelationships of the water chemistry from various sampling locations can be visualized on the maps.4.3 This guide presents various mapping methods for showing distribution of chemical constituents using areal and time-related trends; maximum, minimum, or mean values; and relationships between chemical and associated parameters.4.4 Exercise caution when interpreting the distribution of chemical constituents on two-dimensional (X and Y) maps as liquids of different densities tend to stratify in the third dimension (Z).NOTE 2: Water (or other liquid) with a relatively low concentration of dissolved solids (or of a low relative density) normally will float on top of water with high dissolved solids or a liquid of higher density (3-7). A naturally occurring example is an island surrounded and underlain by sea water where rain water falling on the island forms a fresh water lens above the underlying sea water. Where the presence of liquids of different densities are evident in a mapped area, cross sections of the aquifer assist in showing the vertical (Z) distribution of the chemical constituents or a pattern can be used on the map to delineate the extent of this water.NOTE 3: Immiscible liquid contaminants, such as petroleum products, with a relative density less than that of the water will float on top of the water. Liquids that are more dense than water will flow to the bottom of the aquifer. Miscible liquids, such as sea water, mix with the fresher water creating a zone of dispersion at the interface of the two liquids.4.5 Aquifers in fractured rock or karst areas may result in noncontinuum conditions for the chemical parameters in the water (Guide D5717). This guide assumes the aquifer usually consists of an equivalent porous media.4.6 This is not a guide for the selection of a map technique for a distinct purpose. That choice is program or project specific.NOTE 4: For many hydrochemical research problems involving the scientific interpretation of groundwater, the areal map is only one segment of several methods needed to interpret the data.1.1 This guide offers a series of options but does not specify a course of action. It should not be used as the sole criterion or basis of comparison and does not replace or relieve professional judgment.1.2 This guide covers methods that display, as mapped information, the chemical constituents of groundwater samples. Details required by the investigator to use fully the methods are found in the listed references.1.2.1 The use of maps to display water-quality data are a common technique to assist in the interpretation of the chemistry of water in aquifers, as the areally distributed values can be easily related to the physical locality by the investigator.1.2.2 The distribution in an aquifer of chemical constituents from two water sources or of liquids of different densities may be difficult to illustrate explicitly on a two-dimensional map because of stratification in the third dimension. Also, the addition of a vertical cross section may be required (see 4.4).1.3 Many graphic techniques have been developed by investigators to assist in summarizing and interpreting related data sets. This guide is the fourth document to inform the hydrologists and geochemists about traditional methods for displaying groundwater chemical data.1.3.1 The initial guide (Guide D5738) described the category of water-analysis diagrams that use pattern and pictorial methods as a basis for displaying each of the individual chemical components determined from the analysis of a single sample of natural groundwater.1.3.2 The second guide (Guide D5754) described the category of water-analysis diagrams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs to display, on a single diagram, the common chemical components from two or more analyses of natural groundwater.1.3.3 The third guide (Guide D5877) presented methods that graphically display chemical analyses of multiple groundwater samples, discrete values, as well as those reduced to comprehensive summaries or parameters.1.4 Notations have been incorporated within the illustrations of this guide to assist the user in understanding how the maps are constructed. These notations would not be required on a map designed for inclusion in a project document.NOTE 1: Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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5.1 The chemical composition of catalysts and catalyst materials is an important indicator of catalyst performance and is a valuable tool for assessing parameters in a FCCU process. This practice will be useful to catalyst manufacturers and petroleum refiners for quality verification and performance evaluation, and to environmental authorities at the state and federal levels for evaluation and verification of various compliance programs (1, 2, 3).1.1 This practice describes the analysis of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts, rare earth exchanged zeolitic materials, additive and related materials when analyzed by ICP-OES for the six most common rare earth elements.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this Practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Appendix X3.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Each year, many thousands of water samples are collected and the chemical components are determined from natural groundwater sources. An understanding of the relationships between the similarities and differences of these water analyses are facilitated by displaying each separate analysis as a pictorial diagram. This type of diagram allows for a direct comparison between two or more analyses and their displayed ions. This guide presents a compilation of diagrams that allows for transformation of numerical data into visual, usable forms. It is not a guide to selection or use. That choice is program or project specific. The single sample water-analysis diagrams described in this guide display the following; (1) the ppm or mg/L concentrations of the cations and anions on bars, circles, or baseline diagrams; (2) the epm or meq/L percentages of the cation and anion weights on bars, double bars, circles, radiating vectors, or kitelike shapes and; (3) a combination of (1) and (2) on circles (1, 3, 25, 27, 28, 29). The classification of the composition of natural groundwater is an early use of the single sample water-analysis diagram. Note 3—Palmer, in 1911, developed a tabular system for the classification of natural water. Rogers, in a 1917 study of oil-field waters, presented the Palmer classification on a graphical display that had three vertical bars (6, 7, 29). The origin of the water may be postulated by the amount and the relationship of the cations and anions in a water sample that is plotted on the diagram. Patterns visually indicate water types and origins. Comparison of the visual similarity or dissimilarity of diagrams for different water analyses that are from separate locations allows the analyst to evaluate if the samples may be from the same water source or not. Numerous interpretive methods are possible from the examination of a series of the single sample water-analysis diagrams. Note 4—For example, by arranging the diagrams at the point of origin as represented on a geologic cross section or on an areal map, the hydrochemical changes can be visualized as the water travels through the hydrologic regime, the amount of mixing that has taken place with water from a different origin, and the effects of ambient conditions, such as air, temperature, rock, and man-induced contaminants, on the water. Note 5—It should be noted that for many hydrochemical research problems involving the interpretation of the origin, chemical reactions, and mixing of natural water, the single sample water-analysis diagram is only one segment of several analytical methods needed to understand condition.1.1 This guide covers the category of water-analysis diagrams that use pictorial or pattern methods (for example, bar, radiating vectors, pattern, and circular) as a basis for displaying each of the individual chemical components that were determined from the analysis of a single sample of natural groundwater (see Terminology). 1.2 This guide on single-analysis diagrams is the second of several standards to inform the professionals in the field of hydrology with the traditional graphical methods available to display groundwater chemistry. Note 1—The initial guide described the category of water-analysis diagrams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs to display, on a single diagram, the common chemical components from two or more complete analyses of natural groundwater. 1.2.1 A third guide will be for diagrams based on data analytical calculations that include those categories of water analysis graphs where multiple analyses are analyzed statistically and the results plotted on a diagram (for example, the box, and so forth). 1.3 Numerous methods have been developed to display, on single-analyses diagrams, the ions dissolved in water. These methods were developed by investigators to assist in the interpretation of the origin of the ions in the water and to simplify the comparison of analyses, one with another. 1.4 This guide presents a compilation of diagrams from a number of authors that allows for transformation of numerical data into visual, usable forms. It is not a guide to selection or use. That choice is program or project specific. Note 2—Use of tradenames in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM. 1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of major organic impurities in refined phenol manufactured by the cumene (isopropylbenzene) process. Two test methods are employed to determine the stated major impurities. 1.2 Test Method A determines the concentration of major impurities such as mesityl oxide, cumene, [alpha]-methylstyrene, 2-methylbenzofuran, acetophenone, and dimethylbenzyl alcohol. 1.3 Test Method B determines the hydroxyacetone content. 1.4 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: for purposes of determining conformance with this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off "to the nearest unit" in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.

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Many thousands of water samples are collected each year and the chemical components are determined from natural groundwater sources. A single analysis can be interpreted easily regarding composition and geochemical type; however, it is difficult to comprehend all of the factors of similarities, interrelationships, and differences when large numbers of analyses are being compared. One of the methods of interpreting the implication of these chemical components in the water is by displaying a number of related water analyses graphically on a visually summarizing water analysis diagram. The water analysis diagrams described in this guide display the percentages of the individual cation and anion weights of the total cation and anion weights on graphs shaped as triangles, squares, diamonds, and rectangles. Note 3—The concentration of dissolved solids determined for each analysis is not evident by the plotted location. Scaled symbols, usually circles, can represent the amount of dissolved solids for each analysis plotted on the diagrams. Classification of the composition of natural groundwater is a major use of water analysis diagrams. Note 4—Palmer (20) developed a tabular system for the classification of natural water. Hill (1) classified water by composition using two trilinear and one diamond-shaped diagrams of his own design combined. Back (21) improved the classification techniques for determining the hydrochemical facies of the groundwater by a modification of the Piper diagram. The origin of the water or degree of mixing may be postulated by examination of the placement and relationship of the cations and anions from different water samples that are plotted on the diagrams. Numerous interpretive methods are possible from the examination of water analysis diagrams. For example, it is reasonable to hypothesize the path that the groundwater has traveled while in the hydrologic regime, the amount of mixing that has occurred with water from a different origin, and the effects of ambient conditions, such as air, temperature, rock, and man-induced contaminants, on the water. Note 5—It should be noted that for many hydrochemical research problems involving the interpretation of the origin, chemical reactions, and mixing of natural water, the water analysis diagram is only one segment of several analytical methods necessary to understand the condition.1.1 This guide covers the category of water analysis diagrams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs as a technique for displaying the common chemical components from two or more complete analyses of natural groundwater (see Section 3) on a single diagram. This category includes not only trilinear-shaped diagrams but also the diamond- or parallelogram-, rectangular-, or square-shaped graphs that have trilinear subdivisions. 1.2 This guide is the first of several documents to inform professionals in the field of hydrology with the traditional graphical methods available to display groundwater chemistry. Note 1—Subsequent guides are planned that will describe the other categories of diagrams that have been developed to display groundwater chemical analyses. (1) A guide for diagrams based on data analytical calculations will include those categories of water analysis graphs in which one analysis is plotted on each diagram (for example, the pattern, bar, radial, and circle diagrams). (2) A guide for statistical diagrams will include those categories of water analysis graphs in which multiple analyses are analyzed statistically and the results plotted on the diagram (for example, the box, etc.). 1.3 Numerous methods have been developed to display the ions dissolved in water on trilinear diagrams. These diagrams are valuable as a means of interpreting the physical and chemical mechanisms controlling the composition of water. 1.4 The most commonly used trilinear methods were developed by Hill (1-3), Langelier and Ludwig (4), Piper (5, 6), and Durov (7-13). These techniques are proven systems for interpreting the origin of the ions in natural groundwater and for facilitating the comparison of results from a large number of analyses. Note 2—The use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM. 1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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