定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元 加购物车

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

The results obtained by this test method are useful as guides in determining the tendency of a water-based metalworking coolant to produce foam under low shear conditions. No correlation with changes in heat transfer, pumpability, or other factors affected by foam is intended. The foam generated by any given industrial process depends on the method by which the foam is generated and may not be directly proportional to that produced by this controlled laboratory test method. Further, the foam generated at the specified test temperature will not necessarily predict the foaming tendency of the liquid (that is, metalworking coolant) at some other use temperature.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the increase in volume of a low-viscosity aqueous liquid (less than 3 cSt at 40°C) due to its tendency to foam under low shear conditions. Note 1 - Foam under high shear is covered by Test Method D 3519 which uses a commercial blender.<>1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see 7.13.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.4.2 This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.4.3 When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.4.4 This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.4.5 Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.4.6 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).4.7 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inferences from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step-by-step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 If required by the authority having jurisdiction, pressurized gaseous testing media leak testing is conducted after installation to discover and correct or repair leaks or faults in a newly constructed or modified PA12 pressure piping system before placing the system in service. Leakage or faults most commonly occur at connections, joints, and mechanical seals where sealing under pressure is required.5.2 Safety is of paramount importance when conducting pressurized gaseous testing media leak tests because testing results include no leaks, leaks, sudden violent rupture, or catastrophic failure.5.3 Systems that contain lower pressure rated or non-pressure rated components that cannot be isolated or removed from exposure to test pressure, or where temporary caps or closures are not practical, are not suitable for testing in accordance with this practice.5.4 Leakage Allowance—Leakage is not allowed for butt and electrofusion joints, and restrained gas-tight mechanical joints. See 7.6. Contact the joint, connection or component manufacturer for leakage correction information if leakage occurs at a joint, connection or component having a mechanical seal.5.5 Poisson-Effect Expansion and Contraction—When test pressure is applied to plastic piping systems that have fully restrained joints such as heat fusion, electrofusion, bolted flanges, etc., either reduction of overall pipe length or an increase in longitudinal stress results from diametrical expansion of the pipe. Disjoining (pull-out) of partially restrained or non-restrained connections or joints, such as some in-line mechanical connectors having insufficient resistance to pull-out stress or length reduction, is possible when partially restrained or unrestrained joints are in-line with the fully restrained test section. To prevent Poisson-effect disjoining of partially restrained or non-restrained joints take measures such as installing external joint restraints (diametrical clamps and tie-rods) on in-line partially restrained or non-restrained joints, installing in-line thrust anchors at the ends of fully restrained piping sections to prevent end movement of the fully restrained section, or isolating a fully restrained test section from piping with unrestrained or partially restrained joints.NOTE 3: A tensile stress applied to a material will cause elongation in the direction of the applied stress, and will cause a decrease in dimension at right angles to the direction of the applied stress. The ratio of decrease to elongation is the Poisson ratio. Under test pressure, piping materials will expand slightly in diameter and contract in length slightly according to the Poisson ratio of the material.1.1 This practice provides information on apparatus, safety, pre-test preparation, and procedures for conducting field tests of polyamide-12 (PA12) pressure piping systems after installation using gaseous testing media such as un-odorized inert non-toxic gas or air, and applying pressure to determine if leaks exist in the system (pneumatic leak testing). This practice applies only to testing to discover leakage. Testing for other purposes such as testing to establish operating pressure is beyond the scope of this practice.1.2 Leak testing with pressurized gaseous testing media shall be used only if one or both of the following conditions exists:1.2.1 The piping system is so designed that it cannot be filled with a liquid, or1.2.2 The piping system service cannot tolerate traces of liquid testing media.1.3 Where hydrostatic testing is specified in contract documents or by the authority having jurisdiction, testing using pressurized gaseous testing media (pneumatic) testing shall not be substituted without the express consent and authorization of the authority having jurisdiction.1.4 Some manufacturers prohibit or restrict testing of their products with pressurized gaseous testing media. Contact component manufacturers for information. Where the manufacturer of a test section component prohibits or restricts testing with pressurized gaseous testing media testing in accordance with this practice shall not be used without the express consent and authorization of the authority having jurisdiction and the component manufacturer.NOTE 1: Components that are not suitable for testing with gaseous testing media may not be suitable for service with pressurized gas.1.5 This practice does not address leak testing using pressurized liquids (hydrostatic testing). For field leak testing using pressurized liquids, consult the manufacturer for guidance.1.6 This practice does not apply to leak testing of non-pressure, negative pressure (vacuum), or non-PA12 (polyamide-12) piping systems.1.7 This practice does not apply to fuel gas piping systems that extend from the point of delivery to the appliance connections. For other than undiluted liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) systems, the point of delivery shall be considered to be the outlet of the service meter assembly or the outlet of the service regulator or service shutoff valve where no meter is provided. For undiluted LP-Gas, the point of delivery shall be considered to be the outlet of the final pressure regulator, exclusive of line gas regulators, in the system. This practice does not apply to LP-Gas systems covered under NFPA 58.1.8 This practice is intended for use with PA12 pressure piping that conveys gaseous media under pressure (compressed gas) if the owner or operator or installer of the line does not have an established leak testing procedure that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.1.9 Warning—Failure during a pressurized gaseous testing media leak test can be extremely violent and dangerous because energy that is applied to compress the gaseous testing media and to pressurize the system will both be suddenly released.NOTE 2: To illustrate the violent hazard of failure, assume a 5 HP compressor is used to raise the test section to test pressure and that it takes 1 h to achieve test pressure. If sudden rupture occurs, energy release may occur in 2 s. Therefore, the horsepower of the energy release would be 5 HP × 1 h × 3600 s/h / 2 s = 9000 HP. Further, if diameter is doubled, energy release is four times greater. For an example test section that is twice the diameter, energy release would be 36 000 HP.1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Numbered notes and information in parentheses in the text of the practice are non-mandatory information. Table notes are mandatory information.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This guide discusses options for taking a subsample from a sample submitted to a laboratory. If followed, it will minimize the bias and variance of the characteristic of interest of the laboratory sample prior to analysis.4.2 The guide will describe appropriate instructions to be submitted to the laboratory with the field sample.4.3 This guide is intended for use in the laboratory to take a representative subsample or specimen of the whole field sample for direct analysis or sample preparation for analysis. It is intended for field personnel, data users, laboratory sample reception personnel, analysts, and managers.4.4 To obtain a representative subsample, layer analysis, grinding, mixing, and changing the physical state such as digesting, drying, melting, or freezing may be required. This guide considers cone and quartering, riffle splitting, and particle size reduction.1.1 This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids).1.2 The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic(s) of interest, and the project-specific instructions or data quality objectives.1.3 This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples.1.4 This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method determines the comparative performance of filter media. The results can be used for design, manufacturing, construction and selection of filter media.5.2 Results obtained by this test method should not be used to predict absolute performance on full scale fabric filter (baghouse) facilities, however these results will be useful in selection of proper filter media and identification of recommended operating parameters for these full scale fabric filter facilities.5.3 Dust types vary greatly; therefore, the results obtained using the standard dust should not be extrapolated to other dust types.1.1 This test method characterizes the operational performance of cleanable filter media under specified laboratory conditions.1.2 This test method determines the airflow resistance, drag, cleaning requirements, and particulate filtration performance of pulse cleaned filter media.1.3 This test method determines the comparative performance of cleanable filter media.1.4 The results obtained from this test method are useful in the design, construction, and selection of filter media.1.5 The results obtained by this test method should not be used to predict absolute performance of full scale fabric filter (baghouse) facilities, however these results will be useful in selection of proper filter media and identification of recommended operating parameters for these full scale fabric filter facilities.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This guide on the proper collection of emission and discharge wastes from glycol dehydrators is applicable to any natural gas industry and supplier that operates glycol dehydration units and that needs to identify which glycol units may have emissions above regulatory levels.The emission and discharge sampling methods discussed in this guide are not regulatory standards. Standard protocols have been developed by the Gas Research Institute (3) and other gas associations (4) and some state regulatory agencies such as the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) (5) and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) (6) are accepting these data. This guide is not intended to instruct the user on how to perform the sampling using these protocols, but to make the user aware of certain practical considerations generally associated with sampling these waste streams.1.1 Purpose This guide covers the proper collection of field emission and discharge data associated with glycol dehydration units used in the natural gas production, processing, transmission, storage, and distribution industries.1.2 Background:1.2.1 Increasing regulatory pressure has made emissions of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (collectively known as BTEX) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the still vent of glycol dehydration units a major concern of the natural gas industry. The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 have been the impetus for air toxics regulations, and several states are regulating or are considering regulating emissions from glycol units (1). Liquid and solid waste discharges are exempt from Subtitle C (hazardous waste) regulation under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), but may be regulated in the future (2).1.2.2 Measurement of the waste streams from dehydrators is important to determine which units may have emissions above levels of regulatory concern. Measurements of air emissions from glycol dehydration units have been made from a variety of sampling points using different sampling protocols and analytical techniques since no standard methods have been developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or state regulatory agencies. Standard sampling methods do not exist for the liquid and solid waste streams since they are exempt from RCRA Subtitle C. The lack of standard protocols has meant that variations of this approach can result in very different emissions measurements (3).1.2.3 Providing guidance on the collection of field emission and discharge data will allow the natural gas industry to quantify emissions and apply appropriate controls to comply with regulations.1.3 Summary--This guide has several parts and an annex. Section 1 is . Section 2 is Terminology that has definitions of terms commonly used with relation to glycol dehydration units in the natural gas industry. Section 3 is of this guide. Section 4 is a process description of glycol dehydration units. Section 5 is a discussion of the waste streams associated with glycol dehydrators. Section 6 presents the Approaches for Collecting Air Emission Data, while Sections 7 and 8 present the approaches for collecting liquid and solid waste discharge data, respectively. The annex includes a standard operating procedure (SOP) for the rich/lean glycol sampling method discussed in this guide.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

3.1 The provisions of this guide are intended to control and maintain the quality of recorded industrial electronic data from radioscopy and unrecorded magnetic and optical media only, and are not intended to control the acceptability of the materials or products examined. It is further intended that this guide be used as an adjunct to Guide E1000 and Practice E1255.3.2 The necessity for applying specific control procedures such as those described in this guide is dependent to a certain extent, on the degree to which the user adheres to good recording and storage practices as a matter of routine procedure. Such practices should follow the best-usage practices outlined by both the mechanism and media datasheets.3.3 This guide has been updated to provide guidance on the LTO and IBM 3592 families of data storage tape formats. The LTO and 3592 family of tape formats are the only remaining actively developed data tape formats.53.4 While the above indicated media are the only active digital tape formats on the market, archives of older media, including those with analog data, remain under retention requirements. The changes made here are conservative and do not negatively impact the storage of older media formats.3.5 The longevity in which the recorded data, either analog or digital, maintains its integrity on magnetic media varies greatly from one media to another. As such, it is considered best practice to duplicate the media at the manufacturer’s suggested interval to prevent loss of the recorded data through degradation. On average, this is every five years.1.1 This guide may be used for the control and maintenance of recorded and unrecorded magnetic and optical media of analog or digital electronic data from industrial radioscopy.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

Recent results have demonstrated that direct measurements of unsaturated transport parameters, for example, hydraulic conductivity, vapor diffusivity, retardation factors, thermal and electrical conductivities, and water potential, on subsurface materials and engineered systems are essential for defensible site characterization needs of performance assessment as well as restoration or disposal strategies. Predictive models require the transport properties of real systems that can be difficult to obtain over reasonable time periods using traditional methods. Using a SSC-UFA greatly decreases the time required to obtain direct measurements of hydraulic conductivity on unsaturated systems and relatively impermeable materials. Traditionally, long times are required to attain steady-state conditions and distributions of water because normal gravity does not provide a large enough driving force relative to the low conductivities that characterize highly unsaturated conditions or highly impermeable saturated systems (Test Method D5084). Pressure techniques sometimes can not be effective for measuring unsaturated transport properties because they do not provide a body force and cannot act on the entire specimen simultaneously unless the specimen is saturated or near-saturated. A body force is a force that acts on every point within the system independently of other forces or properties of the system. High pressures used on saturated systems often induce fracturing or grain rearrangements and cause compaction as a result of high-point stresses that are generated within the specimen. A SSC-UFA does not produce such high-point stresses.There are specific advantages to using centrifugal force as a fluid driving force. It is a body force similar to gravity and, therefore, acts simultaneously over the entire system and independently of other driving forces, for example, gravity or matric potential. Additionally, in a SSC-UFA the acceleration can dominate any matric potential gradients as the Darcy driving force. The use of steady-state centrifugation to measure steady-state hydraulic conductivities has recently been demonstrated on various porous media (1,2).Several issues involving flow in an acceleration field have been raised and addressed by previous and current research (1,4). These studies have shown that compaction from acceleration is negligible for subsurface soils at or near their field densities. Bulk densities in these specimens have remained constant (±0.1 g/cm3) because the specimens are already compacted more than the acceleration can affect them. The notable exception is structured soils. Special arrangements must be made to preserve their densities, for example, the use of speeds not exceeding specific equivalent stresses. As an example, for most SSC-UFA specimen geometries, the equivalent pressure in the specimen at a rotation speed of 2500 rpm is about 2 bar. If the specimen significantly compacts under this pressure, a lower speed must be used. Usually, only very fine soils at dry bulk densities less than 1.2 g/cm3 are a problem. Whole rock, grout, ceramics, or other solids are completely unaffected by these accelerations. Precompaction runs up to the highest speed for that run are performed in the SSC-UFA prior to the run to observe any compaction effects.Three-dimensional deviations of the driving force as a function of position in the specimen are less than a factor of two. Theoretically, the situation under which unit gradient conditions are achieved in a SSC-UFA, in which the change in the matric potential with radial distance equals zero (dψ/dr = 0), is best at higher water flux densities, higher speeds, or coarser grain-size, or combination thereof. This is observed in potential gradient measurements in the normal operational range where dψ/dr = 0. The worst case occurs at the lowest water flux densities in the finest-grained materials (1).There is no sidewall leakage problem in the SSC-UFA for soils. The centrifugal force maintains a good seal between the specimen and the wall. As the specimen desaturates, the increasing matric potential (which still operates in all directions although there is no potential gradient) keeps the water within the specimen, and the acceleration (not being a pressure) does not force water into any larger pore spaces such as along a wall. Therefore, capillary phenomena still hold in the SSC-UFA, a fact which is especially important for fractured or heterogeneous media (2). Cores of solid material such as rock or concrete, are cast in epoxy sleeves as their specimen holder, and this also prevents sidewall leakage.The SSC-UFA can be used in conjunction with other methods that require precise fixing of the water content of a porous material. The SSC-UFA is used to achieve the steady-state water content in the specimen and other test methods are applied to investigate particular problems as a function of water content. This has been successful in determining diffusion coefficients, vapor diffusivity, electrical conductivity, monitoring the breakthrough of chemical species (retardation factor), pore water extraction, solids characterization, and other physical or chemical properties as functions of the water content (2,5).Hydraulic conductivity can be very sensitive to the solution chemistry, especially when specimens contain expandable, or swelling, clay minerals. Water should be used that is appropriate to the situation, for example, groundwater from the site from which the specimen was obtained, or rainwater if an experiment is being performed to investigate infiltration of precipitation into a disposal site. Appropriate antimicrobial agents should be used to prevent microbial effects within the specimen, for example, clogging, but should be chosen with consideration of any important chemical issues in the system. A standard synthetic pore water solution, similar to the solution expected in the field, is useful when it is difficult to obtain field water. Distilled or deionized water is generally not useful unless the results are to be compared to other tests using similar water or is specified in pertinent test plans, ASTM test methods, or EPA procedures. Distilled water can dramatically affect the conductivity of soil and rock specimens that contain clay minerals, and can induce dissolution/precipitation within the specimen.This test method establishes a dynamic system, and, as such, the steady-state water content is usually higher than that which is attained during a pressure plate or other equilibrium method that does not have flow into the specimen during operation. This is critical when using either type of data for modeling purposes. This test method does not measure water vapor transport or molecular diffusion of water, both of which become very significant at low conductivities, and may actually dominate when hydraulic conductivities drop much below 10–10 cm/s.The quality of the result produced by this test method depends upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and sampling. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydraulic conductivity, or the permeability relative to water, of any porous medium in the laboratory, in particular, the hydraulic conductivity for water in subsurface materials, for example, soil, sediment, rock, concrete, and ceramic, either natural or artificial, especially in relatively impermeable materials or materials under highly unsaturated conditions. This test method covers determination of these properties using any form of steady-state centrifugation (SSC) in which fluid can be applied to a specimen with a constant flux or steady flow during centrifugation of the specimen. This test method only measures advective flow on core specimens in the laboratory.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

The results obtained by the test method described are useful as guides in determining the tendency of a water-based metalworking coolant to produce foam under high shear conditions. No correlation with changes in heat transfer, pumpability, or other factors affected by foam is intended. The foam produced by any given industrial process depends on the method by which the foam is generated and may not be directly proportional to that produced by this carefully controlled laboratory test method. Further, the foam generated at the specified test temperature will not necessarily predict the foaming tendency of the liquid (that is, metalworking coolant) at some other use temperature.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the increase in volume of a low-viscosity aqueous liquid (less than 3 cSt at 40°C) due to its tendency to foam under high shear conditions. Note 1 - Foam under low shear is covered by Test Method D 3601.<>1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see 7.16.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Although many technical papers address topics important to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQOs, study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D4687, D5730, D6009, D6051, and Practice D5283), the selection and use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed or omitted.5.2 The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to the task of collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use.5.3 When a sample is collected, all sources of potential bias should be considered, not only in the selection and use of the sampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of the data generated. Some major considerations in the selection of sampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listed below:5.3.1 The ability to access and extract from every relevant location in the target population,5.3.2 The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample such that the distribution of particle sizes in the population are represented, and5.3.3 The ability to collect a sample without the addition or loss of constituents of interest.5.4 The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularly important in investigations when the target population is heterogeneous, such as when particle sizes vary, liquids are present in distinct phases, a gaseous phase exists, or materials from different sources are present in the population. The consideration of these characteristics during the equipment selection process will enable the data user to make appropriate statistical inferences about the target population based on the sampling results.5.5 If samples are to be collected for the determination of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), all sampling equipment should be made of fluorine-free materials. Other considerations for PFAS sampling may exist but are beyond the scope of this standard.1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide. However, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide includes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, coring, augering, passive, and vapor sampling devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide.1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability to sampling matrices, including water (surface and ground), sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. The guide does not specifically address the collection of samples of any suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Refer to Guide D4411 for more information.1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and its applicability for use based on compatibility of sample and equipment; volume of the sample required; physical requirements such as power, size, and weight; ease of operation and decontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable.1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitable equipment by the use of an index.1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sampling devices and line drawings and narratives describing the operation of sampling devices are also provided.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 918元 / 折扣价： 781 元 加购物车

5.1 Particle size is a key property of manufactured or engineered nanoparticles used in a wide range of applications. For purposes relevant to evaluations of safety, effectiveness, performance, quality, public health impact, or regulatory status of products, the correct measurement and uniform reporting of size and related parameters under use conditions, or during the manufacturing process, are critical to suppliers, analysts, regulators and other stakeholders.5.2 This test method is intended principally for the analysis of nanoparticles in aqueous suspension with dimensions between about 1 nm and 100 nm, but may be applied to diffusive colloidal particles even if their dimensions fall outside the nanoscale range (up to 1000 nm).5.3 For more detailed guidance on DLS measurements, including operational aspects, refer to Appendix X2 of this test method.NOTE 1: The user is also referred to Guide E2490, which provides broad guidance for the application of DLS to nanomaterials. Guide E2490 is not required for the implementation of this test method.1.1 This test method addresses the determination of nanoparticle size (equivalent sphere hydrodynamic diameter) using batch-mode (off-line) dynamic light scattering (DLS) in aqueous suspensions and establishes general procedures that are applicable to many commercial DLS instruments. This test method specifies best practices, including sample preparation, performance verification, data analysis and interpretation, and reporting of results. The document includes additional general information for the analyst, such as recommended settings for specific media, potential interferences, and method limitations. Issues specific to the use of DLS data for regulatory submissions are addressed.1.2 The procedures and practices described in this test method, in principle, may be applied to any particles that exhibit Brownian motion and are kinetically stable during the course of a typical experimental time frame. In practice, this includes particles up to about 1000 nm in diameter, subject to limitations as described in the test method.1.3 This test method does not provide test specimen preparation procedures for all possible materials and applications, nor does it address synthesis or processing prior to sampling. The test specimen (suspension) preparation procedures should provide acceptable results for a wide range of materials and conditions. The analyst must validate the appropriateness for their particular application.1.4 This test method is applicable to DLS instruments that implement correlation spectroscopy. Analysts using instruments based on frequency analysis may still find useful information relevant to many aspects of the measurement process, including limits of applicability and best practices. On-line (flow-mode) DLS measurements are not treated here specifically and may have additional limitations or issues relative to batch-mode operation.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Where appropriate, c.g.s. units are given in addition to SI.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Bucket augers (Fig. 1) are relatively inexpensive, readily available, available in different types depending on the media to be sampled, and most can be easily operated by one person. They collect a reasonably cylindrical but disturbed sample of surface or subsurface soil or waste. They are generally not suited for sampling gravelly or coarser soil and are unsuitable for sampling rock. There are other designs of hand augers, such as the Edelman auger, used to retrieve difficult materials such as waste, sands, peat, and mud.FIG. 1 Bucket Auger5.2 Bucket augers are commonly used equipment because they are inexpensive to operate, especially compared to powered equipment (that is, direct push and drill rigs). When evaluated against screw augers (Guide D4700), bucket augers generally collect larger samples with less chance of mixing with soil from shallow depths because the sample is retained within the auger bucket. Bucket augers are commonly used to depths of 3 m but have been used to much greater depths depending upon the soil or waste characteristics. In general, bucket augers can maintain open holes in unsaturated soils and saturated clay soils below the water table. Saturated sands will cave below the water table and perched zones and cohesionless dry sands may also cave. The sampling depth is limited by the force required to rotate the auger and the depth at which the bore hole collapses (unless bore casings or liners are used).5.3 Bucket augers may not be suitable for the collection of samples for determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because the sample is disturbed and exposed to atmosphere during the collection process, which may lead to losses resulting in a chemically unrepresentative sample.5.4 If VOC analysis is required, the bucket auger is used to reach the desired sample depth, a planer auger can be used to clean the base of the hole, and a hammered drive tube sampler (Fig. 2) can be used at the bottom of the hole. Drive tube samplers can be sealed and capped. Consult Guide D4547 on practices for immediate subsampling of soil cores for VOCs. Drive tubes that are not full and contain disturbed material and are exposed to air may not provide accurate VOC data. For the best results, the core sample can be extruded from the tube and immediately subsampled.FIG. 2 Soil Core Sampler System1.1 This practice describes the procedures and equipment used to collect surface and subsurface soil and contaminated media samples for chemical analysis using a hand-operated bucket auger (sometimes referred to as a barrel auger). Several types of bucket augers exist and are designed for sampling various types of soil. All bucket augers collect disturbed samples. Bucket augers can also be used to auger to the desired sampling depth and then, using a core-type sampler, collect a relatively undisturbed sample suitable for chemical analysis.1.2 This practice does not cover the use of large 300 mm or greater diameter bucket augers mechanically operated by large drill rigs or similar equipment, such as those described in Practice D1452/D1452M, paragraph 5.2.4. Practice D1452/D1452M on auger borings refers to this hand auger included in Practice D6907 as a barrel auger.1.3 Refer to Guides D4700 and D6232 for information on other hand samplers. The bucket auger is often used for shallow surface soil sampling, but there are many other types of handheld augers, flight, screw, rotary powered, and agricultural push tube samplers. Practice D1452/D1452M addresses larger powered solid stem flight auger systems.1.4 This standard does not address soil samples obtained with mechanical drilling, direct push, and sonic machines (refer to Guides D6286/D6286M and D6169/D6169M) or for collecting cores from submerged sediments (Guide D4823).1.5 This practice does not address sampling objectives (see Practice D5792), general sample planning (see Guide D4687), and sampling design (for example, where to collect samples and what depth to sample (see Guide D6044)). Sampling for volatile organic compounds (see Guide D4547), equipment cleaning and decontamination (see Practice D5088), sample handling after collection such as compositing and subsampling (see Guide D6051), and sample preservation (Guide D4220/D4220M) are used in this standard.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides for rapid screening of antimicrobial treatments located in or on fabrics and air filter media.5.2 This test method simulates actual use conditions that may occur on fabrics, for example, food and beverage spills; soiling from body contact, that is, body oils, skin cells; prolonged moisture exposure.5.3 This test method provides a means to screen for activity and durability of an antimicrobial treatment under conditions of organic loading.5.4 This test method provides for the simultaneous assessment of multiple fabric components, for example, fabric, component fibers with polymer incorporated treatments, and back coating if present, for antimicrobial activity.5.5 Fabrics or filter media may be cleaned prior to testing with this method in order to assess the durability of the antimicrobial effect.1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate qualitatively the presence of antibacterial and antifungal activity in or on fabrics or air filter media.1.2 Use half-strength (nutrient and agar) tryptic soy agar as the inoculum vehicle for bacteria and half-strength potato dextrose agar as the inoculum vehicle for mold conidia. Use of half-strength agars may reduce undue neutralization of an antimicrobial due to excessive organic load.1.3 This test method permits evaluation, both visually and stereomicroscopically, of the antimicrobial activity of fabric or filter media.1.4 Use this test method to assess the durability of the antimicrobial treatments on new fabric or filter media, and on those repeatedly laundered or exposed to in-use conditions.1.5 This test method may not be suited for covalently bonded (that is, silane-modified quaternary ammonium compounds) or actives with limited migration or solubility.1.6 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for the practice of this test method.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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