4.1 This classification is intended to provide information on currently available commercial seals as a guide in their selection for specific applications. This classification is not intended to inhibit the innovation or development of new types of seals.1.1 This classification covers a specific category of commercially available passive seals.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 General—Passive groundwater sampling has increased use since the polyethylene diffusion bag sampler was first introduced (5). As defined above, different types of passive samplers are now available with different functions and usages. The Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC) has provided several technical and regulatory documents on the use of passive groundwater sampling methods (1, 5-7). Collectively, these documents have provided information and references on the technical basis for their use, comparison of sampling results with more traditional sampling methods, descriptions of their proper use, limitations, and a survey of their acceptance and use by responding state regulators. However, the ITRC documents are older and do not include more recent assessments and publications. This Standard seeks to provide newer information on current practice and implementation of passive groundwater sampling techniques.4.1.1 Because of the large number of passive samplers that have been developed over the years for various types of environmental sampling, it is beyond the scope of this standard to discuss separately each of the methods that could or can be used to sample groundwater. Extensive literature reviews on diffusion- and accumulation-passive samplers can be found in the scientific literature (that is, 3, 8-14). These reviews provide information on a wide variety of passive sampling devices for use in air, soil vapor, and water. A review paper on the use of diffusion and accumulation-type passive samplers specifically for sampling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater (15) includes information on other passive samplers that are not included in the ITRC documents (1, 7) and discusses their use with respect to measuring mass flux.4.2 Use—Passive samplers are deployed at a pre-determined depth, or depths, within a well for a minimum or pre-determined period of time. They should remain submerged at the target depth for their entire deployment period. All of the passive technologies described in this document rely on the sampling device being exposed to the groundwater during deployment and the continuous flushing of the open or screened interval of the well by ambient groundwater flow ((4), (5-7), 16) to produce water quality conditions in the well bore that effectively mimic those conditions in the aquifer adjacent to the screen or open interval. For samplers that require the establishment of equilibrium, it is important that the equilibration period be long enough to allow the well to recover from any disturbance caused by placing the sampler in the well and to prevent, or reduce, losses of analytes from the water sample by sampler materials due to sorption. For kinetic accumulation samplers (used as kinetic samplers), it is important that the deployment time is long enough that quantitative uptake can occur but not so long that uptake is no longer in the linear portion of the uptake curve (that is, has become curvilinear).4.2.1 As with all types of groundwater sampling methods, the appropriate use of passive methods assumes that the well has been properly located (laterally and vertically), designed, constructed, and was adequately developed (as described in Guide D5521/D5521M) and maintained (as described in Practices D5092/D5092M and D6725/D6725M, or Guide D6724/D6724M). These measures are necessary so that the well is in hydraulic communication with the aquifer.4.2.2 Each type of passive sampler has its own attributes and limitations, and thus data-quality objectives (DQOs) for the site should be reviewed prior to selecting a device. For wells in low-permeability formations, diffusive flux may become more important than advective flow in maintaining aquifer-quality water in the well.4.3 Advantages—While passive methods are not expected to replace conventional pumped sampling in all situations, they often offer a faster alternative “tool” for sampling groundwater monitoring wells because purging is eliminated from the pre-sampling procedure. Other advantages include that these samplers can be used in most wells and typically have no depth limitation. These samplers are either disposable or dedicated to a well. This eliminates or reduces the need for decontamination. Passive samplers typically reduce the logistics associated with sampling and are especially useful at sites where it is difficult to bring larger equipment (such as pumps and compressors) to the well location.4.3.1 Passive groundwater sampling techniques typically provide a lower “per-sample” cost than conventional pumped sampling methods (17-26). This is primarily because the labor associated with collecting a sample is substantially reduced and waste handling and disposal is substantially reduced. Eliminating handling and disposal of purge water is an environmental benefit and advantage.4.3.2 If there is interest in identifying contaminant stratification within the well, multiple passive samplers can be used to characterize vertical contaminant distribution with depth. Baffles or packers can be used to segregate the sampling zones and often provide better characterization of each zone. Profiling contamination with depth in a well can be informative when trying to decide where to place a single passive sampler within the well screen for long-term monitoring; placing a sampler at the mid-point of the screen may not yield a sample with the highest contaminant concentrations or one that agrees best with previous low-flow concentrations (for example, 26).4.4 Disadvantages—As with any groundwater sampling method, rapid or rigorous deployment of the sampler(s) can increase turbidity in the well. For passive groundwater samplers, this can be reduced or eliminated if the equilibration time is long enough to allow the return of the natural ambient turbidity in the well. In many cases, passive samplers are deployed at the end of a sampling event and left in the well until the next scheduled sampling event; this practice provides more than enough time for equilibration to occur. Some methods require dedicated equipment purchase which may increase the cost for the initial sampling event in order to obtain the overall cost advantage.4.5 Limitations—There are three primary limitations with passive samplers: analyte capability, sample volume, and physical size with respect to well diameter. For the diffusion and accumulation samplers, the membrane and or sorbent, respectively, determine the analyte capability of the sampler. In contrast, passive-grab samplers collect whole water samples and can be used for any analyte, subject to sample volume and physical size limitations.4.5.1 Analyte capability is often unique to individual passive samplers. In the case of diffusion-based passive samplers, the user should verify that the membrane is suitable for the analytes to be tested. ITRC (5-7) describes the analyte capability of diffusion-bases passive samplers. Two or more individual types of passive samplers can be used simultaneously to sample for a broader spectrum of analyte types.4.5.2 Passive-grab and passive-diffusion samplers collect a finite sample volume. Total sampler volume may limit the number and type of analytes that can be practically collected. Additional samplers or larger volume samplers may be available and can be used to meet the volume requirements. Also, because laboratories typically use only a small portion of the sample collected, it may be possible to provide the laboratory with a smaller sample volume. Table X1.1 provides suggested minimum volumes for several analyte classes. The laboratory should be consulted to confirm adequate sample volume during the method selection process.4.5.3 Regarding physical sizes of the sampler(s), the diameter of the sampler or combination of samplers must be able to fit in the well or multi-level sampler.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This standard provides guidance and information on passive sampling techniques for collecting groundwater from monitoring wells. Passive groundwater samplers are able to acquire a sample from the screen interval in a well, without the active transport associated with a pump or purge technique (1).2 Passive groundwater sampling is a type of no-purge groundwater sampling method where the samplers are left in the well for a predetermined period of time prior to collecting the sample.1.2 Methods for sampling monitoring wells include low-flow purging and sampling methods, traditional well-volume purging and sampling methods, post-purge grab sampling methods (for example, using a bailer), passive no-purge sampling methods, and active no-purge sampling methods such as using a bailer to collect a sample without purging the well. This guide focuses on passive no-purge sampling methodologies for collecting groundwater samples. These methodologies include the use of diffusion samplers, accumulation samplers, and passive-grab samplers. This guide provides information on the use, advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each of these passive sampling technologies.1.3 ASTM Standard D653 provides standard terminology relevant to soil, rock, and fluids contained in them. ASTM Standard D4448 provides a standard guide to sampling groundwater wells, and ASTM Standards D5903 and D6089 provide guides for planning and documenting a sampling event. Groundwater samples may require preservation (Guide D6517), filtration (Guide D6564/D6564M), and measures to pack and ship samples (Guide D6911). Standard D7069 provides guidance on the quality control and quality assurance of sampling events. ASTM Standard D5092/D5092M provides standard practice for the design and installation of groundwater monitoring wells, ASTM Standard D5521/D5521M provides a standard guide for developing groundwater monitoring wells in granular aquifers, and D6452 provides a standard guide for purging methods used in groundwater quality investigations. Consult ASTM Standard D6724/D6724M for a guide on the installation of direct-push groundwater monitoring wells and ASTM Standard D6725/D6725M for a guide on the installation of direct-push groundwater monitoring wells with pre-pack screens.1.4 The values stated in SI Units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in inches (such as with well diameters) are given in parentheses, and are provided for information. Use of units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this standard.1.5 This guide provides information on passive groundwater sampling in general and also provides a series of considerations when selecting a passive groundwater sampling method. However, it does not recommend a specific course of action, and not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all field situations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The following methods assist in demonstrating regulatory compliance in such areas as safeguards (Special Nuclear Material), inventory control, criticality control, decontamination and decommissioning, waste disposal, holdup and shipping.5.2 This guide can apply to the assay of radionuclides in containers, whose gamma-ray absorption properties can be measured or estimated, for which representative certified standards are not available. It can be applied to in situ measurements, measurement stations, or to laboratory measurements.5.3 Some of the modeling techniques described in the guide are suitable for the measurement of fall-out or natural radioactivity homogenously distributed in soil.5.4 Source-based efficiency calibrations for laboratory geometries may suffer from inaccuracies due to gamma rays being detected in true coincidence. Modeling can be an advantage since it is unaffected by true coincidence summing effects.1.1 This guide addresses the use of models with passive gamma-ray measurement systems. Mathematical models based on physical principles can be used to assist in calibration of gamma-ray measurement systems and in analysis of measurement data. Some nondestructive assay (NDA) measurement programs involve the assay of a wide variety of item geometries and matrix combinations for which the development of physical standards are not practical. In these situations, modeling may provide a cost-effective means of meeting user’s data quality objectives.1.2 A scientific knowledge of radiation sources and detectors, calibration procedures, geometry and error analysis is needed for users of this standard. This guide assumes that the user has, at a minimum, a basic understanding of these principles and good NDA practices (see Guide C1592/C1592M), as defined for an NDA professional in Guide C1490. The user of this standard must have at least a basic understanding of the software used for modeling. Instructions or further training on the use of such software is beyond the scope of this standard.1.3 The focus of this guide is the use of response models for high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector systems for the passive gamma-ray assay of items. Many of the models described in this guide may also be applied to the use of detectors with different resolutions, such as sodium iodide or lanthanum halide. In such cases, an NDA professional should determine the applicability of sections of this guide to the specific application.1.4 Techniques discussed in this guide are applicable to modeling a variety of radioactive material including contaminated fields, walls, containers and process equipment.1.5 This guide does not purport to discuss modeling for “infinite plane” in situ measurements. This discussion is best covered in ANSI N42.28.1.6 This guide does not purport to address the physical concerns of how to make or set up equipment for in situ measurements but only how to select the model for which the in situ measurement data is analyzed.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers personal or area measurements of formaldehyde in indoor air in the range from 0.01 to 17 mg/m (0.008 to 14 ppm v/v). Formaldehyde is collected in a passive diffusion sampler, and analyzed by a colorimetric method using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH). The recommended sampling time is 15 min to 24 h. 1.2 The lower quantification limit of the MBTH test method is 0.03 [mu]g of formaldehyde per millilitre of absorbing solution used. A formaldehyde concentration of 0.01 mg/m (0.008 ppm v/v) can be determined in indoor air, based on using an aliquot of 5 mL of absorbing solution in the prescribed sampler for a period of 24 h and observing a minimum difference of 0.05 absorbance units from the blank when using spectrophotometer cells of path length 1 cm. 1.3 Water soluble aliphatic aldehydes give a significant positive interference (1, 2) nearly equal to formaldehyde on a molar basis. Further information on estimating potential and actual interferences from aliphatic aldehydes may be found in 6.2 and 10.1.7. Most other compounds which react to produce colored products are not gaseous or water soluble and, consequently, should not interfere. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Notes 1 and 2.

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5.1 This test method describes a test procedure for evaluating the ∆T associated with RF power deposition during an MR procedure, involving a specific frequency of RF irradiation of a passive implant. The method allows characterization of the heating propensity of an implant rather than the prediction of heating during a specific MR procedure in a patient. The results may be used as an input to a computational model for estimating ∆T due to the presence of that implant in a patient. The combination of the test results and the computational model results may then be used to help assess the safety of a patient with the implant during an MR examination.1.1 This test method covers measurement of radio frequency (RF)-induced heating on or near a passive medical implant within a phantom during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The test method does not specify levels of heating considered to be safe to the patient and relies on users to define their own acceptance criteria.1.2 This test method does not address other possible safety issues which include, but are not limited to: issues of magnetically-induced displacement, magnetically-induced torque, image artifact, acoustic noise, tissue heating, interaction among devices, and the functionality of the device and the MR system.1.3 The amount of RF-induced temperature rise (∆T) for a given incident electric field will depend on the RF frequency, which is dependent on the static magnetic field strength of the MR system. While the focus in this test method is on 1.5 tesla (T) or 3 T MR systems, the ∆T for an implant in MR systems of other static magnetic field strengths or magnet designs can be evaluated by suitable modification of the method described herein.1.4 This test method assumes that testing is done on devices that will be entirely inside the body. Testing for devices with other implantation conditions (e.g., external fixation devices, percutaneous needles, catheters or tethered devices such as ablation probes) is beyond the scope of this standard; for such devices, modifications of this test method may be necessary.NOTE 1: RF-heating induced by any electrically conductive implanted device may be impacted by the presence of other metallic or otherwise electrically conductive devices present nearby.1.5 This test method is written for several possible RF exposure systems, including Volume RF transmit coils. The exposure system needs to be properly characterized, within the stated uncertainties, in term of local background RF exposure for the implants which are tested.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.7 A device with deployed dimensions of less than 2 cm in all directions may not need to be tested with respect to RF-induced heating, as it is expected to generate ∆T of less than 2°C over 1 h of exposure at 1.5 T/64-MHz or 3 T/128-MHz frequencies (1, 2)2 and ANSI/AAMI/ISO 14708-3:2017). This condition is not valid when multiple replicas of the device (e.g., multiple anchors) are implanted within 3 cm of the device.NOTE 2: The above values were derived from existing data and literature. The 3 cm distance is recommended to avoid any RF coupling with other neighboring devices.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Segmented gamma-ray scanning provides a nondestructive means of measuring the nuclide content of scrap and waste where the specific nature of the matrix and the chemical form and relationship between the nuclide and matrix may be unknown.5.2 The procedure can serve as a diagnostic tool that provides a vertical profile of transmission and nuclide concentration within the item.5.3 Item preparation is generally limited to good waste/scrap segregation practices that produce relatively homogeneous items that are required for any successful waste/inventory management and assay scheme, regardless of the measurement method used. Also, process knowledge should be used, when available, as part of a waste management program to complement information on item parameters, container properties, and the appropriateness of calibration factors.5.4 To obtain the lowest detection levels, a two-pass assay should be used. The two-pass assay also reduces problems related to potential interferences between transmission peaks and assay peaks. For items with higher activities, a single-pass assay may be used to increase throughput.1.1 This test method covers the transmission-corrected nondestructive assay (NDA) of gamma-ray emitting special nuclear materials (SNMs), most commonly 235U, 239Pu, and 241Am, in low-density scrap or waste, packaged in cylindrical containers. The method can also be applied to NDA of other gamma-emitting nuclides including fission products. High-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy is used to detect and measure the nuclides of interest and to measure and correct for gamma-ray attenuation in a series of horizontal segments (collimated gamma detector views) of the container. Corrections are also made for counting losses occasioned by signal processing limitations (1-3).21.2 There are currently several systems in use or under development for determining the attenuation corrections for NDA of radioisotopic materials (4-8). A related technique, tomographic gamma-ray scanning (TGS), is not included in this test method (9, 10, 11).1.2.1 This test method will cover two implementations of the Segmented Gamma Scanning (SGS) procedure: (1) Isotope Specific (Mass) Calibration, the original SGS procedure, uses standards of known radionuclide masses to determine detector response in a mass versus corrected count rate calibration that applies only to those specific radionuclides for which it is calibrated, and (2) Efficiency Curve Calibration, an alternative method, typically uses non-SNM radionuclide sources to determine system detection efficiency vs. gamma energy and thereby calibrate for all gamma-emitting radionuclides of interest (12).1.2.1.1 Efficiency Curve Calibration, over the energy range for which the efficiency is defined, has the advantage of providing calibration for many gamma-emitting nuclides for which half-life and gamma emission intensity data are available.1.3 The assay technique may be applicable to loadings up to several hundred grams of nuclide in a 208-L [55-gal] drum, with more restricted ranges to be applicable depending on specific packaging and counting equipment considerations.1.4 Measured transmission values must be available for use in calculation of segment-specific attenuation corrections at the energies of analysis.1.5 A related method, SGS with calculated correction factors based on item content and density, is not included in this standard.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification describes an approach for testing the fire resistance of concrete tunnel linings, fire-resistive materials, and structural tunnel members. It requires testing of both horizontal and vertical orientations and is limited to concrete mix design and fire-resistive materials, as well as the potential impact of environmental exposures (optional). A minimum of one fire test is required for each assembly, configuration, and orientation. For cases where the concrete mix design is intended to address the fire load independent of fire-resistive materials, the Spalling Test is applicable. For cases where standard or general concrete design mix is intended and protected by fire-resistive materials, the Fire-Resistive Material Test is applicable. For cases where both the concrete design mix and fire-resistive materials are combined to address the fire load, both test criteria are applicable but can be accomplished with one fire test for each assembly, configuration, and orientation. The test methods covered by this specification are used to determine the performance of tunnel construction elements with respect to exposure to a standard time-temperature fire test. The tests include surface burning test, environmental tests (optional: ground water test, road salt test, tunnel interior surface washing, spalling test, fire-resistive material test), and fire-resistive joint test.This specification also covers the requirements for flame spread, control of fire tests for fire resistive materials, test specimen for fire resistive materials, conduct of test, overall conditions of acceptance, report, and precision and bias.1.1 This specification is applicable to the fire resistance of concrete tunnel linings, fire-resistive materials, and structural tunnel members.1.2 Concrete mix design, tunnel linings, and passive fire protection methods are specific to each tunnel project. Therefore results of the spalling test are only valid for the specific materials and systems employed during each test, notwithstanding maximum and minimum limitations.1.3 Tunnels are potentially exposed to ground water, even those passing through elevated terrain, such as mountains, road salt, and maintenance surface washing. Consideration shall be given to potential adverse effects that result, such as material degradation due to these exposures.1.4 Movement joints shall be considered and their impact on the overall fire resistance shall be assessed by testing. Tests shall be conducted as a system.1.5 This specification does not address mechanical attachment methods for equipment due to the vast variety of possible methods and loads. However, consideration shall be given to methods that appreciably affect the concrete temperature during the heating conditions. Consideration shall be given to a second test conducted with the attachment to evaluate the effect. The attachment test shall include the largest diameter anchor, the deepest installed anchor, and the largest load applied to the anchor. This requirement results in a single anchor being tested or multiple anchors being tested. If multiple anchors are required to be tested, then each shall be tested under its maximum load.1.6 This specification requires testing of both horizontal and vertical orientations. For fire-resistive materials, it is generally accepted that the horizontal orientation represents the worst case test scenario.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not, by itself, incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is useful for preparing extracts from fire debris for later analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.4.2 This is a very sensitive separation procedure, capable of isolating quantities smaller than 1/10 μL of ignitable liquid residue from a sample.1.1 This practice describes the procedure for separation of small quantities of ignitable liquid residues from samples of fire debris using an adsorbent material to extract the residue from the static headspace above the sample, then eluting the adsorbent with a solvent.1.2 While this practice is suitable for successfully extracting ignitable liquid residues over the entire range of concentration, the headspace concentration methods are best used when a high level of sensitivity is required due to a very low concentration of ignitable liquid residues in the sample.1.2.1 Unlike other methods of separation and concentration, this practice is essentially nondestructive.1.3 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in the referenced documents (see Practices E1386, E1388, E1413, and E2154).1.4 This practice does not replace knowledge, skill, ability, experience, education, or training and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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