定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元

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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to identify sample and test parameters that may influence graphite irradiation test results. This practice should not be construed as a requirement or recommendation that proprietary information be disclosed.4.2 Irradiation results on graphite include dimensional changes and changes in properties that are used in reactor design. The irradiation data are reported in government documents, open literature publications, and are assembled into data manuals for use by reactor designers.1.1 This practice covers information recommended for inclusion in reports giving graphite irradiation results.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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A written test method is subjected to an ILS to evaluate its performance. The ILS produces a set of statistical estimates that depend upon the method, but also are influenced by the laboratories and test materials involved in the study. For that reason, the ILS task group must interpret these estimates, aided by this guide and using analytical judgment, to decide if the method is suitable to be balloted for publication as a standard. The task group may use this guide to help them prepare the precision and bias statements that are a required part of the method.1.1 This guide covers procedures to help a task group interpret interlaboratory study (ILS) statistics to state precision and accuracy of a test method and make judgments concerning its range of use.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Each year many thousands of water samples are collected and the chemical components are determined from natural and human-influenced groundwater sources.4.2 The objective interpretation of the origin, composition, and interrelationships of water can be simplified by displaying the distribution of the constituents and related parameters on areal maps (1,2).44.2.1 The origin of the chemical composition of the water may be postulated by the amount and the distribution of the constituents as shown on the maps.4.2.2 The chemical composition of the water can be scrutinized for distinct characteristics and anomalies by use of the maps.4.2.3 The interrelationships of the water chemistry from various sampling locations can be visualized on the maps.4.3 This guide presents various mapping methods for showing distribution of chemical constituents using areal and time-related trends; maximum, minimum, or mean values; and relationships between chemical and associated parameters.4.4 Exercise caution when interpreting the distribution of chemical constituents on two-dimensional (X and Y) maps as liquids of different densities tend to stratify in the third dimension (Z).NOTE 2: Water (or other liquid) with a relatively low concentration of dissolved solids (or of a low relative density) normally will float on top of water with high dissolved solids or a liquid of higher density (3-7). A naturally occurring example is an island surrounded and underlain by sea water where rain water falling on the island forms a fresh water lens above the underlying sea water. Where the presence of liquids of different densities are evident in a mapped area, cross sections of the aquifer assist in showing the vertical (Z) distribution of the chemical constituents or a pattern can be used on the map to delineate the extent of this water.NOTE 3: Immiscible liquid contaminants, such as petroleum products, with a relative density less than that of the water will float on top of the water. Liquids that are more dense than water will flow to the bottom of the aquifer. Miscible liquids, such as sea water, mix with the fresher water creating a zone of dispersion at the interface of the two liquids.4.5 Aquifers in fractured rock or karst areas may result in noncontinuum conditions for the chemical parameters in the water (Guide D5717). This guide assumes the aquifer usually consists of an equivalent porous media.4.6 This is not a guide for the selection of a map technique for a distinct purpose. That choice is program or project specific.NOTE 4: For many hydrochemical research problems involving the scientific interpretation of groundwater, the areal map is only one segment of several methods needed to interpret the data.1.1 This guide offers a series of options but does not specify a course of action. It should not be used as the sole criterion or basis of comparison and does not replace or relieve professional judgment.1.2 This guide covers methods that display, as mapped information, the chemical constituents of groundwater samples. Details required by the investigator to use fully the methods are found in the listed references.1.2.1 The use of maps to display water-quality data are a common technique to assist in the interpretation of the chemistry of water in aquifers, as the areally distributed values can be easily related to the physical locality by the investigator.1.2.2 The distribution in an aquifer of chemical constituents from two water sources or of liquids of different densities may be difficult to illustrate explicitly on a two-dimensional map because of stratification in the third dimension. Also, the addition of a vertical cross section may be required (see 4.4).1.3 Many graphic techniques have been developed by investigators to assist in summarizing and interpreting related data sets. This guide is the fourth document to inform the hydrologists and geochemists about traditional methods for displaying groundwater chemical data.1.3.1 The initial guide (Guide D5738) described the category of water-analysis diagrams that use pattern and pictorial methods as a basis for displaying each of the individual chemical components determined from the analysis of a single sample of natural groundwater.1.3.2 The second guide (Guide D5754) described the category of water-analysis diagrams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs to display, on a single diagram, the common chemical components from two or more analyses of natural groundwater.1.3.3 The third guide (Guide D5877) presented methods that graphically display chemical analyses of multiple groundwater samples, discrete values, as well as those reduced to comprehensive summaries or parameters.1.4 Notations have been incorporated within the illustrations of this guide to assist the user in understanding how the maps are constructed. These notations would not be required on a map designed for inclusion in a project document.NOTE 1: Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

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4.1 Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.NOTE 1: Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Use of HCT Data and Testing Objectives—The laboratory weathering test method (D5744) generates data that can be used to:4.1.1 Determine whether a solid material will produce an acidic, alkaline, or neutral effluent;4.1.2 Identify solutes in the effluent that represent dissolved weathering products formed during a specified period of time, and inform the user of their potential to produce environmental impacts at a mining or metallurgical processing site under proposed operating conditions;4.1.3 Determine the mass of solute release; and4.1.4 Determine the rate at which solutes are released (from the solids into the effluent) under the closely controlled conditions of the test for comparison to other materials.4.1.5 These approaches are based on the existence of detailed mineralogical work and static tests that provide a basis for interpreting HCT results.4.1.6 Detailed mineralogical work might lead a reviewer to suspect either acid neutralization potential (ANP) or acid generation potential (AGP) minerals have questionable availability, which would be a significant factor in interpreting HCT results and decisions concerning test duration.4.2 Interpretation of data generated by the laboratory weathering procedure can be used to address the following objectives:4.2.1 Determine the variation of drainage quality as a function of compositional variations (for example, iron sulfide and calcium plus magnesium carbonate contents) within individual mine rock lithologies;4.2.2 Determine the amount of acid that can be neutralized by the sample while maintaining a drainage pH of ≥6.0 under the conditions of the test;4.2.3 Estimate mine rock weathering rates to aid in predicting the environmental behavior of mine rock; and4.2.4 Determine mine rock weathering rates to aid in experimental design of site-specific kinetic tests.4.3 Interpretation Approaches—Guides A, B, and C are intended as examples of what to consider in developing an approach for determining how reasonable objectives for humidity cells might be structured, and some possible criteria for cooperative management of HCTs involving stakeholders.4.3.1 It is also possible to use an approach to establish a decision point, rather than an end point, to the humidity cell test during the planning stage. Guides A, B, and C are examples of techniques and associated criteria comprising some approaches to help interpret data generated by humidity cell tests. Decision points can be established during the planning stage to allow stakeholders an opportunity to review the results and decide if additional weathering cycles are needed to meet the objectives of the testing.4.3.2 Continuation of the HCT beyond the decision point may or may not provide important information regarding the acceleration or deceleration of oxidation and metal leaching in the material being tested.4.3.3 More detailed leachate information from a longer HCT may be critical information for designing waste management or water treatment facilities as accounted for in an AMP, but an agreed-upon endpoint of test objectives would allow for a decision that advances mine planning and permitting.4.3.4 The laboratory weathering procedure provides conditions conducive to oxidation of solid material constituents and enhances the transport of weathering reaction products contained in the resulting weekly effluent. This is accomplished by controlling the exposure of the solid material sample to such environmental parameters as reaction environment temperature and application rate of water and oxygen.4.3.5 Because efficient removal of reaction products is vital to track mineral dissolution rates during the procedure, laboratory leach volumes are large per unit mass of rock to promote the rinsing of weathering reaction products from the mine rock sample. Interpretation of laboratory kinetic tests by comparison with field tests has shown that more reaction products from mineral dissolution are consistently released per unit weight and unit time in laboratory weathering tests (2). For example, sulfate release rates observed in laboratory tests of metal mine rock have been reported to be three to eight times those for small-scale field test piles of Duluth complex rock (3), and from two to 20 times those for small-scale field test piles of Archean greenstone rock (4). A greater increase is anticipated when laboratory rates are compared with field rates measured from operational waste rock piles.4.4 In some cases, it may be useful to establish criteria for a decision to end the weathering cycles for a particular cell based on HCT results but still continue to maintain the HCT test weathering cycles for a longer duration.4.4.1 In other cases, it might be useful to have duplicate HCTs and use one as a basis for a decision point and subsequent destructive evaluation of reaction products.4.4.1.1 The duplicate cell could be maintained to confirm the basis for the decision and be used to update the AMP and financial guarantee, if necessary.4.4.2 This approach supports a decision concerning mine waste management and planning, including an AMP.4.4.3 This approach does not necessarily resolve the need for accurate prediction of long-term metal leaching and drainage quality, but is recommended as a tool for making decisions on how to conduct testing with the objective of determining how ore and waste will be handled and monitored, and the potential level of risk involved in related decisions for specific sites and materials.4.5 Continuing HCT weathering cycles for an extended period of time may also provide a higher level of certainty.4.6 Depending on the site-specific resources at risk and behavior of waste materials, an extended HCT weathering cycle duration may be an important consideration for stakeholder groups to use in evaluating HCTs.4.7 As a mine typically involves very large quantities of waste rock, which will be leached by at least some amount of incident precipitation for extended times, ongoing monitoring of waste facility performance, including any produced effluent or leachate, is almost always required as a condition of permit approval.4.8 Performance monitoring of permitted facilities can be a critical element in the development of a humidity cell performance database, as well as support for the evolving HCT weathering cycle duration criteria and approach proposed here.4.9 A humidity cell performance database could be developed in a standard format to allow comparison of laboratory weathering results with drainage from field waste facility performance, based on publicly available information.4.9.1 A model approach with possible objectives and criteria are presented below as examples to help interpret HCT results.4.10 Variations in specific approach requirements and criteria (% sulfur, sulfide sulfur, carbonate, pH, sulfate release, etc.) will depend on the site-specific objectives, deposit mineralogy, and characterization, including various static test results and management plans agreed upon by stakeholders.4.10.1 Regardless of the site-specific stakeholder objectives, instability in metal release rates should strongly suggest continuation of weathering cycle testing.4.10.2 Regardless of the decision process followed, the ultimate responsibility for the permitting decision lies with the permitting agency(s), and the ultimate environmental liability and operating responsibility lies with the mining company.4.11 These approaches are suggested as a model to be used by the involved stakeholders for their determination of when it is appropriate to schedule and extend HCT weathering cycles and how to treat the residues.4.12 The specific parameters (sulfur, CaCO3, SO4–2 release rates, metal release rates, etc.) involved will likely vary depending on site-specific factors, which could include the lithology, petrology and mineralogy, climate, regulatory approach, environmental risk for the units, and ore deposit type being evaluated.4.13 The criteria selected for management of the duration of HCTs should rely on a combination of parameters, as any criteria based on a single parameter value like % sulfur will not be reliable (5).4.14 The values in the approaches presented are chosen only as examples, and actual cell management criteria are intended to be reviewed and agreed upon by the stakeholders, on a site-specific basis.4.15 The specific parameters and values selected might vary considerably depending on site-specific factors, which might include environmental risk. It is up to the stakeholders to modify and use this approach to develop objectives which meet the specific requirements at their site and to use their modifications to reach a consensus on test duration.4.16 The following decision criteria (sulfide sulfur quantitative limit, sulfate release rates, pH, and steady state duration) must be developed on a site/project-specific basis based on considerations including site-specific lithology, mineralogy, trace metal characteristics, and potential environmental risks. The values given in the following guides are merely example criteria; it is up to the stakeholders to manage their own criteria.1.1 This kinetic test guide covers interpretation and cooperative management of a standard laboratory weathering procedure, Test Method D5744. The guide suggests strategies for analysis and interpretation of data produced by Test Method D5744 on mining waste rock, metallurgical processing wastes, and ores.1.1.1 Cooperative management of the testing involves agreement of stakeholders in defining the objectives of the testing, analytical requirements, planning the initial estimate of duration of the testing, and discussion of the results at decision points to determine if the testing period needs to be extended and the disposition of the residues.1.2 The humidity cell test (HCT) enhances reaction product transport in the aqueous leach of a solid material sample of specified mass. Standard conditions allow comparison of the relative reactivity of materials during interpretation of results.1.3 The HCT measures rates of weathering product mass release. Soluble weathering products are mobilized by a fixed-volume aqueous leach that is performed and collected weekly. Leachate samples are analyzed for pH, alkalinity/acidity, specific conductance, sulfates, and other selected analytes which may be regulated in the environmental drainage at a particular mining or metallurgical processing site.1.4 This guide covers the interpretation of standard humidity cell tests conducted to obtain results for the following objectives:Guide and Objective Sections     A – Confirmation of Static Testing Results 5 – 6     B – Evaluation of Reactivity and Leachate Quality            for Segregating Mine, Processing Waste, or            Ore 7 – 8     C – Evaluation of Quality of Neutralization            Potential Available to React with Produced            Acid 9 – 10   1.5 This guide is intended to facilitate use of Test Method D5744 to meet kinetic testing regulatory requirements for metallurgical processing products, mining waste rock, and ores sized to pass a 6.3-mm (0.25-in.) Tyler screen.1.5.1 Interpretation of standard humidity cell test results has been found to be useful for segregation of ore and waste and design of proper stockpiling and disposal facilities.1.6 Interlaboratory testing of the standard D5744 humidity cell has been confined to mine waste rock. Application of this guide to metallurgical processing waste (for example, mill process tailings) is not supported by interlaboratory test data. Method B of Test Method D5744, however, has been found useful for testing of metallurgical products, and this guide is also useful for interpretation of those results (1).21.7 This guide is intended to describe various procedures for interpreting the results from standard laboratory weathering of solid materials in accordance with Test Method D5744. It does not describe all types of sampling and analytical requirements that may be associated with its application, nor all procedures for interpretation of results.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.1.8.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车