定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is intended either as an index test or as a performance test used to determine and compare the flow rate per unit width of one or several candidate geosynthetics under specific conditions.5.2 This test method may be used as an index test for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision of this test method is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 may be advisable.5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, normal stress, seating period, hydraulic gradient, test water temperature, etc., then conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are formed from a lot of the material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the flow rate per unit width within the manufactured plane of geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses and a constant head. The test is intended primarily as an index test but can be used also as a performance test when the hydraulic gradients and specimen contact surfaces are selected by the user to model anticipated field conditions.1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allow continuous in-plane flow paths to occur parallel to the intended direction of flow.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is useful in quality and cost control during manufacture. Both appearance and performance of pile yarn floor coverings can be affected by the number of binding sites per length and width.5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use test samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn form the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in the disparate results during initial testing, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the know bias.1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the number of binding sites per unit length or width of machine-made, woven, knitted, and tufted pile yarn floor covering both before and after adhesive backing application.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,000 fiber (snippets) per measurement and is a quick test in comparison to previous methods, for example, directly measuring cross-sections. The good relationship observed between ribbon width and the perimeter of fiber cross-sections makes ribbon width of interest to plant breeders and scientists observing fiber perimeter responses to plant and crop treatments.5.4 The precision of Cottonscope has been measured. Measurement of consistent quality, machine picked cotton using a test regime of one in three bales (with two specimens tested per bale sample), provides a precision of between 6.8 and 7.5 % for fineness, between 1.2 and 1.5 % for maturity, between 4 and 5 % for micronaire and less than 1 % for ribbon width. These values incorporate sample and instrument variance but not inter-laboratory variance. Precision is improved by increasing the number of sub-samples measured per bale. The values for maturity and micronaire are similar to reported high volume instrument values.5.4.1 The method has not yet been widely controlled for acceptance testing. Inter-laboratory trials have shown agreement and precision can be good if instrument calibrations and test procedures are properly coincided. Calibration material should be conditioned before testing as directed in Practice D1776.5.4.2 Cottonscope algorithms are calibrated using known cotton and fiber standards, for example, USDA AMS prepared calibration cottons, measured on a manufacturer’s standard instrument with values and the calibration material passed to the next instrument. It is advised if there are differences of practical significance between reported test values for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine any statistical bias between them, using competent statistical analysis. Ideally, these tests are performed using the same homogenous material.1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2FIG. 1 Cottonscope InstrumentNOTE 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 Option A procedures of Test Method D3774 for width are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because they are used extensively in the trade.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test values when using Test Method D3774 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the width of woven or knitted fabrics, usable width, or both. The method is applicable to full rolls, bolts of fabric, and short specimens removed from a roll or bolt. Unless otherwise specified, measurements shall include the selvages when present.1.2 The method offers two options:1.2.1 Option A—Full Roll or Bolt.1.2.2 Option B—Short Specimen Removed from Full Roll or Bolt.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

5.1 Test Method F2656/F2656M states that variable-width barriers shall be tested in minimum- and maximum-width configurations. Interpolations between maximum and minimums are allowed if there are no structural modifications made to the barrier (that is, all structural components, including spacing of support members and connections, are similar between the two barriers tested at minimum and maximum widths). Extrapolation outside of the tested minimum- and maximum-width configurations is not allowed.5.2 However, there is a class of barriers such as some nets and fences that rely on a structurally repetitive interior system and strengthened end terminals or anchorages that are not explicitly treated under Test Method F2656/F2656M. There are situations where the interior system of the barrier could be exceptionally long and it is impractical or impossible to test the maximum-width configuration due to test facility site constraints, as an example.5.3 When a variable-width barrier is dependent on a structurally repetitive interior system that could be exceptionally long and terminated with strengthened end terminals, this practice shall be used to establish the maximum-width configuration that is equivalent to an infinitely long barrier.5.4 This practice shall be used with Test Method F2656/F2656M to establish a condition designation and penetration rating for the complete variable-width barrier. Knowing the condition designation and penetration rating provides the ability to select an appropriate barrier for site-specific conditions around a facility.5.5 Use of this practice assumes:5.5.1 Except for the instrumented end terminations, the structurally repetitive interior system is constructed and installed in a manner that represents the proposed actual service installation;5.5.2 Except for the instrumented end terminations, the structurally repetitive interior system conforms to supplier specifications and drawings;5.5.3 The actual service installation of the structurally repetitive interior system shall be terminated using the strengthened end terminals used for the minimum-width configuration test; and5.5.4 The instrumented end terminations used for the maximum-width configuration shall provide axial load resistance only.1.1 This practice provides a procedure for applying Test Method F2656/F2656M test criteria to an exceptionally long (that is, 300 ft [91 m] or greater) variable-width vehicle barrier as defined by Test Method F2656/F2656M.1.2 This practice provides a procedure to establish a maximum-width configuration that is equivalent to an infinitely long barrier for a variable-width barrier as defined by Test Method F2656/F2656M.1.3 This practice applies only to variable-width barriers that are dependent on both a structurally repetitive interior system that could be exceptionally long and terminated with strengthened end terminals.1.4 This practice applies only when it is impractical or impossible to install the maximum-width test article of a variable-width barrier because the test facility site constraints limit the practical length of the test article.1.5 This practice does not apply when its use is employed solely with the intent of reducing the test article installation cost when it is practical to test the maximum-width installation length.1.6 This practice does not apply to continuous or other types of vehicle barriers.1.7 This practice shall be used with Test Method F2656/F2656M to establish a condition designation and penetration rating for the complete variable-width barrier. Further, the complete variable-width barrier shall receive a single penetration rating that is determined as the maximum penetration rating for both the minimum- and maximum-width configurations tested, and is taken to be the final penetration rating. The penetration rating is not based on engineering calculation or judgment.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车