5.1 The expanded limits of the Adjunct for VCF are defined in a mixture of terms of customary and metric units. Table 1 shows the defining limits and their associated units in bold italics. Also shown in Table 1 are the limits converted to their equivalent units (and, in the case of the densities, other base temperatures).5.2 Note that only the precision levels of the defining values shown in Table 1 are correct. The other values showing converted units have been rounded to the significant digits shown; as rounded values, they may numerically fall just outside of the actual limits established by the defining values.5.3 Table 2 provides a cross-reference between the historical table designations and the corresponding section in the Adjunct for VCF. Note that procedure paragraphs 11.1.6.3 (U.S. customary units) and 11.1.7.3 (metric units) provide methods for correcting on-line density measurements from live conditions to base conditions and then to compute CTPL factors for continuous volume corrections to base conditions.5.4 When a glass hydrometer is used to measure the density of a liquid, special corrections must be made to account for the thermal expansion of the glass when the temperature is different from that at which the hydrometer was calibrated. The 1980 CTL Tables had generalized equations to correct glass hydrometer readings, and these corrections were part of the printed odd-numbered tables. However, detailed procedures to correct a glass hydrometer reading are beyond the scope of the Adjunct for VCF. The user should refer to the appropriate sections of API MPMS Chapter 9 or other appropriate density/hydrometer standards for guidance.5.5 The set of correlations given in the Adjunct for VCF is intended for use with petroleum fluids comprising either crude oils, refined products, or lubricating oils that are single-phase liquids under normal operating conditions. The liquid classifications listed here are typical terms used in the industry, but local nomenclature may vary. The list is illustrative and is not meant to be all-inclusive.5.6 Crude Oils—A crude oil is considered to conform to the commodity group Generalized Crude Oils if its density falls in the range between approximately –10°API to 100°API. Crude oils that have been stabilized for transportation or storage purposes and whose API gravities lie within that range are considered to be part of the Crude Oil group. Also, aviation Jet B (JP-4) is best represented by the Crude Oil correlation.5.7 Refined Products—A refined product is considered to conform to the commodity group of Generalized Refined Products if the fluid falls within one of the refined product groups. Note the product descriptors are generalizations. The commercial specification ranges of some products may place their densities partly within an adjacent class (for example, a low-density diesel may lie in the jet fuel class). In such cases, the product should be allocated to the class appropriate to its density, not its descriptor. The groups are defined as follows:5.7.1 Gasoline—Motor gasoline and unfinished gasoline blending stock with a base density range between approximately 50°API and 85°API. This group includes substances with the commercial identification of: premium gasoline, unleaded gasoline, motor spirit, clear gasoline, low-lead gas, motor gasoline, catalyst gas, alkylate, catalytic cracked gasoline, naphtha, reformulated gasoline, and aviation gasoline.5.7.2 Jet Fuels—Jet fuels, kerosene, and Stoddard solvents with a base density range between approximately 37°API and 50°API. This group includes substances with the commercial identification of: aviation kerosene K1 and K2, aviation Jet A and A-1, kerosene, Stoddard solvent, JP-5, and JP-8.5.7.3 Fuel Oils—Diesel oils, heating oils, and fuel oils with a base density range between approximately –10°API and 37°API. This group includes substances with the commercial identification of: No. 6 fuel oil, fuel oil PA, low-sulfur fuel oil, LT (low temperature) fuel oil, fuel oil, fuel oils LLS (light low sulfur), No. 2 furnace oil, furnace oil, auto diesel, gas oil, No. 2 burner fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and premium diesel.5.8 Lubricating Oils—A lubricating oil is considered to conform to the commodity group Generalized Lubricating Oils if it is a base stock derived from crude oil fractions by distillation or asphalt precipitation. For the purpose of the Adjunct for VCF, lubricating oils have initial boiling points greater than 700 °F (370 °C) and densities in the range between approximately –10°API to 45°API.5.9 Special Applications—Liquids that are assigned the special applications category are generally relatively pure products or homogeneous mixtures with stable (unchanging) chemical composition that are derived from petroleum (or are petroleum-based with minor proportions of other constituents) and have been tested to establish a specific thermal expansion factor for the particular fluid. These tables should be considered for use when:5.9.1 The generalized commodity groups' parameters are suspected of not adequately representing the thermal expansion properties of the liquid.5.9.2 A precise thermal expansion coefficient can be determined by experiment. A minimum of ten temperature/density data points is recommended to use this method. See 11.1.5.2 of the Adjunct for VCF for the procedure to calculate the thermal expansion coefficient from measured density data.5.9.3 Buyer and seller agree that, for their purpose, a greater degree of equity can be obtained using factors specifically measured for the liquid involved in the transaction.5.10 Refer to paragraphs 11.1.2.4 and 11.1.2.5 in the Adjunct for VCF for a complete description of the suitability of the implementation procedures for specific hydrocarbon liquids.1.1 This guide provides information related to the algorithm and implementation procedure but does not contain the full set of algorithms. The algorithms, instructions, procedures, and examples are located in the associated supplementary adjuncts. The Adjunct for Volume Correction Factors (VCF) for temperature and pressure volume correction factors for generalized crude oils, refined products, and lubricating oils provides the algorithm and implementation procedure for the correction of temperature and pressure effects on density and volume of liquid hydrocarbons. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) and liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs) are excluded from consideration in this standard but may be found in API MPMS Chapter 11.2.4/GPA 8217 Temperature Correction for NGL and LPG. As this Adjunct for VCF will be applied to a variety of applications, the output parameters of CTL, Fp, CPL, and CTPL may be used as specified in other standards.1.2 Including the pressure correction in the Adjunct for VCF represents an important change from the “temperature only” correction factors given in the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables. However, if the pressure is one atmosphere (the standard pressure), then there is no pressure correction and the standard/adjunct(s) will give CTL values consistent with the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables.1.3 The Adjunct for VCF covers general procedures for the conversion of input data to generate CTL, Fp, CPL, and CTPL values at the user-specified base temperature and pressure (Tb, Pb). Two sets of procedures are included for computing volume correction factor: one set for data expressed in customary units (temperature in °F, pressure in psig); the other for the metric system of units (temperature in °C, pressure in kPa or bar).NOTE 1: In contrast to the 1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables, the metric procedures require the procedure for customary units be used first to compute density at 60 °F. This value is then further corrected to give the metric output. The metric procedures now incorporate the base temperature of 20 °C in addition to 15 °C.1.4 The procedures in the Adjunct for VCF recognize three distinct commodity groups: crude oil, refined products, and lubricating oils. A procedure is also provided for determining volume correction for special applications where the generalized commodity groups’ parameters may not adequately represent the thermal expansion properties of the liquid and a precise thermal expansion coefficient has been determined by experiment. Procedures for determining Volume Correction Factors (VCF) for Denatured Ethanol can be found in API MPMS Chapter 11.3.3, Miscellaneous Hydrocarbon Properties—Denatured Ethanol Density and Volume Correction Factors, 3rd edition. Procedures for determining Volume Correction Factors (VCF) for Gasoline and Denatured Ethanol Blends can be found in API MPMS Chapter 11.3.4, Miscellaneous Hydrocarbon Properties—Denatured Ethanol and Gasoline Component Blend Densities and Volume Correction Factors, 1st edition.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch‐pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection. Details of this work, together with tables of sampling plans of other forms, have been published previously. See Refs (1-3).4 Since the basic computations required have already been made, it has been quite easy to provide these new factors. No changes in method or details of application have been made over those described in the publications referenced above. For this reason, the text portion of this report has been briefly written. Readers interested in further details are referred to these previous publications. Other sources of material on the underlying theory and approach are also available (4-7).4.2 The procedure to be used is essentially the same as the one normally used for attribute sampling inspection. The only difference is that sample items are tested for life or survival instead of for some other property. For single sampling, the following are the required steps:4.2.1 Using the tables of factors provided in Annex A1, select a suitable sampling inspection plan from those tabulated in Practice E2234.4.2.2 Draw at random a sample of items of the size specified by the selected Practice E2234 plan.4.2.3 Place the sample of items on life test for the specified period of time, t.4.2.4 Determine the number of sample items that failed during the test period.4.2.5 Compare the number of items that failed with the number allowed under the selected Practice E2234 plan.4.2.6 If the number that failed is equal to or less than the acceptable number, accept the lot; if the number failing exceeds the acceptable number, reject the lot.4.3 Both the sample sizes and the acceptance numbers used are those specified by Practice E2234 plans. It will be assumed in the section on examples that single sampling plans will be used. However, the matching double sampling and multiple sampling plans provided in MIL-STD-105 can be used if desired. The corresponding sample sizes and acceptance and rejection numbers are used in the usual way. The specified test truncation time, t, must be used for all samples.4.4 The probability of acceptance for a lot under this procedure depends only on the probability of a sample item failing before the end of the test truncation time, t. For this reason, the actual life at failure need not be determined; only the number of items failing is of interest. Life requirements and test time specifications need not necessarily be measured in chronological terms such as minutes or hours. For example, the life measure may be cycles of operation, revolutions, or miles of travel.4.5 The underlying life distribution assumed in this standard is the Weibull distribution (note that the exponential distribution is a special case of the Weibull). The Weibull model has three parameters. One parameter is a scale or characteristic life parameter. For these plans and procedures, the value for this parameter need not be known; the techniques used are independent of its magnitude. A second parameter is a location or “guaranteed life” parameter. In these plans and procedures, it is assumed that this parameter has a value of zero and that there is some risk of item failure right from the start of life. If this is not the case for some applications, a simple modification in procedure is available. The third parameter, and the one of importance, is the shape parameter, β.5 The magnitude of the conversion factors used in the procedures described in this report depends directly on the value for this parameter. For this reason, the magnitude of the parameter shall be known through experience with the product or shall be estimated from past research, engineering, or inspection data. Estimation procedures are available and are outlined in Ref (1).4.6 For the common case of random chance failures with the failure rate constant over time, rather than failures as a result of “infant mortality” or wearout, a value of 1 for the shape parameter shall be assumed. With this parameter value, the Weibull distribution reduces to the exponential. Tables of conversion factors are provided in Annex A1 for 15 selected shape parameter values ranging from 1/2 to 10, the range commonly encountered in industrial and technical practice. The value 1, used for the exponential case, is included. Factors for other required shape parameter values within this range may be obtained approximately by interpolation. A more complete discussion of the relationship between failure patterns and the Weibull parameters can be found in Refs (1-3).4.7 One possible acceptance criterion is the mean life for items making up the lot (μ). Mean life conversion factors or values for the dimensionless ratio 100t/μ have been determined to correspond to or replace all the p' or percent defective values associated with Practice E2234 plans. In this factor, t represents the specified test truncation time and μ the mean item life for the lot. For reliability or life-length applications, these factors are used in place of the corresponding p' values normally used in the use of Practice E2234 plans for attribute inspection of other item qualities. The use of these factors will be demonstrated by several examples (see Sections 5, 7, and 9).4.8 Annex Table 1A lists, for each selected shape parameter value, 100t/μ ratios for each of the Practice E2234 AQL [p'(%)] values. With acceptance inspection plans selected in terms of these ratios, the probability of acceptance will be high for lots whose mean life meets the specified requirement. The actual probability of acceptance will vary from plan to plan and may be read from the associated operating characteristic curves supplied in MIL-STD-105. The curves are entered by using the corresponding p'(%) value. Annex Table 1B lists 100t/μ ratios at the LQL for the quality level at which the consumer's risk is 0.10. Annex Table 1C lists corresponding 100t/μ ratios for a consumer's risk of 0.05.4.8.1 These ratios are to be used directly for the usual case for which the value for the Weibull location or threshold parameter (γ) can be assumed as zero. If γ is not zero but has some other known value, all that shall be done is to subtract the value for γ from t to get t0 and from m to get m0. These transformed values, t 0 and m0, are then employed in the use of the tables and for all other computations. A solution in terms of m0 and t0 can then be converted back to actual or absolute values by adding the value for γ to each.AbstractThis practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model. The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection.1.1 This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD-105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model.1.2 A system of units is not specified by this practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice is intended to provide a method that will yield uniformity of calculations used in making, matching, or controlling colors of objects. This uniformity is accomplished by providing a method for calculation of weighting factors for tristimulus integration consistent with the methods utilized to obtain the weighting factors for common illuminant-observer combinations contained in Practice E308.5.2 This practice should be utilized by persons desiring to calculate a set of weighting factors for tristimulus integration who have custom source, or illuminant spectral power distributions, or custom observer response functions.1.1 This practice describes the method to be used for calculating tables of weighting factors for tristimulus integration using custom spectral power distributions of illuminants or sources, or custom color-matching functions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

1.1 These tables include (1) a series of conversion factors required to convert the number of a yarn measured in a specific system to the equivalent number measured in various other systems (see Table 1), and (2) specific equivalent numbers for yarns measured in various systems (see Table 2). 1.2 The content is basically consistent with recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 2947. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

The shrinkage factors covered in this test method can only be determined on basically fine-grained (cohesive) soils which exhibit a dry strength when air dried.The term shrinkage limit, expressed as a water content in percent, is typically assumed to represent the amount of water required to fill the voids of a given cohesive soil at its minimum void ratio obtained by drying (usually oven). Thus, the concept shrinkage limit can be used to evaluate the shrinkage potential or possibility of development, or both, of cracks in earthworks involving cohesive soils.Data obtained from this test method may be used to compute the volumetric shrinkage and linear shrinkage.Note 1—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method, the precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies which meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for obtaining the data which are used to calculate the shrinkage limit and the shrinkage ratio.1.2 This test method uses mercury which is a hazardous substance. Test Method D 4943 does not use mercury and is an acceptable alternate to this procedure.1.3 The liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit are often collectively referred to as the Atterberg Limits in recognition of their formation by Swedish soil scientist, A. Atterberg. These water contents distinguish the boundaries of the several consistency states of cohesive soils.1.4 This test method is performed only on that portion of a soil which passes the 425-m (No. 40) sieve. The relative contribution of this portion of the soil must be considered when using this test method to evaluate the properties of the soil as a whole.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approximate and given for guidance only. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding practices established in Practice D 6026.1.6.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This test method involves the use of the hazardous material mercury (Warning-mercury is a definite health hazard in use and disposal), see Section 7.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.(A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

3.1 Calibration of the responsivity of the detection system for emission (EM) as a function of EM wavelength (λEM), also referred to as spectral correction of emission, is necessary for successful quantification when intensity ratios at different EM wavelengths are being compared or when the true shape or peak maximum position of an EM spectrum needs to be known. Such calibration methods are given here and summarized in Table 1. This type of calibration is necessary because the spectral responsivity of a detection system can change significantly over its useful wavelength range (see Fig. 1). It is highly recommended that the wavelength accuracy (see Test Method E388) and the linear range of the detection system (see Guide E2719 and Test Method E578) be determined before spectral calibration is performed and that appropriate steps are taken to insure that all measured intensities during this calibration are within the linear range. For example, when using wide slit widths in the monochromators, attenuators may be needed to attenuate the excitation beam or emission, thereby, decreasing the fluorescence intensity at the detector. Also note that when using an EM polarizer, the spectral correction for emission is dependent on the polarizer setting. (2) It is important to use the same instrument settings for all of the calibration procedures mentioned here, as well as for subsequent sample measurements.FIG. 1 Example of Relative Spectral Responsivity of Emission Detection System (Grating Monochromator-PMT Based), (see Test Method E578) for which a Correction Needs to be Applied to a Measured Instrument-Specific Emission Spectrum to Obtain its True Spectral Shape (Relative Intensities).3.2 When using CCD or diode array detectors with a spectrometer for λEM selection, the spectral correction factors are dependent on the grating position of the spectrometer. Therefore, the spectral correction profile versus λEM must be determined separately for each grating position used. (3)3.3 Instrument manufacturers often provide an automated procedure and calculation for a spectral correction function for emission, or they may supply a correction that was determined at the factory. This correction can often be applied during spectral collection or as a post-collection correction. The user should be advised to verify that the automated vendor procedure and calculation or supplied correction are performed and determined according to the guidelines given within this standard.1.1 This practice (1)2 describes three methods for determining the relative spectral correction factors for grating-based fluorescence spectrometers in the ultraviolet-visible spectral range. These methods are intended for instruments with a 0°/90° transmitting sample geometry. Each method uses different types of transfer standards, including 1) a calibrated light source (CS), 2) a calibrated detector (CD) and a calibrated diffuse reflector (CR), and 3) certified reference materials (CRMs). The wavelength region covered by the different methods ranges from 250 nm to 830 nm with some methods having a broader range than others. Extending these methods to the near infrared (NIR) beyond 830 nm will be discussed briefly, where appropriate. These methods were designed for scanning fluorescence spectrometers with a single channel detector, but can also be used with a multichannel detector, such as a diode array or a CCD.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车