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5.1 The coefficient of linear thermal expansion, α, between temperatures T1 and T2 for a specimen whose length is L0 at the reference temperature, is given by the following equation:where L1 and L2 are the specimen lengths at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively. α is, therefore, obtained by dividing the linear expansion per unit length by the change in temperature.5.2 The nature of most plastics and the construction of the dilatometer make −30 to +30°C (−22°F to +86°F) a convenient temperature range for linear thermal expansion measurements of plastics. This range covers the temperatures in which plastics are most commonly used. Where testing outside of this temperature range or when linear thermal expansion characteristics of a particular plastic are not known through this temperature range, particular attention shall be paid to the factors mentioned in 1.2.NOTE 2: In such cases, special preliminary investigations by thermo-mechanical analysis, such as that prescribed in Practice D4065 for the location of transition temperatures, may be required to avoid excessive error. Other ways of locating phase changes or transition temperatures using the dilatometer itself may be employed to cover the range of temperatures in question by using smaller steps than 30°C (86°F) or by observing the rate of expansion during a steady rise in temperature of the specimen. Once such a transition point has been located, a separate coefficient of expansion for a temperature range below and above the transition point shall be determined. For specification and comparison purposes, the range from −30°C to +30°C (−22°F to +86°F) (provided it is known that no transition exists in this range) shall be used.1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion for plastic materials having coefficients of expansion greater than 1 µm/(m.°C) by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer. At the test temperatures and under the stresses imposed, the plastic materials shall have a negligible creep or elastic strain rate or both, insofar as these properties would significantly affect the accuracy of the measurements.1.1.1 Test Method E228 shall be used for temperatures other than −30°C to 30°C.1.1.2 This test method shall not be used for measurements on materials having a very low coefficient of expansion (less than 1 µm/(m.°C). For materials having very low coefficient of expansion, interferometer or capacitance techniques are recommended.1.1.3 Alternative technique commonly used for measuring this property is thermomechanical analysis as described in Test Method E831, which permits measurement of this property over a scanned temperature range.1.2 The thermal expansion of a plastic is composed of a reversible component on which are superimposed changes in length due to changes in moisture content, curing, loss of plasticizer or solvents, release of stresses, phase changes and other factors. This test method is intended for determining the coefficient of linear thermal expansion under the exclusion of these factors as far as possible. In general, it will not be possible to exclude the effect of these factors completely. For this reason, the test method can be expected to give only an approximation to the true thermal expansion.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

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5.1 This standard is useful to establish the relative surface burning characteristics of materials or products under laboratory conditions for a 30 min test period.5.2 The performance characteristics in the conditions of classification are intended to be used in specific applications as required by building codes or other regulatory requirements or specifications.5.3 This test method does not provide the measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.5.4 This test method does not provide the classification or definition of a material or product as noncombustible, by means of the results from this standard test or flame spread index by itself.1.1 The purpose of this fire-test-response standard is to evaluate the ability of a product to limit the surface spread of flame when evaluated for 30 min. This fire-test-response standard uses the apparatus and procedure of Test Method E84 with the total test period extended to 30 min.1.2 Building applications affecting fire and life safety often require products with specific criteria for surface spread of flame and flame spread index. The resulting performance characteristics included in the conditions of classification for this fire-test-response standard are intended to be used for regulatory purposes to determine the suitability of materials or products for use in buildings under specified conditions where significantly reduced surface burning characteristics are required.1.3 Materials and products that are beyond the scope of Test Method E84 are beyond the scope of this standard.1.4 Materials or products which melt, drip or delaminate to the extent that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed are beyond the scope of this standard.NOTE 1: Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame-front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place. Materials or products that melt, drip, or delaminate, or that cannot support their own weight, have the potential for demonstrating reduced flame spread results as compared to the flame spread results where the materials or products remain in place during testing.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the general requirements and test methods for materials, dimensions, workmanship, elongation, brittleness, pipe stiffness, and markings for single wall corrugated polypropylene (PP) pipe and fittings used in non-pressure gravity applications, including leach field effluent disposal, and drainage applications such as land, roads, foundations, agricultural, and landfill. It applies to PP corrugated single wall pipe and fittings with nominal sizes 3 in. through 30 in. (75 mm through 750 mm). This specification includes minimum properties for PP compounds used in the manufacture of corrugated single wall pipes, as well as nominal pipe sizes, inside diameters and tolerances for single wall corrugated PP pipes. It also covers fittings and joining system requirements, installation requirements, sampling and retest, certification, reporting, packaging, and quality assurance.1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials, dimensions, workmanship, elongation, brittleness, pipe stiffness, and markings for single wall corrugated polypropylene (PP) pipe and fittings. It covers nominal sizes 3 in. through 30 in. (75 mm through 750 mm)1.2 The corrugated polypropylene pipe and fittings are for use in non-pressure applications where soil-tight joints are acceptable, such as leach field effluent disposal, and drainage applications such as land, roads, foundations, agricultural, and landfill. Products meeting this specification are not suitable for applications requiring water-tight joints unless the manufacturer offers such joints as an option.NOTE 1: Watertight joints, when requested or specified, should meet a 10.8 psi (74 kPa) laboratory internal and external pressure in accordance with Specification D3212 and should utilize a bell and spigot design with a gasket that complies with Specification F477.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the inherent moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30 °C.NOTE 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).21.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or non-SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers measurement of total luminous reflectance factor of opaque, nonfluorescent specimens by use of an integrating-sphere reflectometer with illumination at an angle of 30° from the surface normal and diffuse viewing with specular component included. 1.2 This test method is intended to be used for evaluation of total luminous reflectance factor of reflector lighting sheet material. It may be used for evaluation of other material when its specific geometry has been found to be applicable. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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