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4.1 These test methods are useful in indicating the differences in absorption between the various dimension stones. These test methods also provide one element in comparing stones of the same type.1.1 These test methods cover the tests for determining the absorption and bulk specific gravity of all types of dimension stone, except slate.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Granular refractory materials may be either refractory grain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finished refractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials that are sold, with or without some degree of processing, to refractory consumers for various uses. In either case, characterizing the properties of a granular refractory material is essential in evaluating its quality or consistency of quality and in determining suitability for end use. One of the important properties is bulk density because of its relationship to end product quality, usage, and performance.3.2 The refractories producer can use this test method as one of the quality control tests for his manufactured or mined refractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potential refractory grain raw materials.3.3 For the refractories consumer, the principal use of this test method is in the evaluation of the quality or the consistency of quality of the granular material in purchased refractory mixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by the consumer.3.4 This is a primary test method, and thus is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements and as a base for development of more rapid, secondary test methods for use in quality control on manufactured refractory raw materials.3.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are that the sample is representative of the material in general, the particle size of the sample is within the range specified by the test method, the material is not readily hydratable, and the size and quantity of pores in the material permits removal of surface water without drainage from the pores themselves. Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the test results.3.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specific gravity of the material as well as the porosity affects the value obtained for bulk density. Thus, comparisons of results should only be made between like materials or with full recognition of inherent differences between the materials being compared.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the bulk density of granular refractory materials, commercial products which usually have particles that are retained on a 0.265 in. (6.7 mm) or coarser sieve.NOTE 1: This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate in boiling water.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 Exceptions—In Sections 4, 7, and 8, the apparatus used is only available in SI units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The durability of concrete largely depends on the ease with which fluids, both liquids and gases can enter into and move through, the concrete.3 Adsorption and absorption of a liquid into empty or partially empty pores occur by capillary attraction.4 The continuity of the pores and their size, as well as the volume of the voids, are factors that affect the sorptivity.4 5.2 This test method is intended to compare the relative performance of concrete mixtures exposed to wetting and drying. It is not intended to compare the performance of concrete mixtures that will be submerged continuously. 5.3 This test method tests a concrete that is essentially dry, as contrasted to the condition of the concrete in Test Method C1585, in which much of the capillary water is retained. 5.4 This test method determines the water absorbed into dried concrete in the first 30 minutes as an indicator of the susceptibility of the concrete to water intrusion. This test method subjects all of the surfaces of the specimen to water thereby giving a value for bulk sorption of the specimen which gives an indication of the potential durability of the concrete mixture. 5.5 This test is applicable to hydraulic cement concrete mixtures with or without supplementary cementitious materials or admixtures. 5.6 This test method permits for the use of both cores and cast specimens. The results for cast specimens are not equivalent to those obtained from cores. Results can differ because, compared with cores, cast specimens have smoother surface texture, no damage from coring, and a greater amount of paste exposed at the surface. 5.7 This test is a measurement of the bulk sorption of concrete and has not been evaluated as a technique to assess the effectiveness of surface treatments applied to the concrete. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of water ingress into the bulk (mass) of a hardened, dried concrete specimen after being submerged for 30 minutes. 1.2 The text of this test method references notes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This test method does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM C1760-12 Standard Test Method for Bulk Electrical Conductivity of Hardened Concrete (Withdrawn 2021) Withdrawn, No replacement 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

This test method measures the bulk electrical conductivity of concrete, which has a theoretical relationship to the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion, or other ions, in the concrete (1, 2). Experimental data confirm that there is a correlation between the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient measured by Test Method C1556, or similar method, and the bulk electrical conductivity (3, 4).A number of factors are known to affect electrical conductivity of concrete: water cementitious materials ratio, the type and amount of supplementary cementitious materials, presence of polymeric admixtures, admixtures that contain soluble salts, specimen age, air-void system, aggregate type, degree of consolidation, degree of saturation, and type of curing. Different curing methods are used in this test method depending on whether the concrete contains supplementary cementitious materials. Use the same method and duration of curing when comparing mixtures.This test method is suitable for evaluation of concrete mixtures for proportioning purposes and for research and development. Specimens must be sufficiently saturated for measured electrical conductivity to provide an indication of the resistance of the concrete to chloride ion penetration. Because the electrical conductivity depends upon the degree of saturation, specimens are vacuum saturated before testing to ensure a common reference state for comparison purposes. If the specimen is tested in a partially saturated, or “as delivered” state, it shall be noted in the test report.This test can be used to evaluate the electrical conductivity of concretes in structures for applications that may require such information, such as the design of cathodic protection systems.The type of specimen and conditioning procedure depends on the purpose of the test. For evaluation of concrete mixtures, specimens are 100 mm diameter molded cylinders that are moist cured up to the time of testing. For evaluation of concrete samples taken from structures, specimens are 100 mm diameter cores that are vacuum saturated before performing the test.Age of the test specimen may have significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less conductive with time.Measured electrical conductivity can be used as a basis for determining the acceptability of a concrete mixture.Note 2—Because the method and duration of curing of test specimens affect the test results, the acceptance criteria will need to specify the curing procedure and test age.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk electrical conductivity of saturated specimens of hardened concrete to provide a rapid indication of the concrete's resistance to the penetration of chloride ions by diffusion (See Note 1). The results of this test method can be related to the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient that is determined using Test Method C1556.Note 1—The term “bulk” is used because the electrical conductivity is determined by measuring the current passing through all the phases of a test specimen (e.g., cement paste, sand, aggregate). This is accomplished using electrodes that cover the ends of the specimen. Other test methods that measure conductivity may use probes placed on the side surface of the specimen.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. )

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This specification covers the identification of: drug contained in the prefilled syringe or delivery sysetm and the concentration, volume, and total amount of the drug, and whether it is to be diluted prior to administration. The label copy shall comply with the specified requirements. Delivery systems shall not resemble a normal syringe and shall be unsuitable for direct intravenous line injection. The copy for the proprietary name or established name of the drug shall be legible in accordance with the legibility test.1.1 This specification covers the identification of:1.1.1 The drug contained in the prefilled syringe or delivery system.1.1.2 The concentration, volume, and total amount of the drug, and whether it is to be diluted prior to administration.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.NOTE 1: The values in SI units are the recommended values.

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5.1 The bulk density is an indicator of calcined petroleum coke porosity and packing capability which is an important coke property for anode production in aluminum industry. This procedure will allow an automated measurement of specific sized fractions ranging from 8 mm to 0.25 mm coke particles.5.2 Results from this test method are used in determining coke specifications, classification purposes, and for quality control.1.1 The test method covers the determination of bulk density for a specific size fraction of calcined petroleum coke using an automated pycnometer that compacts coke by applying transaxial pressure under a controlled force.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Refractory brick are used as modular units in furnace construction and should not deviate significantly from the intended configuration with respect to size, bulk density, flat surfaces, and right angles. These test methods are particularly suited for use under field conditions and provide a means to determine whether the brick meets the requirements considered necessary to assure a satisfactory refractory construction.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring size, dimensional measurement, bulk density, warpage, and squareness of rectangular dense refractory brick and rectangular insulating firebrick. More precise determination of bulk density of refractory brick can be made by Test Methods C20. Stack height is generally determined only for dense refractories.NOTE 1: Test Methods C830 and Test Method C914 are also used to determine bulk density of refractory brick, by different procedures.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:  SectionsSize and Bulk Density 4 through 7Warpage of Refractory Brick  8 through 10Squareness of Refractory Brick 11 through 141.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Filaments are available in a variety of cross-sections and materials. A measure of bulk density permits the brushmaker to estimate the weight of filament required to prepare a given number of brushes.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the weight of filaments per unit volume.1.2 This method is applicable only to monofilament with tapered longitudinal profiles.1.3 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method describes a physical property of solid waste in processing facilities, a property that characterizes the solid waste streams and hence the operation of resource recovery separators and processors.5.2 The bulk density is an important property for the design of materials handling equipment, separators, and processors.5.3 In this test method, bulk density is not considered an absolute material property as is the density of individual particles of a material. The measured bulk density here depends on the size of the container, the moisture content of the “as tested” material, and how the material is loaded into the container. For example, the bulk density of material placed loosely in a container will be less than that of material tamped into a container. Also, some materials placed loosely in a container will settle with time due to its own weight; thus, its bulk density will increase. As written, the “as tested” waste sample may or may not be dried prior to testing, so that calculated bulk density includes the moisture associated with the “as tested” material.1.1 This test method may be used to determine the bulk density of various fractions from the resource recovery processing of municipal solid waste. It is intended as a means of characterizing such fractions and for providing data useful to designers of solid waste processing plants.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Bulk density as determined by this test method is a basic material property of importance in manufacturing and application of carbon and graphite.4.2 This test method can be used for quality and process control, material characterization and description, and other purposes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk density of manufactured articles of carbon and graphite of at least 500 mm3 volume. The bulk density is calculated to an accuracy of 0.25 %, using measurements of mass and dimensions in air at 25 °C ± 5 °C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted asphalt mixtures, and in conjunction with Test Method D3203/D3203M, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.4.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.4.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] and 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical as well as cubical asphalt mixture specimens to correct for inconsistencies in sample weight determinations resulting from drainage of water from samples and inaccuracy in saturated surface dry weight of absorptive coarse and open-graded mixes. Asphalt mixes such as stone matrix asphalt (SMA), porous friction course, and coarse-graded mixes with significant surface texture and interconnected voids can be tested with this method. Follow manufacturer recommendation for appropriate bag sizes to be utilized with cubical and abnormally shaped samples.4NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of compacted asphalt mixtures by the vacuum sealing method.1.2 This method can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical laboratory and field asphalt mixture specimens.1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted asphalt mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Reliable, controlled flow of bulk solids from bins and hoppers is essential in almost every industrial facility. Unfortunately, flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing are common. Additional problems include uncontrolled flow (flooding) of powders, segregation of particle mixtures, usable capacity which is significantly less than design capacity, caking and spoilage of bulk solids in stagnant zones, and structural failures.5.2 By measuring the flow properties of bulk solids, and designing bins and hoppers based on these flow properties, most flow problems can be prevented or eliminated (1).35.3 For bulk solids with a significant percentage of particles (typically, one third or more) finer than about 6 mm (1/4 in.), the unconfined yield strength is governed by the fines (−6 mm fraction). For such bulk solids, strength and wall friction tests may be performed on the fine fraction only.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing or inspection (or both) of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this standard. However, users of this standard should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this standard. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this standard.1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the unconfined yield strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.1.2 This test method covers operation of the manually-controlled Schulze Ring Shear Tester. An automated version of this tester is also available. Its method of testing bulk solids is similar in principle to that described in this test method.1.3 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design of such equipment may also be derived from this data. Another application is the measurement of the flowability of bulk solids, for example, for comparison of different products or optimization.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives: and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 These test methods were designed principally for clay, corncob, nut shell, paper-based or sand granular carriers, and granular pesticide products, but need not be limited to these materials. There may be more appropriate test methods for other types of granular carriers or pesticide products. The differences in the following test methods are slight, but they offer a choice of a recognized test procedure.1.1 These test methods are used to determine bulk density of granular carriers and granular pesticides by measuring either free-fall bulk density (Test Method A) or loose-fill bulk density (Test Method B).1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 4.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of burned refractory brick and shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties.3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods which are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are that the test specimens are not attacked by water, the test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces, the open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with water during the boiling treatment, and the blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing water from the pores. Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results.3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimens, a bias was noted between formed 2 by 2 by 2 in. (50 by 50 by 50 mm) and specimens that were quartered from larger 9 by 4.5 by 2.5 (228 by 114 by 64 mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination on castables was found whenever the specimens were heated to 1500 °F (816 °C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media (Test Methods C830). The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water.33.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting and using results from these test methods. All four property values are interrelated by at least two of the three base data values generated during testing. Thus, an error in any base data value will cause an error in at least three of the property values for a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is, apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions of other factors such as product composition, compositional variability within the same product, impervious porosity, and total porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of property values should only be judiciously made between like products tested by these test methods or with full recognition of potentially inherent differences between the products being compared or the test method used.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of burned refractory brick:1.1.1 Apparent porosity,1.1.2 Water absorption,1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and1.1.4 Bulk density.1.2 These test methods are not applicable to refractories attacked by water.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers commercial bulk milk dispensers for dispensing milk in commercial and institutional food service establishments. These specified commercial bulk milk dispensers are self-contained, manually-operated, gravity-fed, mechanically refrigerated cabinets with lift-up valves used for dispensing refrigerated milks and milk fluid products. Commercial bulk milk dispensers covered in this specification are classified by type, electrical class and size. In this specification, types 1, 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A are determined and covered. For electrical classes of bulk milk dispenser, the classes 1 and 2 are described. Sizes 1 to 3 of milk dispenser are used in this specification to describe commercial bulk milk dispenser. The physical properties of commercial bulk milk dispenser are also covered in this specification wherein the design and manufacturer, the cooling system, the controls, the standards and compliance and the accessories are specified in accordance with agreed requirements and specifications. Sampling, testing, and quality assurance of finished units are also covered in this specification wherein these tests and procedures must be met in accordance with ANSI/UL 471 and NSF/ANSI 20.1.1 This specification covers commercial bulk milk dispensers which are for dispensing milk in the commercial and institutional food service establishments. These commercial bulk milk dispensers are self-contained, manually-operated, gravity-fed, mechanically refrigerated cabinet(s) with lift-up or push-type valves. These units are intended to dispense refrigerated milk and fluid milk products.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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