4.1 Owners consider chipping of coatings, particularly on the leading faces and edges of automobile surfaces, unacceptable. In formulating a coating or coating system to meet service requirements, the resistance to chipping damage by flying objects such as gravel is one of the properties of importance since it can vary considerably as other properties are adjusted. Since resistance to chipping decreases at lower temperatures partly as the result of decreased flexibility, the test may be more directly related to service conditions by performing it at a low temperature. This test method is designed to produce a controlled amount of impact by the media on the coated panel in order to enhance reproducibility.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of coatings to chipping damage by stones or other flying objects.NOTE 1: This test method is similar to SAE J-400.1.2 All dimensions are nominal unless otherwise specified.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The primary objective of this verification guide is to determine the “air pollution-prevention potential” (possible reduction in VOC or HAP emissions) of factory-applied liquid coatings.3.2 The overall objective of this guide is to verify the above pollution-prevention characteristics and basic performance characteristics of liquid coating technologies. Use of this guide can increase acceptance of more environmentally friendly technologies for product finishing with an accompanying reduction in emissions to the atmosphere. The specific objectives of this guide are to (1) quantify the VOC and HAP content of liquid coatings and (2) verify the basic quality and durability performance of these coatings.3.3 The primary criteria for verification of liquid coatings will be:3.3.1 Confirm that use of the coating will significantly reduce VOC and HAP content or emissions (or both) during application or cure, or both.3.3.2 Confirm that the coating can provide an acceptable finish (appearance, hardness, flexibility, etc.) for the intended end use.3.4 The test results from this guide can provide to potential users the best data available to determine whether the coating will provide a pollution-prevention benefit while meeting the finish quality requirements for its intended use. This guide intends to supply end users with unbiased technical data to assist them in this decision-making process.3.5 The quantitative air pollution-prevention potential depends on a multitude of factors; therefore, the liquid coatings are to be applied in accordance with the coating vendor’s instructions and the resulting verification data reflect only the specific conditions of the test. To quantify the environmental benefit (air pollution-prevention potential), a test to quantify the VOC or HAP emissions from the new liquid coatings will be conducted and compared to data for existing coatings typically used in the target industry.1.1 This guide provides a generic testing procedure to verify the air pollution-prevention characteristics and basic properties of liquid coatings applied to metal, plastic, wood, or composite substrates in a factory/manufacturing environment. Thus it may be used to evaluate these liquid coatings to verify their volatile organic compound (VOC) and organic hazardous air pollutant (HAP) content as well as basic performance properties.1.2 This guide is adapted from a procedure used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish third party verification of the physical properties and performance of coatings that have potential to reduce air emissions. The data from the verification testing is available on the internet at the EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program website (http://www.epa.gov/etv/centers/center6.html) under the “P2 Innovative Coatings and Coating Equipment Pilot.”1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The widespread use of glassed-steel equipment in highly corrosive chemical processes has made it necessary to detect weak spots in the coating and repair them before catastrophic failure occurs in service. This test is intended to detect discontinuities and thin areas in a glass coating on metal to ensure that the coating is defect free and has sufficient thickness to withstand the prescribed service conditions. A test voltage may be selected at any desired value up to 20k V, thus making the test applicable to a wide range of thickness requirements. When, because of bubbles or defects, the thickness of glass at any spot is less than enough to withstand the applied voltage, a puncture results with an accompanying indication of a defect. Remedial action is then required to repair the defect before the equipment can be used for corrosive service. (When such defects are found before the equipment leaves the manufacturer's plant another application of glass can usually be applied and fired to become an integral part of the coating.)1.1 This test method covers the determination of the reliability of glass coating on metal and is intended for use by manufacturers of equipment that is designed to withstand highly corrosive conditions where a failure of the coating in service would cause extreme damage to the exposed metal. Its use outside the manufacturer's plant is discouraged because improper or indiscriminate testing can cause punctures that are difficult to repair without returning the equipment to the manufacturer's plant. This test method detects not only existing discontinuities in the glass coating, but also areas where the glass may be thin enough to be likely to result in premature failure in service.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The pendulum damping test has been found to have good sensitivity in detecting differences in coating hardness, where hardness is defined as resistance to deformation.5.2 The two procedures given in these test methods embody the principle that the amplitude of oscillation of a pendulum touching a surface decreases more rapidly the softer the surface. However, these test methods differ in respect to pendulum dimensions, and period and amplitude of oscillation.5.3 In general, the damping time of the König pendulum is approximately half that of the Persoz pendulum.5.4 The Persoz pendulum has a greater degree of discrimination than the König for measuring the hardness of soft coatings, but it may not be as suitable for testing hard, slippery films because of its tendency to skid on surfaces with a low coefficient of friction.5.5 The interaction between the pendulum and the paint film is complex, depending on both elastic and viscoelastic properties, and it may not be possible to establish a precise relationship between the two types of pendulum tests.1.1 These test methods cover the use of pendulum damping testers in the determination of hardness of organic coatings that have been applied to acceptably plane rigid surfaces, such as a metal or glass panel.1.2 Two test methods based on different pendulum types are covered as follows:1.2.1 Test Method A—König Pendulum Hardness Test.1.2.2 Test Method B—Persoz Pendulum Hardness Test.1.3 This standard is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 1522.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The method will provide information on the ability of pipeline coatings to resist cracking, spalling, or other mechanical damage as a result of bending. If the test is applied to coated pipe samples from commercial production, the results can be used in the selection of similar materials for service. The test has application as a quality control method when variations in coating application or material formulation may affect bending performance.1.1 This method covers testing the relative resistance of pipeline coatings to cracking and spalling from deformation of the pipe by observing the effects of diametral compression of ring samples. The method is limited to thin film coatings having an elongation not exceeding 5.0 %.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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