3.1 The oxygen content of a package’s headspace is an important determinant of the packaging protection afforded by barrier materials. The package under test is typically MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) packaged.3.2 Oxygen content is a key contributor to off-flavors and spoilage of various products, such as chemicals, food and pharmaceuticals.3.3 The method determines the oxygen in a closed package headspace. This ability has application in:3.3.1 Package Permeability Studies—The change of headspace composition over a known length of time allows the calculation of permeation. Since the headspace oxygen is measured as a percentage, the volume of the container’s headspace must be known to allow conversion into a quantity such as millilitres (ml) of oxygen. The use of this approach to measure permeation generally applies to empty package systems only as oxygen uptake or outgassing of contained products could affect results.3.3.2 Leak Detection—If the headspace contains more oxygen than expected or is increasing faster than expected, a leak can be suspected. A wide variety of techniques can be employed to verify that a leak is present and to identify its location. If necessary or of interest, a leak rate may be calculated with known headspace volume and measured oxygen concentration change over time.3.3.3 Efficacy of the MAP Packaging Process—If the headspace oxygen concentration is found to be higher than expected soon after packaging, the gas flushing process may not be working as well as expected. Various techniques can evaluate whether the MAP system is functioning properly.3.3.4 Storage Studies—As the method is non-destructive, the headspace can be monitored over time on individual samples to insure that results of storage studies such as shelf life testing are correctly interpreted.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the oxygen concentration in the headspace within a sealed package without opening or compromising the integrity of the package.1.2 This test method requires that chemically coated components be placed on the inside surface of the package before closing.1.3 The package must be either transparent, translucent, or a transparent window must be affixed to the package surface without affecting the package’s integrity.1.4 As this test method determines the oxygen headspace over time, the oxygen permeability can easily be calculated as ingress per unit time as long as the volume of the container is known.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes consistent with the end use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. (Warning—Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.)5.2 This practice provides general procedures for operating fluorescent UV lamp weathering devices that allow for a wide range of exposure conditions. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. Generally, two controls are recommended: one known to have poor durability and one known to have good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.5.2.2 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in the same model of apparatus should not be made unless reproducibility has been established among devices for the material to be tested.5.2.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different models of apparatus should not be made unless correlation has been established among devices for the material to be tested (see Guide D6631 for guidance).1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual usage. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.NOTE 1: Practice G151 describes general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources.NOTE 2: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.1.3 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of fluorescent UV lamp sources are described.NOTE 3: In this standard, the terms UV light and UV radiation are used interchangeably.1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1.NOTE 4: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582 and Practice D5870.1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard is technically similar to ISO 4892-3 and ISO 16474-3.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The bispectral or two-monochromator method is the definitive method for the determination of the general radiation-transfer properties of fluorescent specimens (2). In this method, the measuring instrument is equipped with two separate monochromators. The first, the irradiation monochromator, irradiates the specimen with monochromatic light. The second, the viewing monochromator, analyzes the radiation leaving the specimen. A two-dimensional array of bispectral photometric values is obtained by setting the irradiation monochromator at a series of fixed wavelengths (μ) in the ultraviolet and visible range, and for each μ, using the viewing monochromator to record readings for each wavelength (λ) in the visible range. The resulting array, once properly corrected, is known as the Donaldson matrix, and the value of each element (μ,λ) of this array is here described as the Donaldson radiance factor (D(μ,λ)). The Donaldson radiance factor is an instrument- and illuminant-independent photometric property of the specimen, and can be used to calculate its color for any desired illuminant and observer. The advantage of this method is that it provides a comprehensive characterization of the specimen’s radiation-transfer properties, without the inaccuracies associated with source simulation and various methods of approximation.1.1 This practice provides the values and practical computation procedures needed to obtain tristimulus values, designated X, Y, Z and X10, Y10, Z10 for the CIE 1931 and 1964 observers, respectively, from bispectral photometric data for the specimen. Procedures for obtaining such bispectral photometric data are contained in Practice E2153.1.2 Procedures for conversion of results to color spaces that are part of the CIE system, such as CIELAB and CIELUV are contained in Practice E308.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The bispectral or two-monochromator method is the definitive method for the determination of the general (illuminant-independent) radiation-transfer properties of fluorescent specimens (2). The Donaldson radiance factor is an instrument- and illuminant-independent photometric property of the specimen, and can be used to calculate its color for any desired illuminant and observer. The advantage of this method is that it provides a comprehensive characterization of the specimen’s radiation-transfer properties, without the inaccuracies associated with source simulation and various methods of approximation.5.2 This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of bispectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of material standards, and for selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.1.1 This practice addresses the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed for obtaining precise bispectral photometric data for computing the colors of fluorescent specimens.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when bispectral photometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.1.3 This practice applies specifically to bispectrometers, which produce photometrically quantitative bispectral data as output, useful for the characterization of appearance, as opposed to spectrofluorimeters, which produce instrument-dependent bispectral photometric data as output, useful for the purpose of chemical analysis.1.4 The scope of this practice is limited to the discussion of object-color measurement under reflection geometries; it does not include provisions for the analogous characterization of specimens under transmission geometries.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 UV-A lamps are used in fluorescent penetrant and magnetic particle examination processes to excite fluorophores (dyes or pigments) to maximize the contrast and detection of discontinuities. The fluorescent dyes/pigments absorb energy from the UV-A radiation and re-emit visible light when reverting to its ground state. This excitation energy conversion allows fluorescence to be observed by the human eye.4.2 The emitted spectra of UV-A lamps can greatly affect the efficiency of dye/pigment fluorescent excitation.4.3 Some high-intensity UV-A lamps can produce irradiance greater than 10 000 μW/cm2 at 15 in. (381 mm). All high-intensity UV-A light sources can cause fluorescent dye fade and increase exposure of the inspector’s unprotected eyes and skin to high levels of damaging radiation.4.4 UV-A lamps can emit unwanted visible light and harmful UV radiation if not properly filtered. Visible light contamination above 400 nm can interfere with the inspection process and must be controlled to minimize reflected glare and maximize the contrast of the indication. UV-B and UV-C contamination must also be eliminated to prevent exposure to harmful radiation.4.5 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Pulse Firing (PF) of UV-A LED circuits are not permitted.NOTE 1: The ability of existing UV-A radiometers and spectroradiometers to accurately measure the irradiance of pulse width modulated or pulsed fired LEDs and the effect of pulsed firing on indication detectability is not well understood.1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing the performance of ultraviolet A (UV-A), light emitting diode (LED) lamps used in fluorescent penetrant and fluorescent magnetic particle testing (see Guides E709 and E2297, and Practices E165/E165M, E1208, E1209, E1210, E1219, E1417/E1417M and E1444).2 This specification also includes reporting and performance requirements for UV-A LED lamps.1.2 These tests are intended to be performed only by the manufacturer to certify performance of specific lamp models (housing, filter, diodes, electronic circuit design, optical elements, cooling system, and power supply combination) and also includes limited acceptance tests for individual lamps delivered to the user. This test procedure is not intended to be utilized by the end user.1.3 This practice is only applicable for UV-A LED lamps used in the examination process. This practice is not applicable to mercury vapor, gas-discharge, arc or luminescent (fluorescent) lamps or light guides (for example, borescope light sources).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist degradation of its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat, and water can be important for many applications. This practice describes artificial accelerated weathering methods designed to reproduce property changes associated with exposure to sunlight, moisture, and heat in end-use conditions. The weathering methods referenced in this practice do not simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained according to this practice.NOTE 2: Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution and data analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.4.2.1 The spectral irradiance of light from fluorescent UV lamps is significantly different from that produced in light and water exposure devices using other light sources. The type and rate of degradation and the performance rankings produced in exposures to fluorescent UV lamps can be much different from those produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light sources.4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the same design of apparatus, lamp, and exposure conditions.4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control material.6,7 Therefore, exposure of a similar material of known performance (a control) at the same time as the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results.4.4 Repeatability and reproducibility of test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment according to Practice G154. Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, temperature of the room in which the device operates, temperature control, and condition and age of the lamps.4.5 All references to artificial accelerated weathering in accordance with this practice shall include a complete description of the test cycle and equipment used.1.1 This practice describes artificial accelerated weathering methods for testing the durability of coatings and related products using fluorescent UV lamps and water apparatus operated in accordance with Practices G151 and G154.1.2 This practice also makes recommendations for preparation of test specimens, exposure duration, and the evaluation of test results.NOTE 1: ISO 16474-3 also describes fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus for artificial accelerated weathering of paints and coatings.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end-use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.NOTE 3: Refer to Practice G151 for cautionary guidance applicable to laboratory weathering devices.5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this method.5.3 Test data for one thickness of a geomembrane cannot be used as data for other thickness geomembranes made with the same formula (polymer, pigment, and stabilizers) since the degradation is thickness related.NOTE 4: It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test material to provide a standard for comparative purposes. When control material is used in the test program, it is recommended only one coupon be used for each UV exposure period to allow for OIT testing.1.1 This standard covers the specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for exposure of unreinforced polyolefin geomembranes to fluorescent UV radiation and condensation.NOTE 1: Polyolefin geomembranes include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), flexible polyproplyene (fPP), etc.1.2 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UVA-340 lamps under controlled environmental conditions. UVA-340 lamps are standard for this method.NOTE 2: Other types of fluorescent UV lamps, such as UVB-313, can also be used based upon discussion between involved parties. However, if the test is run with another type of fluorescent UV lamp, such as UVB-313, this should be considered as a deviation from the standard and clearly stated in the test report. UVB-313 and UVA-340 fluorescent lamps generate different amounts of radiant power in different wavelength ranges; thus, the photochemical effects caused by these different lamps may vary.1.3 This method covers the conditions under which the exposure is to be performed and the test methods for evaluating the effects of fluorescent UV, heat, and moisture in the form of condensation on geomembranes. General guidance is given in Practices G151 and G154.1.4 The values listed in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The ability of a plastic material to resist deterioration caused by exposure to light, heat, and water is a property of significance in many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of ultraviolet solar irradiance, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as, atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. (Warning—Variation in operating conditions within the accepted limits of this practice will not necessarily provide the same results. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared in accordance with Section 8 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained in accordance with this practice.)NOTE 2: Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.4.2 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control.5,6 Therefore, exposure of a similar material of known performance (a control) at the same time as the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results.4.3 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment in accordance with Practice G154. Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, temperature of the room in which the device operates, temperature control, and condition and age of the lamp.1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for using a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus exposure of plastics conducted in accordance with Practices G151 and G154. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions best suited for plastics, and the evaluation of test results.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This standard and ISO 4892-3 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical contact.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Light source products conforming to this specification are intended to be used in conjunction with coatings specially formulated with fluorescent colorants as a system for the visual detection of defects in industrial protective coatings.4.2 Visible fluorescence from the coating enhances the contrast of coating irregularities and defects and is produced by excitation of visible-activated fluorescent colorants in the coating.4.3 Light source products with defined wavelength and intensity properties are required to produce adequate visible fluorescence for easy visual location of defects.4.4 A light source product is considered to consist of a light source component incorporated into an optical, electrical, mechanical, and power supply system that makes it suitable for use in an industrial environment. The entire light source product is subject to this standard. The light source component and any subassemblies of the light source product are not subject to this standard.4.5 This specification is limited to light source products providing excitation in the range from 400 nm to 420 nm.AbstractThis specification provides the requirements for light source products intended for excitation of fluorescent materials used as a system for detection of defects in industrial coatings. This includes the examination of both longer wavelength fluorescing primer coatings as well as non-fluorescent top coatings. Also, this specification establishes the radiometric requirements of the light source product in terms of required wavelength range and minimum irradiance. Safety requirements shall be established for the light source product necessary to ensure the product will not pose a threat to visual health. Irradiance test method shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements, in accordance to the test method.1.1 This specification provides the requirements for light source products intended for excitation of fluorescent materials used as a system for detection of defects in industrial coatings. This includes the examination of both longer wavelength fluorescing primer coatings as well as non-fluorescent top coatings.1.2 This specification establishes the radiometric requirements of the light source product in terms of required wavelength range and minimum irradiance.1.3 This specification establishes safety requirements for the light source product necessary to ensure the product will not pose a threat to visual health.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using fluorescent ultraviolet (UV) and condensation apparatus to simulate the deterioration caused by sunlight and water as rain or dew. 1.2 This practice is limited to the method of obtaining, measuring, and controlling the conditions and procedures of exposure. It does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested. Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The most general method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through their transformation, other coordinates for describing the colors of fluorescent objects is by the use of spectrometric data obtained under defined and controlled conditions of illumination and viewing. This practice describes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed for measuring the total spectral radiance factors of fluorescent specimens illuminated by simulated daylight approximating CIE D65 and calculating total tristimulus values and total chromaticity coordinates for either the CIE 1931 or 1964 observers.5.2 The precise colorimetry of fluorescent specimens requires the spectral distribution of the instrument light source illuminating the specimen closely duplicate the colorimetric illuminant used for the calculation of tristimulus values, which is CIE D65 in this practice. The fundamental basis for this requirement follows from the defining property of a fluorescent specimen: instantaneous light emission resulting from electronic excitation by absorption of radiant energy (η) where the wavelengths of emission (λ) are as a rule longer than the excitation wavelengths (1).7 For a fluorescent specimen, the total spectral radiance factors used to calculate tristimulus values are the sum of two components – an ordinary reflectance factor, β(λ)S, and a fluorescence factor, β(η,λ)F : β(λ) = β(λ)S  + β(η,λ)F. Ordinary spectral reflectance factors are solely a function of the specimen's reflected radiance efficiency at the viewing wavelength (λ) and independent of the spectral distribution of the illumination. The values of the spectral fluorescent radiance factors at the viewing wavelength (λ) vary directly with the absolute spectral distribution of illumination within the excitation range (η), and consequently so will the total spectral radiance factors and derived colorimetric values. One-monochromator colorimetric spectrometers used in this practice are generally designed for the color measurement of ordinary (non-fluorescent) specimens and the precision with which they can measure the color of fluorescent specimens is directly dependent on how well the instrument illumination simulates CIE D65.5.3 CIE D65 is a virtual illuminant that numerically defines a standardized spectral illumination distribution for daylight and not a physical light source (2). There is no CIE recommendation for a standard source corresponding to CIE D65 nor is there a standardized method for rating the quality (or adequacy) of an instrument's simulation of CIE D65 for the general instrumental colorimetry of fluorescent specimens. The requirement that the instrument simulation of CIE D65 shall have a rating not worse than BB (CIELAB) as determined by the method of CIE Publication 51 has often been referenced. However, the method of CIE 51 is only suitable for ultraviolet-excited specimens evaluated for the CIE 1964 (10°) observer. The methods described in CIE 51 were developed for UV activated fluorescent whites and have not been proven to be applicable to visible-activated fluorescent specimens.NOTE 1: Aging of the instrument lamp will occur with normal usage resulting in changes in the spectral distribution and intensity of the illumination on the specimen over time. Measurement of the spectral distribution of the illumination at the sample port and evaluation of the adequacy of the CIE D65 simulation at regular intervals are recommended.5.4 Differences in the absolute spectral irradiance distribution on the specimen between instrument models can produce significant variation in the measured color values of fluorescent specimens and result in poor reproducibility (3). In order to reproduce adequately the spectral irradiance on the specimen required for maximum measurement reproducibility, it may be necessary for a single model of instrument to be specified for use by both buyer and seller.5.5 This practice is primarily for the instrumental color measurement of chromatic fluorescent specimens. While use of this practice for the color measurement of fluorescent whites is not precluded, other standards are more commonly used for measurement of these types of specimens (4, 5, 6) (see Test Methods D985, ISO 11475, ISO 2469, and TAPPI T 571).5.6 For geometrically sensitive fluorescent specimens angular tolerances on the axes and the angular aperture sizes must be well defined by the user to ensure adequate repeatability and reproducibility. Significant variation in measurement results for engineered surfaces and optical materials, for example retroreflective sheeting, can result from differences in the absolute axis angles of illumination and viewing and absolute size of the apertures between instruments (7). In order to replicate the measurement geometry, absolute angles and angular tolerances between instruments that is required for maximum measurement reproducibility, it may be necessary for a single model of instrument to be specified for use by both buyer and seller.NOTE 2: To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or retroreflective specimens, tight geometric tolerances are required of the instrument axis angles and the instrument aperture angles.5.7 Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) geometry is recommended for this practice.5.7.1 Hemispherical geometry using an integrating sphere is not recommended because of the spectral sphere error resulting from radiation emitted by the fluorescent specimen reflecting off the sphere wall and re-illuminating the specimen, thereby changing the spectral illuminance distribution on the specimen from that of the original instrument source (8).NOTE 3: The spectral sphere error associated with hemispherical geometry decreases as the ratio of the internal area of the sphere to the measurement area increases. When the spectral sphere error is negligible, results obtained using hemispherical geometry may for some specimens under specific measurement conditions approach those obtained using 45:0 geometry (9).5.8 This practice provides procedures for selecting the operating parameters of spectrometers used for providing data of the desired precision. It also provides for instrument calibration by means of artifact standards and selection of suitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measurements.5.9 Bispectral colorimetry using a bidirectional optical measuring system with a 45:0 or 0:45 illuminating and viewing geometry should be used when a high level of repeatability and reproducibility are required. The bispectral, or two-monochromator, method is the definitive method for the determination of the general radiation-transfer properties of fluorescent specimens. The bispectral method is accepted as the referee procedure for obtaining illuminant-independent photometric data on a fluorescent specimen that can be used to calculate its color for any desired illuminant and observer. The advantage of the bispectral method is that it avoids the inaccuracies associated with source simulation and various methods of approximation (10, 11) (see Practices E2152, E2153, and Test Method E2301).1.1 This practice applies to the instrumental color measurement of fluorescent specimens excited by near ultraviolet and visible radiation that results in fluorescent emission within the visible range. It is not intended for other types of photoluminescent materials such as phosphorescent, chemiluminescent, or electroluminescent, nor is this practice intended for the measurement of the fluorescent properties for chemical analysis.1.2 This practice describes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material standards needed for the color measurement of fluorescent specimens when illuminated by simulated daylight approximating CIE Standard Illuminant D65 (CIE D65).1.3 This practice is limited in scope to colorimetric spectrometers providing continuous broadband polychromatic illumination of the specimen and employing only a viewing monochromator for analyzing the radiation leaving the specimen.1.4 This practice can be used for calculating total tristimulus values and total chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent colors in the CIE Color System for either the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer or the CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colorimetric Observer.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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