4.1 This test method is used as a referee method and for quality control. The vehicle (oil) for preparing the dispersions and the tinting pigment (ultramarine blue) are specified but other vehicles and tinting pigments can be used. Any such changes in the test method must be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.4.2 The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with an industrial situation where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast and relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by visual assessment of blue tints.1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.NOTE 1: Test Method D2745 describes a procedure for instrumental evaluation of black tinted samples.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the basic requirement for colored and white pigments in powder form to be used as admixtures in concrete for the purpose of producing integrally colored concrete. Where the pigments are a constituent of a multicomponent admixture, this specification applies to the pigment constituent of the admixture. This specification does not include the determination of pigment stability when elevated temperature using low-pressure (atmospheric) or high-pressure (autoclave) steam is used to accelerate the curing process. Cement (either Type I or Type II), aggregates, and admixtures materials shall be subjected to the following test methods: water wettability; alkali resistance; percentage of sulfates; water solubility; atmospheric curing stability; light resistance; effects on concrete, which include preparation of mixtures, making and curing, time of setting, air content, and compressive strength; and color match of shipment.1.1 This specification covers the basic requirement for colored and white pigments in powder form to be used as admixtures in concrete for the purpose of producing integrally colored concrete. Where the pigments are a constituent of a multicomponent admixture, this specification applies to the pigment constituent of the admixture. This specification is not intended to establish compatibility of pigments with any other concrete admixtures unless they are tested in combination in accordance with 4.7.1.2 This specification does not include the determination of pigment stability when elevated temperature using low-pressure (atmospheric) or high-pressure (autoclave) steam is used to accelerate the curing process.1.3 In addition to tests defining the pigments themselves, a limited number of tests on concrete are included to define the effects on setting times, air content, and compressive strength. If more extensive information is required for a particular job, additional testing criteria and procedures should be agreed upon between the seller and user.1.4 The maximum prescribed dosage rate of a pigment, established in accordance with 4.7, shall be equal to or less than 10 mass % of cement. When a combination of pigments is used to produce the desired color and color intensity, the total dosage rate of all pigments combined shall not exceed any of the individual maximum dosage rates of the component pigments.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.

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This specification covers two types of high-content calcium carbonate pigments, Type PC and Type GC. Pigments shall be classified into six grades based on particle size, namely: Grade I (fine paint grade); Grade II (coarse paint grade); Grade III (filler grade); Grade IV (putty powder grade); Grade V (superfine grade); and Grade VI (ultrafine grade). Tests shall be conducted in accordance with the following test methods: calcium and magnesium reported as carbonate; moisture and other volatile matter; oil absorption; coarse particles; and dispersed color.1.1 This specification covers two types of high-content calcium carbonate pigments, as follows:1.1.1 Type PC—Calcium carbonate precipitate, prepared either by complete solution or by carbonation of lime.1.1.2 Type GC—Ground mineral product.1.2 Six grades of pigments, based on particle size (see 3.3) are covered.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is designed to provide color data obtained from spectral reflectance factors at specific illumination and detection angles for interference pigments. Information presented in this test method is based upon data taken on materials exclusively pigmented with interference pigments.5.2 These data can be used for acceptance testing, design purposes, research, manufacturing control, and quality control.5.3 Specimens must be statistically representative of the end use.5.4 Applicability of this test method for other materials, including combining interference pigments with absorbing and scattering pigments should be confirmed by the user.1.1 This test method covers the instrumental requirements and required parameters needed to make instrumental color measurements of thin film interference pigments. This test method is designed to encompass interference pigments used in architectural applications, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and other applications.1.2 Characterization of the optical behavior of materials colored with interference pigments requires measurement at multiple angles of illumination and detection.1.3 Data taken utilizing this test method are quantitative and are appropriate for quality control of interference pigment color.1.4 The measurement results are usually expressed as reflectance factors, tristimulus color values, or as CIE L*a*b* color coordinates and color difference.1.5 The totality of data taken may not be necessary for evaluating mixtures also containing non-interference pigments. The committee is investigating and evaluating the appropriateness of this test method for those materials. It is the responsibility of the users to determine the applicability of this test method for their specific applications.1.6 Interference pigments are typically evaluated for color and color appearance in a medium, such as paint or ink. The gonioapparent effect depends strongly on the physical and chemical properties of the medium. Some of the properties affecting color and color appearance include vehicle viscosity, thickness, transparency, and volume solids. As a general rule, for quality control purposes, interference pigments are best evaluated in a masstone product form. In some cases this product form may be the final product form, or more typically a qualified simulation of the intended product form (such as a paint drawdown) that in terms of color and appearance correlates to final product application.1.7 This standard does not address the requirements for characterizing materials containing metal flake pigments. Measurements of the optical characteristics of materials containing metal flake pigments are described in Test Method E2194.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This collection of test methods is used by pigment producers and paint manufacturers for process control, product acceptance, and research and development.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of cuprous oxide and copper pigments.1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  SectionsTotal Copper 7Total Reducing Power as Cuprous Oxide 8 and 9Metallic Copper 10 and 11Cuprous Oxide 12Cupric Oxide 13Metals Other than Copper 14 – 16Chlorides and Sulfates 17 and 18Acetone-Soluble Matter 19Water 20Stability 21Coarse Particles 22Coarse Particles Insoluble in Nitric Acid 231.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This collection of test methods is used by pigment producers and paint manufacturers for process control, for product acceptance, and for research and development.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining certain properties of pigments. The procedures appear in the following order:Dry Pigments Sections Loss on Ignition and Ash  4Matter Soluble in Water  5Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH Value)  6Alkalinity or Acidity by Titration 7 and 8Water Content (Distillation Method) 9 and 10 Pigment Pastes in Oil   Water Content (Distillation Method) 9 and 10Pigment Content of Paste in Oil 11Total Volatile Matter in Paste in Oil 121.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method provides a reliable means for the determination of the relative amounts of these salts when comparing different lots of the same pigment grade. Water-soluble salts also affect the water resistance and blister resistance of coatings, especially primers for steel. Conductivity measurements, however, cannot be used as the only method to determine and compare the amount of water soluble salts of pigments with the same chemical composition but produced by different manufacturing processes.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific resistance of the aqueous leachate from a pigment as an index of water-soluble salt content. This test method is applicable to white pigments and colored pigments (organic and inorganic). The water-soluble salts content is a function of the specific resistance of the solution formed by extracting the pigment with water.1.2 This test method is based on a water to pigment ratio of 9+1. The leachate yield (minimum 160 mL) sufficient for rinsing the cylinder dip cell and thermometer plus the minimum 80 mL required for the measurement to determine the quantity of pigment to be used.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers commercially pure chrome yellow and chrome orange pigments. The chemically precipitated pigments should consist of normal or basic lead chromates, or mixtures of these, with or without admixtures of other insoluble lead compounds. Pigment composition should conform to the required amounts of lead chromate, total matter soluble in water, total of all substances other than insoluble lead compounds, moisture and volatile matter, coarse particles, and organic colors and lakes for each of the six types.1.1 This specification covers six types of commercially pure lead chromate pigments as follows:Type I—Primrose Chrome Yellow,Type II—Lemon Chrome Yellow,Type III—Medium Chrome Yellow,Type IV—Light Chrome Orange,Type V—Dark Chrome Orange, andType VI—Chrome Yellow for Green.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 The following hazard caveat applies to the test method portion of this specification only. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These test methods are for analysis designed as an aid in quality of yellow, orange, and green pigments containing lead chromate and chromium oxide green. Some sections may be applicable to analysis of these pigments when extracted from whole paints.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of yellow, orange, and green pigments containing lead chromate and chromium oxide green.1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  SectionsChrome Yellow, Chrome Orange, and Molybdate OrangeOrganic Colors and Lakes 7Moisture and Other Volatile Matter 8Matter Soluble in Water 9Lead Chromate 10 and 11Total Lead 12Sulfate 13 and 14Carbon Dioxide 15Molybdenum 16 and 17Extenders 18 – 22Calculation of Substances Other than Insoluble Lead Compounds  23 and 24Pure Chrome Green and Reduced Chrome GreenOrganic Colors and Lakes 25Moisture and Other Volatile Matter 26Matter Soluble in Water 27Iron Blue 28Lead Chromate 29 and 30Barium Sulfate and Insoluble Siliceous Material 31Total Lead 32Sulfate 33Calcium Oxide Soluble in Acid 34 and 35Extenders 36Calculation of Insoluble Lead Compounds  37Chromium Oxide GreenOrganic Colors and Lakes 38Moisture and Other Volatile Matter 39Matter Soluble in Water 40Total Chromium as Chromium Oxide 411.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Note 3.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The nonvolatile content of raw materials may be used to determine the total nonvolatile content (solids) of paint and related coatings. Such information may be useful to coatings producers and users for the determination of the total solids available for film formation and for the estimation of the volatile organic content.1.1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of the proper ASTM test method for determining the volatile and nonvolatile content of pigments.NOTE 1: Test methods for determining the composition of the volatile fraction are not covered by this guide.1.2 The standards included are as follows:Standard Section ASTM DesignationInert or low hiding pigments 4.1 D280White pigments 4.2 D280Black pigments 4.3 D280     D1509Aluminum and zinc pigments 4.4 D280    D480Blue pigments 4.5 D280     D1135Green pigments 4.6 D280Yellow, orange, brown pigments 4.7 D280     D3724Red pigments 4.8 D280Miscellaneous 4.9  1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard is useful for characterizing the wettability of surfaces. A surface that is easy to wet is one over which a coating is more likely to give good adhesion and appearance and less likely to suffer surface tension related defects such as crawling, cratering, pinholing and orange peel.5.2 This standard also can be used to test pigment surfaces for wettability, particularly by potential surfactant- or resin-based dispersants or mill bases. Easily wetted pigments are more likely to be easy to disperse and dispersants/mill bases that wet pigments of interest are more likely to disperse those pigments well.5.3 Although the contact angle is governed by the surface tensions of the test liquid and test surface, the angle cannot provide a surface tension value directly.5.4 A low advancing contact angle value (<45°) is indicative of wetting and angles of 10 to 20° are indicative of excellent wetting.5.5 Water can be used as a test liquid to establish (via the advancing contact angle) whether a surface is hydrophilic (angle <45°), hydrophobic (angle >90°) or somewhere in-between (angle of 45 to 90°). Water contact angles have been used to estimate surface cleanliness before and after cleaning operations, ease of wettability of surfaces by waterborne coatings and the effectiveness of rinsing processes.5.6 An organic liquid such as a solvent also can be used to characterize a substrate, coating or pigment. The resultant contact angle will depend on the surface tensions of the liquid and the test surface. A low surface tension (energy) test surface will not be wet by a high surface tension liquid.5.7 In addition to water and solvents, a surfactant dispersion or dispersant solution can be used to test a pigment surface. Any test liquid that is a potential dispersant for a test pigment must wet the pigment well or it will not work as a dispersant.5.8 Contact angle measurements can be used to map surfaces in terms of hydrophilicity, presence of low surface tension components or contaminants, or variations in composition. Other analytical methods such as infrared microscopy would be needed to identify the chemical moieties that give the contact angle differences.5.9 This test method can be used on nearly all coatings and substrates and may be extended to pigments by compressing the pigment powder into a solid disk.1.1 This practice covers the measurement of the angle of contact when a drop of liquid is applied to a coated surface, substrate, or preformed disk of pigment.1.2 There are two types of contact angles, advancing and receding. This standard deals only with advancing contact angles.1.3 This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturer’s instructions for the device being used to make the measurements, but is not intended to replace them.1.4 A common test liquid is water, but many other liquids such as solvents, surfactant and dispersant solutions and even liquid paints can be used.1.5 This practice is based on goniometry, which involves the observation of a sessile drop of test liquid on a solid substrate.1.6 Although contact angles are governed by surface tension, this standard cannot be used to measure surface tension directly.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 In production of paints, smoothness of the paint film is of paramount importance. Agglomerates or coarse particles larger than 45 μm are difficult to disperse and may prevent obtaining a smooth film. These test methods are a valuable quality control test for grading raw materials.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of coarse particles in dry pigments.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Zinc oxide functions as both a chemical and a pigment. It is used in a variety of applications including rubber, paint, reprography, glass, chemicals, etc. In paint, it contributes to mildew protection, ultraviolet absorption, hiding power, and neutralization of acids formed upon oxidation of the paint film.AbstractThis specification establishes the properties and requirements for the pigment commercially known as "zinc white" or zinc oxide, which may be purchased either in the dry or paste in oil forms. Dry pigments, which may be processed either by the French process or American process, shall conform individually to required compositions of zinc oxide, total sulfur, moisture and other volatile matter, total impurities (including moisture and other volatile matter), and coarse particles (total residue retained on a No. 325 sieve). Conversely, pigments in the paste in oil form shall adhere to required composition of the pigment, linseed oil, moisture and other volatile matter, and coarse particles and skins (total residue retained on a No. 325 sieve). Pigments shall also be tested for tinting strength, and oil absorption by Gardner-Coleman and spatula rub-out methods.1.1 This specification covers the pigments commercially known as “zinc white” or zinc oxide. The pigments may be purchased in the dry form or as a paste in oil.NOTE 1: Zinc oxides are used in many industries. For additional information, see Classification D4295 and Test Methods D4315 for descriptions of zinc oxide use in rubber compounding.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 High speed dispersion is a commonly used dispersion method in the coatings industry. For the purpose of this practice, “high speed” would normally be understood to be a range of RPM between 3 000 and 10 000. This practice provides a reference for its use, so that a producer and user can standardize on an incorporation technique. This will minimize differences in the millbase, and allow the interested parties to concentrate on the physical, chemical, or optical methods to be run.1.1 This practice covers the dispersion of pigments using a laboratory size high-speed impeller mill. It is similar in technical content to ISO 8780-3.NOTE 1: This practice is restricted to mill bases of moderately high viscosity due to either high vehicle concentration or high pigment concentration, or both, which can produce high shear force. It is not intended to provide a means of formulating either pilot plant or full-scale mill base compositions (scaling up the process from laboratory equipment to factory mills is not simple).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle-size distribution in the sub-sieve size range of the common extender pigments such as aluminum silicate (kaolin clay), magnesium silicate (talc), calcium carbonate (calcite or dolomite or precipitated calcium carbonate), and mica pigments, and may also be extended to the denser prime pigments such as the white titanium pigments (rutile or anatase) and similar mineral pigments when and if such information is of concern. Particle-size distribution has significance in the evaluation of rheological and pigmentary properties of pigments in paint and also may sometimes be used to characterize the identity or grade of pigments. 1.2 Sedimentation methods having as their basis Stoke's law have found general acceptance for this purpose. Results are expressed in terms of equivalent spherical diameter (e.s.d.), the diameter of a sphere having the same specific gravity as the particle in question and which settles at the same rate. Most mineral pigment particles are more-or-less asymmetrical, but despite differences in the relationship between equivalent spherical diameter and actual dimensions, the results of a sedimentation particle-size analysis can be correlated readily with many pigment properties. 1.3 Procedures limited to gravitational sedimentation are relatively inaccurate for pigment particles smaller than about 1 [mu]m e.s.d., and centrifugal procedures may be required for the much finer ranges. Nevertheless, the data obtained above the 1 [mu]m limitation provide useful information. This method is particularly applicable to pigments if a major fraction of the particles fall in the range from about 15 to 1.5 [mu]m, but have a total particle-size range of at least two decades. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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