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5.1 Use—This practice is intended for use by parties who desire access to the national, or international, airspace as regulated by their respective CAA(s) either for a vehicle design (airworthiness) or a vehicle’s use (operational approval). In this practice, it is recognized the varying levels of complexity, need for risk assessment(s), and due diligence that should be determined in an ongoing dialogue between the CAA and the applicant. Users should consider their requirements, the purpose that the ORA is to serve, and their risk acceptance level before undertaking the ORA. Use of this practice does not preclude other initiatives or processes to identify hazardous conditions or assess and mitigate associated risks.5.2 Risk Reduced, not Eliminated—No ORA can eliminate all risk or uncertainty with regard to operations. Preparation of an ORA in accordance with this practice is intended to reduce, but may not necessarily completely eliminate, the risk of an operation in which system complexity is minimal, the operation is conducted in a lower risk environment, and the likelihood for harm to people or property, though present, is reduced to an acceptable level. As mission complexity increases, the operational environment may become less risk tolerant. For example, as the kinetic energy associated with the aircraft increases, more complex assessment/analysis tools and greater time may be required to conduct the ORA.1.1 This practice focuses on preparing operational risk assessments (ORAs) to be used for supporting small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) (aircraft under 55 lb (25 kg)) design, airworthiness, and subsequent operational applications to the civil aviation authority (CAA).1.2 It is expected that manufacturers and developers of larger/higher energy sUAS designs, intended to operate in controlled airspace over populated areas, will adopt many of the existing manned aircraft standards in use. These include standards such as SAE ARP4754A and ARP4761, which prescribe a “design for safety” top-down design approach to ensure the sUAS designs can reasonably meet more stringent qualitative and quantitative safety requirements. The ORA, however, remains the same for all risk profiles and will be a part of any sUAS operation.1.3 In mitigating and preventing incidents and accidents, it is understood that people generally do not seek to cause damage or injure others, and therefore, malicious acts are beyond the scope of this practice.1.4 As part of the ORA, the applicant should clearly understand and be able to articulate their intended mission for purposes of assessing safety and providing information to regulators. This documentation of a sUAS operation (mission, or set of missions) is what many refer to as a concept of operations (CONOPS).1.5 This practice is intended primarily for sUAS applicants seeking approval or certification for airworthiness or operations from their respective CAA, though sUAS manufacturers may consider this practice, along with other system safety design standards, as appropriate to identify sUAS design and operational requirements needed to mitigate hazards.1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Latex paints, alkyd paints, and primers are used as coatings for walls, wooden trim, and furnishings in occupied buildings. Paint may be applied to large surface areas and may be applied repeatedly during the lifetime of a building. VOCs are emitted from paint after application to surfaces.5.2 Many other types of architectural coatings may be used in large quantities indoors in buildings. In particular, many different types of coatings are used for floors including wood floor stains and finishes and concrete sealers, hardeners, and stains. Two component finishes are often mixed on site and are applied to floors and other surfaces to create a finished surface.5.3 There is a need for standardized procedures for measuring the emissions of VOCs from paint and coating samples that can be reproduced by different laboratories and that can used for the assessment of the acceptability of VOC emissions from paints and coatings that are intended for use indoors in occupied spaces. This practice describes standardized procedures that can be incorporated into test methods used for the purpose of estimating the impacts of cured paints and coatings on indoor air quality. Different procedures are required for the estimation of VOC exposures to workers applying such products.1.1 This practice describes procedures for testing the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, and other carbonyl compounds, from alkyd paint, latex paint, primer, and other architectural coating samples using a small-scale environmental chamber test facility.1.2 This practice describes the requirements for the chamber test facility, the small-scale test chamber, the clean air supply system, the environmental controls, the environmental monitoring and data acquisition system, and the chamber air sampling system.1.3 This practice describes procedures for documenting the paint and coating samples and for the handling and storage of these samples including splitting of samples into smaller containers for storage and subsequent testing.1.4 This practice identifies appropriate substrates to be used for the preparation of test specimens of paints and coatings, as well as procedures for preparing substrates for use.1.5 This practice provides detailed procedures for preparing test specimens of paint and coating samples.1.6 This practice generally describes chamber test procedures and chamber air sampling procedures. The details of these procedures are dependent upon the objectives of the test.1.7 This practice does not recommend specific methods for sampling and analysis of VOCs, formaldehyde, and other carbonyl compounds. The appropriate methods are dependent upon the objectives of the test.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the design, construction, and test requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS). It is intended for all sUAS that are permitted to operate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by a nation's governing aviation authority (GAA). Unless otherwise specified by a nation’s GAA, this specification applies only to UA that have a maximum takeoff gross weight of 55 lb/25 kg or less.1.1 This specification defines the design, construction, and test requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This procedure is intended to be used to evaluate the ignitability of liquid wastes.5.2 Flash point measures the response of the subsample to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that shall be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a liquid waste material.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material.5.4 This test method uses a small sample volume (2 mL) and short test time (1 min).1.1 This test method covers the procedure for a flash point test, within the range of –20 to 70 °C, of liquid wastes using a small-scale closed cup tester.NOTE 1: Some apparatus are not designed for subambient temperature tests, so the testing range would be between 20 °C and 70 °C.NOTE 2: This test method is not applicable for liquid waste that forms a surface film (see Test Method D8175 for Finite Flash Point Determination of Wastes by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester).1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard measures the ignitability properties of liquid wastes (which may be any discarded material), which may include secondary materials, off-specification products, and materials containing free liquids recovered during emergency response actions. Results from this test method may be used as part of a fire risk assessment of the material, but it is the responsibility of the user to perform any additional characterization needed for determination of storage, transport, treatment, or disposal per current regulations.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning statements appear throughout. See applicable Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for information about certified reference materials (CRMs) or secondary working standards (SWSs) that may be used in this test method. SDS may also be useful if some components of the waste sample are known.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This standard defines the production acceptance requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS).1.2 This standard is applicable to sUAS that comply with design, construction, and test requirements identified in Specification F2910. No sUAS may enter production until such compliance is demonstrated.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide establishes the minimum training criteria for ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel.4.2 At no time will this standard supersede any established protocols of international, national, federal, state, tribal, local, or regional governments.4.3 Every person who is identified as an ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed individual shall have met the requirements of this guide.4.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards, it does not imply that an ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed individual is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed member of an agency or organization.4.4.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its team member ratings.4.4.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.4.5 A person meeting the requirements of this guide does not necessarily possess adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel.4.7 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.4.8 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to be ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.4.9 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.4.10 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM Standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel to perform safely and effectively.4.11 ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel shall document training by completion of a position task book, compliant with ASTM F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.4.11.1 Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall be demonstrated for initial qualification, and as often as required by the AHJ.4.11.2 Proficiency shall be demonstrated to a qualified observer as defined by the AHJ.1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training requirements, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for personnel who operate ATVs or ROHVs as part of their duties.1.2 This guide applies only to ATVs and ROHVs as defined below.1.3 An ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.1.4 ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively on ATVs or ROHVs.1.5 ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed individuals operate on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.1.6 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for SAR personnel to operate ATVs or ROHVs while in partially or fully collapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in a mountain or alpine environment.1.7 Human land SAR resources that may utilize personnel trained to this guide are classified in Classification F1993.1.7.1 Further training may be required before ATV-ROHV OPS Endorsed personnel may participate on a particular Category or Kind of SAR resource, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the authority having jurisdiction.1.8 Personnel trained only to this guide are not qualified to perform search or rescue. No training in land search, patient evacuation, rope use, or other rescue skills is included in this guide.1.8.1 Basic search skills and knowledge are found in Guide F2209.1.8.2 Basic rescue skills and knowledge are found in Guide F2751.1.9 Personnel trained only to this guide are not qualified to operate in leadership positions.1.10 ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel must work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This practice is written for all sUAS seeking permission to operate BVLOS (E) or BVLOS, or both, in airspace authorized by a CAA.4.2 It is assumed that the maximum weight, altitude, and airspeed of an sUAS will be specified by a CAA. However, unless otherwise specified by a nation’s CAA, this practice applies to sUA that:4.2.1 Have a maximum takeoff gross weight of less than 55 lb (25 kg), including everything that is on board or otherwise attached to the aircraft, and4.2.2 Are remotely piloted (that is, flown without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft).1.1 Compliance with this practice is recommended as one means of seeking approval from a civil aviation authority (CAA) to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS). Any regulatory application of this practice to sUAS and other unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) is at the discretion of the appropriate CAA.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Flash point measures the response of the test specimen to heat and ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations by governmental regulatory agencies to define flammable and combustible materials and to classify them. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classes.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable impurities or contaminants in a given liquid, such as the presence of residual solvents in solvent-refined drying oils.5.4 These equilibrium flash point test methods use a smaller specimen (2 mL) and a shorter test time (1 min) than traditional non-equilibrium test methods such as Test Method D56 and Test Methods D93.5.5 Test Methods D3828, Test Method D8174, and ISO 3679 are similar test methods and use the same apparatus.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining whether a material does or does not flash at a specified temperature (flash/no flash Method A) or for determining the lowest finite temperature at which a material does flash (Method B), when using a small scale closed-cup apparatus. The test methods are applicable to paints, enamels, lacquers, varnishes, solvents, and related products having a flash point between 0 °C and 110 °C (32 °F and 230 °F) and viscosity lower than 15 000 mm2/s (cSt) at 25 °C (77 °F).NOTE 1: Tests at higher or lower temperatures are possible however the precision has not been determined.NOTE 2: More viscous materials can be tested in accordance with Annex A4.NOTE 3: Organic peroxides can be tested in accordance with Annex A5, which describes the applicable safety precautions.NOTE 4: The U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA, Hazard Communications), the U.S. Department of Transportation (RSPA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have specified Test Methods D3278 as one of several acceptable methods for the determination of flash point of liquids in their regulations.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Gases may be formed in oil-filled electrical equipment as a result of faults. The type of fault and its severity may often be inferred from the composition of the gases.Gas samples are taken from transformer gas spaces or from gas-collector relays in order that the composition of the gas sample may be determined.In nitrogen-blanketed transformers, the gases generated by a fault will partition between the gaseous and liquid phases. On transformers with gas-collector relays, gas in the form of bubbles may collect in a gas-collector relay and provide a means to obtain a gas sample for analysis.Do not draw samples from an energized instrument transformer.1.1 This practice covers the sampling of gas from a transformer gas space or from a gas-collector relay where the volume of gas available is small and will not permit the use of Practice D 2759.1.2 This practice covers sampling, using a gas-tight syringe as the sampling apparatus and container.1.3 If the apparatus to be sampled is found to be under a negative pressure, the apparatus pressure should be raised by the addition of nitrogen gas until a positive pressure is obtained.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Materials Evaluation—Small single sheet testers were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for various applications. They are especially appropriate for determining the magnetic properties of samples when insufficient material is available for preparation of an Epstein specimen. Although the small specimen size is attractive, the precision of the small sheet testers is not expected to be as good as that of the test method Test Method A343/A343M. Small sheet testers are frequently used to measure the properties of both fully processed and semiprocessed nonoriented and magnetic lamination steels. Specimens of semiprocessed steels are normally subjected to an appropriate quality development anneal prior to testing. Small sheet testers may also be used to evaluate oriented electrical steels in either the as sheared or stress-relief annealed condition.1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the specific core loss and peak permeability determined using small single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the material being tested and are designed such that the entire width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing.1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions.1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A343/A343M).1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss. The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more.1.5 Within this guide, a small single sheet tester (small SST) is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5 cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about 36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be appropriate for the particular test fixture.1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method 1 and Method 2.1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method A804/A804M, which describes a test fixture having two windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-reluctance, low-core loss ferromagnetic yokes that serve as flux return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1 are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in 1.5. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of primary current and induced secondary voltage.1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester, which employs a magnetizing winding, a magnetic flux sensing winding, and a magnetic field strength detector. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field strength.1.6.3 The calibration method described in the annex of this guide applies to both test methods.1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the physical dimensions and characteristics of a laboratory burner used for small-scale burning tests on plastic materials, with the supply gases including methane, propane, and butane. The burner shall consist of a burner barrel that threads onto a one-piece base, which is equipped with an orifice and a needle valve that restricts the orifice opening and regulates the gas velocity through the burner, and a gas inlet, which consists of a serrated fitting for connection to the gas supply. A lock nut for securing the barrel onto the base may be provided optionally. The mixing tube of the barrel shall be manufactured with a uniform bore, and the barrel, threads, and serrated fitting shall be free of flash and burrs.1.1 This specification covers the physical dimensions and characteristics of a laboratory burner to be used as an ignition source for small-scale burning tests on plastic materials. The burner is used with methane, propane, or butane supply gases for flame heights of 20 to 125 mm.1.2 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.3 The burner described in this specification is suitable for use in the following ASTM standards: Specification C509, Test Method D229, Test Method D635, Test Method D876, Test Method D3014, Test Method D3801, Test Method D4804, Test Method D4986, and Test Method D5048. Safety hazards and known limitations on applicability of fire-test-response standards are addressed in the individual test methods.NOTE 1: This specification is equivalent to the ignition source specified in IEC 60695-11-3, Annex A and IEC 60695-11-4, Annex A.NOTE 2: This specification is equivalent to the P/PF2 ignition source specified in ISO 10093.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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