5.1 Greenhouse gases are reported to be a major contributor to global warming. Since “biomass CO2” emitted from combustion devices represents a net-zero carbon contribution to the atmosphere (that is, plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere and subsequent combustion returns it), it does not contribute additional CO2 to the atmosphere. The measurement of biomass (biogenic) CO2 allows regulators and stationary source owners/operators to determine the ratio of fossil-derived CO2 and biomass CO2 in developing control strategies and to meet federal, state, local and regional greenhouse gas reporting requirements.5.2 The distinction of the two types of CO2 has financial, control and regulatory implications.1.1 This practice defines specific procedures for the collection of gas samples from stationary emission sources for subsequent laboratory determination of the ratio of biomass (biogenic) carbon to total carbon (fossil derived carbon plus biomass or biogenic carbon) in accordance with Test Methods D6866.1.2 This practice applies to stationary sources that burn municipal solid waste or a combination of fossil fuel (for example, coal, oil, natural gas) and biomass fuel (for example, wood, wood waste, paper, agricultural waste, biogas) in boilers, combustion turbines, incinerators, kilns, internal combustion engines and other combustion devices.1.3 This practice applies to the collection of integrated samples over periods from 1 hour to 24 hours, or longer.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 It has been industry practice to claim the capacity of a skimmer based on the rate of the discharge pump (which are typically rated using water as a test fluid) or other arbitrary methods.4.2 End users need a test methodology that evaluates optimum performance data for planning and selection of equipment.4.3 This test method will assist producers and other stakeholders to verify and accurately report skimmer system performance.4.4 This test method is specifically designed to quantify two key skimmer performance values, to reduce testing costs, and to encourage industry wide performance standardization.4.5 This test method establishes test conditions that will result in a measured nameplate recovery rate and an indication of the combination of test parameters (oil type, viscosity, operating speed) that result in the highest average performance for the tested skimmer system.4.6 This test method will validate the performance of the discharge pump in the skimmer system, under conditions that are typical of a recovery operation. Specifically, this will include a modest imposed head pressure composed of static head and dynamic friction losses due to a specified length of discharge hose.4.7 This test method encourages performance testing using two or more oils for comparison purposes.4.8 Tests shall be conducted under well-documented conditions and generate repeatable results. More detailed testing and collection of skimmer performance is covered under existing standards (for example, Guide F631).4.9 Testing (SL Ross 2007)3 has shown that, when water is present, recovery performance in slick thicknesses ranging from 50 mm to 75 mm results in values comparable to significantly thicker slicks. This may not be the case with high-rate skimmers in viscous oil, where the rate of oil recovery exceeds the rate at which the slick will flow to the skimmer mechanism.4.10 For skimming systems that include various options for the discharge pump, the test described in this test method may be used to measure the performance of the skimming component of the system. Performance of the pumping component can be measured independently using the same viscosity of oil and the discharge head conditions noted in this test method. The measured nameplate recovery rate of any specified skimming component and pump combination would be the lesser of the skimming component and the pump.1.1 This test method defines a method and measurement criteria to quantify the performance of a stationary skimmer in ideal conditions in support of a device’s nameplate recovery rate (capacity). If a determination of a skimmer’s capabilities in realistic conditions (that is, advancing or waves) is required, testing should be performed according to Guide F631 or equivalent.1.2 This test method includes the option of testing to determine recovery efficiency.1.3 This test method and parameters are intended to provide ideal recovery conditions allowing the skimmer system to operate and collect oil at its maximum possible recovery rate. Given ideal conditions, inherent mechanical and physical attributes of the system become the limiting factors.1.4 This test method is intended to identify limitations of the skimmer system, such as performance of the skimming mechanism, the flow of oil within the skimmer and sump, the pump characteristics, and typical discharge head conditions.1.5 It is accepted that the measured nameplate recovery rate as determined by this test method will not likely be achievable under actual conditions of a spill. The measured nameplate recovery rate should be used in conjunction with a de-rating factor to account for such issues as changing encounter rate, changes in other recovery conditions, changes in oil properties and slick thickness, number of daylight hours, operator downtime, less than ideal control of skimmer settings, and inclement weather.1.6 This test method involves the use of specific test oils that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of the user of this test method to procure and abide by necessary permits and regulations for the use and disposal of test oil.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide reliable and repeatable test methods for the evaluation of stationary exercise bicycles and ergometers assembled and maintained according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Use of these test methods in conjunction with Specifications F1250 and F3021 is intended to ensure appropriate performance and reliability of said equipment and reduce the risk of serious injury from design deficiencies.1.1 These test methods specify procedures and equipment used for testing and evaluating stationary exercise upright and recumbent bicycles and ergometers for compliance to Specification F1250. Both design and operational parameters will be evaluated. Where possible and applicable, accepted test methods from other recognized bodies will be used and referenced. In the case of a conflict between this document and Specification F1250, Specification F1250 takes precedence.1.2 Requirements—Stationary exercise bicycles and ergometers are to be tested for the parameters specified in Specification F2276 and Test Methods F2571 and the following parameters unique to this equipment:1.2.1 Seat post construction and loading,1.2.2 Handlebar construction and loading,1.2.3 Pedal construction and loading,1.2.4 Crank arm and enclosure entrapment,1.2.5 Seat back support loading,1.2.6 Stability,1.2.7 Direct Drive Exercise Bicycle Pedal Endurance,1.2.8 Warnings, and1.2.9 Documentation.1.3 This test method2 contains additional requirements to address the accessibility of the equipment for persons with disabilities.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This safety specification provides the safety design features and reasonable safety standards intended to reduce the demonstrated hazards associated with the use (including storage, movement, entry, use, and exit from the product) of stationary exercise bicycles assembled in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions for safe use. This standard is limited to exercise bicycles of the following classes: Class A, non-free-wheeling exercise bicycles with a directly driven flywheel; Class B, free-wheeling exercise bicycles; Class C, ergometer bicycles or those bicycles used to precisely measure work; and Class D, units designed to convert road bicycles to stationary exercise bicycles. Device stability, exterior design, overheating performance, inertia, and design characteristics of the individual parts such as the frame and seat post retention assembly, seat post and seat, handlebars, and pedals shall be tested as indicated herein, and should comply accordingly with the acceptance criteria specified for each the said requirements. Guidelines are also specified for appropriate documentation practices for the owner's/user's manual, assembly instructions, operational instructions, maintenance instructions, installation instructions, user weight restrictions, warnings/warning labels, and other product markings.1.1 This standard establishes parameters for the design and manufacture of stationary upright and recumbent exercise bicycles and ergometers as defined in Section 3.1.2 It is the intent of this standard to specify fitness products for use only by an individual age 13 and older.1.3 This standard is to be used in conjunction with Specification F2276 and Test Methods F3023.1.4 This specification is intended to reduce the demonstrated hazards associated with the use of stationary exercise upright and recumbent bicycles and ergometers.1.5 This specification is written to provide reasonable safety standards for the user of stationary upright and recumbent exercise bicycles and ergometers during storage, movement, entry, use and exit from the product.1.6 This standard does not apply to mechanisms that convert road bicycles into indoor stationary bicycles.1.7 This specification2 establishes additional requirements not set forth in the referenced ASTM standards for the design of commercial fitness equipment to increase access and user independence by people with functional limitations or impairments.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the material, design, and performance requirements pertinent to the construction of spray-type, stationary rack commercial dishwashing machines that are manually fed yet automatically controlled to uniformly wash, rinse, and sanitize eating and drinking utensils. Representative production models of the washers shall pass performance, operation, leakage, and energy and productivity tests, and should function satisfactorily as specified. Certification, product marking, and packaging are also considered.1.1 This specification covers manually fed, spray-type, stationary rack, automatically controlled, hot water and chemical sanitizing commercial dishwashing machines.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 12, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This section lists and explains the characteristics that are used to describe a stationary obstacle.4.2 It is essential that sufficient information about the obstacle is recorded using this practice so that the obstacle can be replicated. This will allow comparisons to be made between test method performances that use obstacles with similar characteristics.4.3 Class: 4.3.1 When describing an obstacle to be utilized in ASTM Committee F45 test methods, two classes are defined:4.3.1.1 Genuine—The obstacle being described is an existing real world object (for example, a chair, table, machinery, or equipment). Any identifying information, such as make, model, SKU, etc., should be recorded.4.3.1.2 Artifact—The obstacle being described has been constructed according to the characteristics outlined in this section. Obstacles of this class are intended to be replicable.4.4 Parts of the Obstacle: 4.4.1 Each characteristic can be used to describe a property of the entire obstacle or a part of the obstacle. All parts of the obstacle must be uniquely named and identified in the test report described in Section 6.4.5 Shape: 4.5.1 The shape refers to the relationships between the external, physical boundaries of the obstacle. All shapes can be in contact with the ground or elevated above the ground (see Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3). The unique obstacle shapes are:4.5.1.1 Bar (for example, column)4.5.1.2 Panel (for example, sign, pallet, shelf)4.5.1.3 Cuboid4.5.1.4 Sphere4.5.1.5 Cone4.5.1.6 Other—Obstacle shapes that do not fall into one of the above categories (for example, a pile of fabric). An obstacle can use a single shape to describe its overall volume or multiple shapes to describe parts of the obstacle. For example, the shape of a desk could be described as an elevated horizontal panel with two vertical panels spanning from the ground to the horizontal panel or the shape of a table could be described as an elevated horizontal panel with one or more vertical bars spanning from the ground to the horizontal panel (see Fig. 3).FIG. 1 Obstacle Shapes, Shown with Hard Edges in Varying Directions (Left to Right):Vertical Bar, Horizontal Bar, Vertical Panel, Horizontal Panel, Elevated Horizontal PanelFIG. 2 Obstacle Shapes (Left to Right): Cuboid (Shown with Hard Edges), Sphere, ConeFIG. 3 Example Combinations of Obstacle Shapes, Shown with Hard Edges (Left to Right): Elevated Horizontal Panel with Two Vertical Panels Spanning from the Ground to the Horizontal Panel (for example, Desk), Elevated Horizontal Panel with Four Vertical Bars Spanning from the Ground to the Horizontal Panel (for example, Table), the Same as the Previous but with Inset Vertical Bars (for example, Table)4.6 Face Quality: 4.6.1 The faces of each obstacle can either be closed (that is, it has a surface that fills that face) or open (that is, it has no surface on that face).4.6.2 This characteristic can vary for each face of the obstacle or part of the obstacle: top, bottom, front, back, left, right. Some obstacles may not have clearly discernible faces (for example, sphere, cone).4.6.3 See Fig. 4 for examples of obstacles with closed and open faces.FIG. 4 Examples of Obstacle Face Variations (Left to Right): Sphere with Closed Faces, Cuboid with All Closed Faces, Cuboid with Open Front Face, and Cuboid with Open Top Face4.7 Taper: 4.7.1 If the boundaries of any part of the obstacle change dimension and narrow toward one end, it is considered tapered.4.8 Edge Quality.4.9 The quality of the vertices where the boundaries of the shape meet (see Fig. 5), which can be internal or external on the obstacle. The edge characteristics can be:4.9.1 Hard edges:4.9.1.1 Cornered (the angle between the two surfaces forming the edge is 90°)4.9.1.2 Chamfered (the angle between the two surfaces forming the edge is greater than 90°)4.9.2 Rounded:4.9.2.1 Fillets (partially rounded)4.9.2.2 Cylindrical (completely rounded, eliminating one or more faces of the shape)FIG. 5 Obstacle Shape Edge Variations, Shown on a Vertical Bar (Left to Right): Cornered, Chamfered, Fillets, and Cylindrical4.10 Direction: 4.10.1 The direction of the obstacle is dependent on which side is its front. This characteristic will be referenced in other standards when specifying how to orient the obstacle within a test method apparatus.4.11 Dimensions: 4.11.1 The size of the obstacle overall (that is, its entire volume) and of its individual parts (for example, for an obstacle whose shape is a plane with legs, the size of the horizontal plane, the vertical bars, and the inset of the vertical bars from the edge of the horizontal plane) can be described according to the following characteristics:4.11.2 Width4.11.3 Length/depth4.11.4 Height4.11.5 Elevation (from ground to bottom edge boundary)4.11.6 Taper (if applicable)4.11.6.1 Location on the obstacle where the taper begins (that is, when the boundaries begin to narrow)4.11.6.2 Length of the part of the obstacle that is tapered4.11.6.3 Angle of the taper4.11.7 Edge (if not cornered)4.11.7.1 Setback distance of chamfered edge (if applicable)4.11.7.2 Radius of rounded edge (if applicable)4.11.8 The units used to measure the dimensions of the obstacle and the approximate accuracy of those measurements shall be reported.4.12 Material: 4.12.1 The material(s) the obstacle is made of: metal, wood, foam, glass, plastic, fabric, composite materials, etc.4.12.2 If the material is intended to block or reflect a certain type of sensor, this should be stated on the test report.4.12.3 If the density of the material is known and is relevant for the test method in which the obstacle is utilized, this should be stated on the test report.4.13 Surface: 4.13.1 Characteristics of the obstacle’s surface include, but are not limited to:4.13.2 Color4.13.3 Reflectivity4.13.4 Opacity (for example, glass, plexiglass)4.13.5 Porosity—Solid (for example, wood, steel) or non-solid surface with repeated perforations or openings (for example, fencing)4.13.6 Uniformity—Uniform or variable (that is, patterned, striped)4.13.7 Other—Obstacle surface qualities that do not fall into one of the above categories.4.14 Note—Test pieces from other standards can be described using this practice. For example, the cylindrical test pieces from ANSI/ITSDF B56.5 can be described as vertical or horizontal bars with cylindrical edges and flat black surface qualities.4.15 Examples of common surface characteristics referenced in other standards are listed in the appendix (see X1.1).4.16 Other Relevant Features: 4.16.1 Any other relevant characteristics that pertain to the physical nature of the obstacle should be recorded. For example, if the obstacle features lights, produces air flow, or emanates sound.4.17 Obstacle Description Persistence: 4.17.1 When the obstacle is utilized in a test method, the characteristics of the specific obstacle that are recorded shall not vary for the duration of the test, except if the obstacle contains flexible material, which may cause its shape or dimensions to vary. For example, a soft partition may move due to air flow in the environment. If the obstacle becomes damaged during testing causing its shape or dimensions, or both, to change, an A-UGV may now interact with the obstacle differently than it did before it was damaged. If any characteristics of the obstacle change, it is considered a new and different obstacle from what was previously utilized.1.1 This practice specifies physical characteristics that can be used to describe obstacles utilized within ASTM Committee F45 test methods. The obstacle characteristics specified in this practice are not described with respect to the manner in which they will be sensed or detected by an A-UGV. Rather, the obstacles are described according to their real world characteristics. For example, the real world characteristics of a wooden box that is flat black on one side can be described according to its actual dimensions, material, and color. An A-UGV with a lidar sensor may have difficulty detecting the side of the box that is flat black, which could make the obstacle appear smaller to the A-UGV compared to its actual dimensions in the real world. However, this may not be the case for other A-UGVs due to the wide variety of sensors used to detect obstacles, so the actual, real world characteristics are used to describe it instead.1.2 Real world, existing objects can be used as obstacles and described using this practice. The characteristics specified herein can also be used to construct test artifacts to use as representative obstacles that are intended to have similar characteristics to that of real world obstacles. The obstacles that can be described using this practice may be found in indoor and outdoor environments.1.3 This practice does not purport to cover all relevant obstacle characteristics that may have an effect on A-UGV performance. The characteristics specified in this practice are limited to the physical properties which are considered to be the most salient in terms of the effects they can have on A-UGV performance. As such, the user of this standard may select the level of detail to use in order to describe the characteristics of an obstacle in such a way. The characteristics are also limited to those which are more easily measurable and replicable when comparing test method results that use similar obstacles.1.4 This practice only covers obstacles that exist on or above the ground, sometimes referred to as positive obstacles, and remain stationary while the A-UGV is performing tasks. Stationary real world obstacles of this type include pallets on the ground, desks and tables, and other A-UGVs. This practice does not include obstacles that exist below the ground (for example, holes), sometimes referred to as negative obstacles. This practice does not cover boundaries or features in an environment that are unchanging and known prior to an A-UGV task, such as walls, racks, or other infrastructure.1.5 This practice specifies a variety of physical characteristics of an obstacle, including shapes, dimensions, and surface qualities. This practice does not specify the location properties of an obstacle within a test method apparatus aside from measurements in reference to the ground plane of the environment.1.6 When constructing a test artifact as an obstacle representative of a genuine obstacle (see 4.1), a combination of characteristics can be selected and used to guide fabrication. The use of similar genuine obstacles (that is, real world objects) may decrease reproducibility of testing conditions compared to using artifact obstacles (that is, those that are fabricated for the purposes of testing), unless the same real world object is used between multiple tests.1.7 This practice does not specify A-UGV performance in the presence of obstacles. The intent of this practice is to enable comparisons between tests that use obstacles with similar characteristics.1.8 This practice does not require that certain obstacle characteristics be used as part of a test method. The test requestor can elect specific obstacle characteristics to be used as part of a test method.1.9 Obstacles described using this practice can be utilized in test methods specified by other ASTM Committee F45 standards, such as Test Method F3244 – 17. In the appendix, a baseline test is described that can be used to determine if an obstacle is able to be detected by an A-UGV’s sensors prior to utilizing the obstacle in another ASTM Committee F45 test method (see X1.2).1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are not precise mathematical conversions to imperial units. They are close approximate equivalents for the purpose of specifying material dimensions or quantities that are readily available to avoid excessive fabrication costs of test apparatuses while maintaining repeatability and reproducibility of the test method results. These values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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