Limiting the concentration of deposit-forming impurities in steam is of significance to protect both steam generators and steam turbines from damage or degradation of performance, or both. Steam entering superheaters and reheaters of steam generators always contains some impurities. If the concentration of impurities is sufficiently low, the impurities are dissolved in superheated steam and are carried out of the steam generator. However, if the steam contains a sufficient amount of any substance to exceed its solubility limit in steam, the substance is likely to form a deposit on the heat-transfer surface. Because heat transfer in superheaters and reheaters in fossil-fueled steam generators is controlled principally by the low heat-transfer coefficient on the gas side, the formation of steam-side deposits will have little effect on the overall heat-transfer rate. However, steam-side deposits will increase the operating temperature of the heat-transfer surface. Such temperature increases can lead to swelling and ultimately to rupture of the tubing. Also, aggressive materials can concentrate under solid deposits of porous materials, such as magnetite (Fe3O4), and can cause serious corrosion of the tubing. As steam flows through turbines, its temperature and pressure decrease rapidly. Because the ability of steam to dissolve impurities decreases with decreasing temperature and pressure, impurities in steam may exceed their solubility limit and form deposits on the turbine. Such deposits reduce steam flow area, particularly in the high-pressure portion of the turbine where flow passages are small, and the roughness of deposits and their effect on blade contours result in losses of turbine efficiency. All of these effects lead to reduction of the plant maximum capacity, which appreciably reduces the financial return on the capital investment in the power plant. Furthermore, aggressive materials, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium chloride (NaCl), may condense and deposit on turbine surfaces. Such deposits occasionally contribute to failure due to cracking of highly stressed turbine blades and rotors. Repairs and outages are extremely costly. By monitoring the concentration of deposit-forming impurities in steam, a power plant operator can take steps necessary to limit the impurities to tolerable concentrations and thus minimize or eliminate losses due to excessive deposits.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of deposit-forming impurities in steam. Determinations are made on condensed steam samples in all test methods. Test Methods A, B, and C give a measure of the amount of total deposit-forming material present; Test Method D deals with special constituents that may be present. Special precautions and equipment, calculation procedures, and ranges of applicability are described. The following test methods are included: Sections Test Method A (Gravimetric or Evaporative) 6 to 12 Test Method B (Electrical Conductivity)13 to 19 Test Method C (Sodium Tracer)20 to 26 Test Method D (Silica and Metals)27 to 30 1.2 Test Method A is applicable for determining total dissolved and suspended solids in concentrations normally not less than 0.4 mg/L (ppm). It is applicable only to long-time steady-state conditions and is not applicable for transients. 1.3 Test Method B will measure minimum impurity concentrations varying from 3 mg/L (ppm) down to at least 0.005 mg/L (ppm), depending on the means for removing dissolved gases from the steam condensate. The means for removing dissolved gases also affects the storage capacity of steam condensate in the system and, thus, affects the response of the system to transients. 1.4 Because of the high sensitivity of methods for measuring sodium in steam condensate, Test Method C provides the most sensitive measure of impurity content for samples in which sodium is an appreciable percentage of the impurities present. Concentrations as low as 4.0 μg/L (ppb) can be detected by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, 0.2 μg/L (ppb) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 0.1 μg/L (ppb) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and as low as 0.5 μg/L (ppb) by sodium ion electrode. The apparatus can be designed with low volume, and, therefore, Test Method C is the most responsive to transient conditions. 1.5 Test Method D covers the determination of silica and metals in steam, which are not included in Test Methods B and C and are not individually determined using Test Method A. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 6.1 The gravimetric test method is recommended for applications for which an average value of impurities over a period of several days or weeks is desired. It is particularly useful for samples in which a large percentage of the impurities are insoluble, do not contain sodium, or do not contribute appreciably to the electrical conductivity of the samples, because the other methods are not satisfactory for these conditions. Examples of such impurities are metals and metal oxides. It is not applicable when short-time trends are of interest or when immediate results are desired. The test method is useful for the determination of concentrations of impurities of 0.25 mg/L (ppm) or greater when a previously collected sample is used and for impurities concentrations of 0.1 mg/L (ppm) or greater when continuous sampling is used. Concentrations less than 0.1 mg/L (ppm) can be determined if a continuously flowing sample is evaporated for an extremely long period of time. 13.1 Ion-Exchange Degasser—An ion-exchange degasser consists of an ion-exchange resin that exchanges hydrogen ions for all cations in the sample, thereby eliminating all basic dissolved gases, including volatile amines. By converting mineral salts to their acid forms, it also increases the specific conductance of the impurities. As a result, the linear relationship between conductivity and impurity content is extended to a much lower level, depending on the carbon dioxide content. The test method is very useful for measuring low concentrations of impurities, such as condenser cooling water leakage, in steam condensate, and it is especially useful, for indicating small or intermittent changes in impurity content from some normal value. The test method is not satisfactory for the determination of impurities in steam condensate samples that contain acidic gases, such as carbon dioxide, large percentages of insoluble matter, or substances that ionize weakly. The sensitivity and accuracy of the method are decreased for samples in which hydroxides represent an appreciable percentage of the impurities, because hydroxides, which contribute to the formation of deposits, are converted to water by the ion-exchange resin. This characteristic is particularly significant when steam is generated at sufficiently high pressure to cause appreciable vaporization of sodium hydroxide from the boiler water. 13.2 Mechanical and Ion-Exchange Degasser—By combining mechanical and ion-exchange degassing of steam or condensed steam, or both, effective elimination of both acidic and basic dissolved gases is attained. This arrangement has the same advantages and limitations as the ion-exchange degasser alone, except that it will remove acidic gases, and the greater sensitivity afforded by measuring the conductance at atmospheric boiling water temperature extends the linear relationship between conductivity and the ionized impurity content down to about at least 0.005 mg/L (ppm). Although the relationship becomes somewhat nonlinear, the conductance is sensitive to concentration changes down to at least 0.005 mg/L (ppm). 20.1 The principal advantages of the sodium tracer test method are the freedom from interferences, the ability to measure extremely small concentrations of impurities, and the rapid response to transient conditions because of the absence of large stagnant sample volumes, such as reboil chambers. Either of two procedures may be employed for the sodium determination, as follows: Precise control of sample temperature is not required for the flame photometry test method. If the impurities are principally sodium compounds, impurity concentrations as low as 0.6 μg/L (ppb) may be detected by the flame photometry method and as low as 0.5 μg/L (ppb) by the sodium ion electrode test method. The sodium tracer test method is not recommended for samples having large percentages of impurities that do not contain sodium. 27.1 Silica and various metals are impurities that are occasionally found in steam and have definite tendencies to form deposits. Since these substances are not isolated when using Test Method A and are not detected when using Test Methods B and C, it is advisable to determine their concentrations separately when they are present in significant quantities.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

Steam distillation is a classical separation technique, useful for preparing extracts for analysis by gas chromatography GC/MS or GC/IR. Distillates are suitable for analysis according to Test Method E 1387 or Guide E 1618.The visible oily liquid extract can be used as a courtroom exhibit, unlike extracts produced by other separation procedures which are solutions rather than a neat liquid.This practice is not useful for the separation of water soluble ignitable liquids such as alcohols or ketones.Alternate separation and concentration methods are suggested if the concentration of flammable or combustible liquid residues is not detectable by odor.This is a destructive technique that should only be used when a representative portion of the sample can be reserved for reanalysis. Those portions of the sample subjected to this procedure may not be suitable for resampling. Consider using passive headspace concentration as described in Practice E 1412.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for separating visible quantities of water insoluble hydrocarbons from samples of fire debris.1.2 This practice is recommended only for samples which have a detectable odor of petroleum distillates when examined at room temperature.1.3 This practice can yield useful extracts by the application of a solvent to the distillation trap in the event that only small quantities of hydrocarbons are obtained.1.4 Alternate separation and concentration procedures are listed in the referenced documents.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

1.1 This specification covers only that equipment commonly used for the sampling of water and steam in closed conduits. It does not cover specialized equipment required for and unique to a specific test or method of analysis. Items such as valves, fittings, piping/tubing, cooling coils and condensers, filters, pumps, sample containers, and packaging materials are included, but items such as sampling nozzles that are used for obtaining steam or water samples from their source and apparatus used in subsequent methods of test and analysis are excluded. 1.2 For information on specialized sampling equipment or tests, or both, or methods of analysis, reference should be made to the Annual Book of ASTM Standards relating to water. 1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use . For specific safety precautions, see 4.2.2.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 This practice is intended to assist the user, in particular the power-plant operations and maintenance departments, to maintain effective lubrication of all parts of the turbine and guard against the onset of problems associated with oil degradation and contamination. The values of the various test parameters mentioned in this practice are purely indicative. In fact, for proper interpretation of the results, many factors, such as type of equipment, operation workload, design of the lubricating oil circuit, and top-up level, should be taken into account.1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral turbine oils in service in steam and gas turbines, as individual or combined cycle turbines, used for power generation. This practice includes sampling and testing schedules to validate the condition of the lubricant through its life cycle and by ensuring required improvements to bring the present condition of the lubricant within the acceptable targets. This practice is not intended for condition monitoring of lubricants for auxiliary equipment; it is recommended that the appropriate practice be consulted (see Practice D6224).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元

This specification covers one grade of martensitic stainless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylindrical (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth or electric-furnace process. Deoxidation of the carbon and low-alloy steel grades shall be by manganese and silicon. The castings shall be heat treated in either the normalized, tempered, or stress-relieved conditions. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation shall be determined by subjecting the specimens to a tension test.1.1 This specification covers one grade of martensitic stainless steel and several grades of ferritic steel castings for cylinders (shells), valve chests, throttle valves, and other heavy-walled castings for steam turbine applications.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.2.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification establishes requirements for a high-grade steam-metal or valve-bronze alloy (Copper Alloy UNS C92200) used for component castings of valves, flanges, and fittings. Tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation shall be determined from separately cast test bars and shall meet the specified requirements. Castings shall not be plugged, welded, burned-in, or impregnated.1.1 This specification2 establishes requirements for a high-grade steam-metal or valve-bronze alloy (Copper Alloy UNS No. C922003) used for component castings of valves, flanges, and fittings.1.2 The castings covered are used in products that may be manufactured in advance and supplied from stock by the manufacturer or other dealer.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers steam and hot water convection heaters with cabinets for use in heating spaces on commercial and naval ships. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the tests portion, Section 12, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Cast iron Yankee dryers can be up to 6.7 m [22 ft] in diameter, 7.3 m [24 ft] long, and weigh 91 000 Kg [100 tons], or more (refer to Fig. 1). Vessel thickness measurements are available from the paper/tissue machine operator. Cast iron is a brittle metal and has no specific yield point. Yankee dryers must maintain specific dimensional tolerances. When a pressurized Yankee or steam heated paper dryer (SHPD) remains stationary, it fills with condensate at a rapid rate. In an hour, a steam pressurized Yankee or SHPD can fill half way with condensate, doubling the weight on the frame, and the floor. Some Yankee owners have corporate requirements that a cast iron Yankee dryer remain stationary for 1/2 h, then rotation is required. Permission is required, if the Yankee is to remain stationary for more time. This issue should be discussed with the responsible person prior to the examination.FIG. 1 Yankee Dryer Drum5.2 Yankee dryers operate under a heated hood. The hood is in close proximity to the Yankee shell and allows only inches of clearance for the top half of the vessel.5.3 Cast iron steam heated paper machine dryers are 2 m [6 ft] in diameter, or more, and may be 9 m [30 ft] long.5.4 Grey cast iron experiences a continuing reduction in elastic modulus as it is stressed to increasing higher levels. It is prudent not to stress grey cast iron material beyond its operating stress level.5.5 Flaws to be found are the same as those in any cast and machined product. Attempts have been made to characterize strength properties of cast irons in compact tension tests. In a TAPPI sponsored laboratory study, two out of three cast iron compact tension specimens experienced unplanned failures. From that experience it was cautioned that cracks initiated and grew faster than expected resulting in brittle fracture before the process could be halted. The failure of these two coupons demonstrated the rate in which cracks can grow in these materials and the material’s inability to stop a crack once it begins to grow. In each case, crack advance was extremely rapid and without warning. (See Note 1.)NOTE 1: Alleveto, C., and Williams D., Acoustic Emission Evaluation of Yankee Dryer Shell Material, 1991 TAPPI Engineering Conference Proceedings, pages 475-480.5.6 Maximum Examination Pressure—Maximum Allowable Working Pressure for cast iron vessels is set based on ASME (Section VIII) pressure calculations based on thickness, radius, and material strength values, and will not exceed 10 bar [160 psi] and 230 °C [450 °F] (Specification A278/A278M). When vessels are pressurized, anomalies produce emission at pressures less than normal fill pressure. Historically, if there is damage in a cast iron pressure boundary, AE activity will begin at load/stress levels less than 50 % of operating. Defects as small as 3 mm [1/8 in.] have been found using AE, during steam pressurization to operating pressure.5.7 Pressure increments should not exceed 0.35 bar [5 psi] per minute. If pressurization medium is to be steam, the Yankee should have been through the warm-up process.5.8 Yankee dryers may receive a subsequent examination, if necessary, after the Yankee is rotated to remove any condensate present.5.9 Pressurization Schedule—Pressurization should proceed at rates that allow achieving maximum examination pressure within a 30 minute period. During pressurization, pressure holds are not necessary; however, they may be useful for reasons other than measurement of AE. Pressure hold upon achieving maximum examination pressure may be up to 30 min.5.10 Excess background noise may distort AE data or render the AE measurements useless. Users must be aware of the following common sources of background noise: (measurable flow noise); mechanical contact with the vessel by objects; electromagnetic interference (EMI) from cranes, and radio frequency interference (RFI) from nearby broadcasting facilities and from other sources; leaks at pipe or hose connections, or rain drops. This practice should not be used if background noise cannot be eliminated or controlled.5.11 Other Non-destructive test methods may be used to evaluate the significance of AE sources. Magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic examinations have been used to establish circumferential position, depth, and dimensions of flaws that produce AE. Procedures for using other NDT nethods are beyond the scope of this practice.1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value due to the procedures herein that are unique to the AE community.1.2 This practice provides guidelines for carrying out acoustic emission (AE) examinations of Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers (SHPD) of the type to make tissue, paper, and paperboard products.1.3 This practice requires pressurization to levels used during normal operation. The pressurization medium may be high temperature steam, air, or gas. The dryer is also subjected to significant stresses during the heating up and cooling down periods of operation. Acoustic Emission data maybe collected during these time periods but this testing is beyond the scope of this document.1.4 The AE measurements are used to detect, as well as, localize emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification provides the minimum requirements for the design, fabrication, pressure rating, marking, and testing of steam traps and drains. Hydrostatic proof test, hydrostatic production shell test, steam production shell test, air production shell test, operational check steam test, and performance characteristics test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification2 provides the minimum requirements for the design, fabrication, pressure rating, marking, and testing of steam traps and drains.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The maximum energy input rate test is used to confirm that the steam cooker is operating at the manufacturer's rated input. This test would also indicate any problems with the electric power supply, gas service pressure, or steam supply flow or pressure.5.2 Preheat energy and duration can be useful to food service operators for managing power demands and knowing how quickly the steam cooker can be ready for operation.5.3 Idle energy rate and pilot energy rate can be used to estimate energy consumption.5.4 Green pea cooking energy efficiency is an indicator of steam cooker energy performance when cooking frozen products under various loading conditions. This allows the food service operator to consider energy costs when selecting a steam cooker.5.5 Potato cooking energy efficiency is an indicator of steam cooker energy performance when cooking foods that require long cook times (for example, potatoes, beans, rice, lasagna or casserole rethermalization). The test demonstrates the difference in energy efficiency between pressure and pressureless steam cookers for this type of cooking event. The information may help a food service operator to evaluate what type of steamer to select (pressure versus pressureless versus dual pressure mode) from an energy performance perspective.5.6 Green pea production capacity and potato production capacity can be used by food service operators to choose a steam cooker to match their particular food output requirements.5.7 Water consumption characterization is useful for estimating water and sewerage costs associated with appliance operation.5.8 Condensate temperature measurement is useful to verify that the temperature does not exceed regional building code limits.5.9 Cooking uniformity provides information regarding the steamer’s ability to cook food at the same rate throughout the steamer’s compartment.1.1 These test methods evaluate the energy consumption and cooking performance of steam cookers. The food service operator can use this evaluation to select a steam cooker and understand its energy consumption.1.2 These test methods are applicable to the following steam cookers: high-pressure, low-pressure, pressureless and vacuum steam cookers (Specification F1217 Grades A, B, C and D); convection and non-convection steam cookers; steam cookers with self-contained gas-fired, electric, or steam coil steam generators, and those connected directly to an external potable steam source (Specification F1217 Styles i, ii, iii, and iv). The steam cookers will be tested for the following (where applicable):1.2.1 Maximum energy input rate (see 10.2).1.2.2 Preheat energy consumption and duration (see 10.3).1.2.3 Idle energy rate (see 10.5).1.2.4 Pilot energy rate (see 10.6).1.2.5 Frozen green pea cooking energy efficiency (see 10.8).1.2.6 Frozen green pea production capacity (see 10.8).1.2.7 Whole potato cooking energy efficiency (see 10.9).1.2.8 Whole potato production capacity (see 10.9).1.2.9 Water consumption (see 10.7, 10.9, and 10.10).1.2.10 Condensate temperature (see 10.8 and 10.9).1.2.11 Cooking uniformity (see 10.11).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. It does not address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 The maximum energy input rate test is used to confirm that the steam kettle is operating within 5 % of the manufacturer's rated input so that testing may continue. This test method also may disclose any problems with the electric power supply, gas service pressure, or steam supply flow or pressure. The maximum input rate can be useful to food service operators for managing power demand.5.2 The capacity test determines the maximum volume of food product the kettle can hold and the amount of food product that will be used in subsequent tests. Food service operators can use the results of this test method to select a steam kettle, which is appropriately sized for their operation.5.3 Production capacity is used by food service operators to choose a steam kettle that matches their food output. The production capacity determined in this test method is a close indicator of how quickly the kettle can bring soups, sauces, and other liquids up to serving temperature.5.4 Heatup energy efficiency and simmer energy rate allow the operator to consider energy performance when selecting a steam kettle. Simmer energy rate is also an indicator of steam kettle energy performance when preparing foods which require long cook times, for example, potatoes, beans, rice, or stew.5.5 Pilot energy rate can be used to estimate energy consumption for gas-fired steam kettles with standing pilots during non-cooking periods.1.1 This test method evaluates the energy consumption and cooking performance of steam kettles. The food service operator can use this evaluation to select a steam kettle and understand its energy consumption and performance characteristics.1.2 This test method is applicable to direct steam and self-contained gas or electric steam kettles. The steam kettle can be evaluated with respect to the following, where applicable:1.2.1 Maximum energy input rate (10.2).1.2.2 Capacity (10.3).1.2.3 Heatup energy efficiency and energy rate (10.4).1.2.4 Production capacity (10.4).1.2.5 Simmer energy rate (10.5).1.2.6 Pilot energy rate, if applicable (10.6).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

The purpose of this guide for turbine generator oil systems is to ensure that:3.1.1 Lubrication, control, and sealing will be performed satisfactorily by the oil in a manner mutually acceptable to the parties concerned.3.1.2 Installation, cleaning, and flushing will be facilitated.3.1.3 Satisfactory system cleanliness can be maintained.3.1.4 Safe practices are observed.1.1 This practice is applicable to steam turbine-generator units and provides recommended practices for the design of the oil system.1.1.1 The oil system is defined as that assembly which uses and circulates the turbine-generator lubricating oil. The oil system generally includes high pressure, bearing, control, generator seal, and drain systems. The system may also include the supply and return lines for a boiler feed pump and hydraulic coupling.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

1.1 This guide covers the considerations for the use of steam stripping in the mitigation of spilled chemicals (including hydrocarbons) dissolved in ground and surface waters. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered; although, these and other factors are often important in spill response.1.2 This guide addresses the application of steam stripping alone or in conjunction with other technologies.1.3 In making decisions with regards to discharging treated water and operating a boiler, appropriate government authorities must be consulted as required by law.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential or appropriate safety and health protocols.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元